SEC Filing | Autolus Therapeutics plc

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autl-20201231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549


FORM			20-F

(Mark One)

o REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

for the transition period from to

o SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number: 001-38547

Autolus Therapeutics plc

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

England and Wales

(Jurisdiction of incorporation)

Forest House

58 Wood Lane

London W12 7RZ United Kingdom

(Address of principal executive offices)

Christian Itin

Chief Executive Officer

Autolus Therapeutics plc

58 Wood Lane

London W12 7RZ United Kingdom

+44 20 3829 6230

Email: ir@autolus.com


(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered, pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act

Title of each class

Trading Symbol

Name of each exchange on which registered

American Depository Shares, each representing one ordinary share, nominal value $0.000042 per share

AUTL

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital stock or common stock as of the close of business covered by the annual report.

Ordinary shares, nominal value $0.000042 per share: 52,346,231 as of December 31, 2020

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer x Non-accelerated filer o Emerging growth company x

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued

by the International Accounting Standards Board o

Other o

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 o Item 18 o

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page

PART I		7

ITEM 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	7

ITEM 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	7

ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION	7
	A. Selected financial data	7
	B. Capitalization and indebtedness	7
	C. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds	7
	D. Risk factors	8

ITEM 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	56
	A. History and development of the company	56
	B. Business overview	56
	C. Organizational structure	89
	D. Property, plant and equipment	89

ITEM 4A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	90

ITEM 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	90
	A. Operating results	90
	B. Liquidity and capital resources	99
	C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.	105
	D. Trend information	105
	E. Off-balance sheet arrangements	105
	F. Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations	105
	G. Other disclosures	105

ITEM 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	105
	A. Directors and senior management	106
	B. Compensation	109
	C. Board practices	115
	D. Employees	117
	E. Share ownership	117

ITEM 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	117
	A. Major shareholders	117
	B. Related party transactions	119
	C. Interests of experts and counsel	120

ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	121
	A. Consolidated statements and other financial information	121
	B. Significant changes	121
ITEM 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING	121
	A. Offer and listing details	121
	B. Plan of distribution	121


	C. Markets	121
	D. Selling shareholders	121
	E. Dilution	121
	F. Expense of the issue	121

ITEM 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	121
	A. Share capital	122
	B. Memorandum and articles of association	122
	C. Material contracts	138
	D. Exchange controls	139
	E. Taxation	139
	F. Dividends and paying agents	146
	G. Statement by experts	146
	H. Documents on display	146
	I. Subsidiary information	147

ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	147

ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	148
	A. Debt securities	148
	B. Warrants and rights	148
	C. Other securities	148
	D. American Depositary Shares	148

PART II		150

ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	150

ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	150

ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	150

ITEM 16	[Reserved].	151
ITEM 16A	Audit committee financial expert	151
ITEM 16B	Code of ethics	151
ITEM 16C	Principal accountant fees and services	151
ITEM 16D	Exemptions from the listing standards for audit committees	152
ITEM 16E	Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers	152
ITEM 16F	Changes in registrant’s certifying accountant	152
ITEM 16G	Corporate governance	152
ITEM 16H	Mine safety disclosure	153

PART III		154

ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	154

ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	154

ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS	154

GENERAL INFORMATION

All references in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, or Annual Report, to “Autolus,” the “company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Autolus Therapeutics plc and its consolidated subsidiaries, except where the context otherwise requires.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

The consolidated financial statement data as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018 have been derived from our consolidated financial statements, as presented elsewhere in this Annual Report, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, as issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB.

All references in this Annual Report to “$” are to U.S. dollars and all references to “£” are to pounds sterling. Solely for the convenience of the reader, unless otherwise indicated, all pounds sterling amounts as of December 31, 2020 have been translated into U.S. dollars on the last business day of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, using the exchange rate of £1.00 = $1.3663. All pound sterling amounts for the year ended December 31, 2020 have been translated into U.S. dollars using the average annual exchange rate £1.00 = $1.2862. These translations should not be considered representations that any such amounts have been, could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars at that or any other exchange rate as at that or any other date.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in Part I, Item 4.B “Business Overview,” Part I, Item 3.D. “Risk Factors,” and Part I, Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” but are also contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report and, while we believe we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained this Annual Report, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our expectations of the future, about which we cannot be certain. Forward-looking statements include statements about:

•the development of our product candidates, including statements regarding the timing of initiation, completion and the outcome of clinical studies or trials and related preparatory work, the period during which the results of the trials will become available and our research and development programs;

•our ability to advance our product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical trials;

•our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates in the indications for which we plan to develop them, and any related restrictions, limitations or warnings in the label of an approved drug or therapy;

•the interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel, quarantines or social distancing protocols imposed or recommended by federal or state governments, employers and others in connection with the ongoing coronavirus 2019, or COVID-19, pandemic;

•our ability to license additional intellectual property relating to our product candidates from third parties and to comply with our existing license agreement;

•our plans to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize our product candidates;

•the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals for our product candidates, along with regulatory developments in the United States, European Union, the United Kingdom and other foreign countries;

•the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, if approved, and the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, including reimbursement that may be received from payors;

•our ability to raise additional capital;

•our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy;

•our ability to attract collaborators with development, regulatory and commercialization expertise;

•our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection;

•our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel;

•our ability to contract with third-party suppliers and manufacturers and their ability to perform adequately;

•the scalability and commercial viability of our manufacturing methods and processes;

•the success of competing therapies that are or may become available;

•whether we are classified as a PFIC for current and future periods; and

•our estimates regarding future expenses, revenues and needs for additional financing and the accuracy thereof.

You should refer to Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Annual Report.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers.

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable.

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information.

A. Selected financial data.

We have elected to voluntarily comply with Item 3.A, as effective February 10, 2021 and are omitting this disclosure in reliance thereon.

B. Capitalization and indebtedness.

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds.

Not applicable.

D.Risk factors.

An investment in our ADSs involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, and all other information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes hereto, before making an investment decision regarding our securities. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those risks discussed at-length in the section below titled “Risk Factors.” These risks include, among others, the following:

•The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

•We have incurred significant losses in every year since our inception. We expect to continue to incur losses over the next several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

•Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

•We will need additional funding to complete the development of our product candidates, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

•We are early in our development efforts. All of our product candidates are in clinical development or in preclinical development. If we are unable to advance our product candidates through clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

•Our proprietary, next-generation T cell programming technologies, our modular approach for engineering T cells and our manufacturing platform for our programmed T cell product candidates, represent emerging approaches to cancer treatment that face significant challenges and hurdles.

•Our future success is highly dependent on the regulatory approval of our current clinical-stage programmed T cell product candidates and our preclinical programs. All of our product candidates will require significant clinical or preclinical testing before we can seek regulatory approval for and launch a product commercially.

•Adverse side effects or other safety risks associated with our product candidates could delay or preclude approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, cause us to abandon product candidates, could limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or could result in significant negative consequences following any potential marketing approval.

•If the clinical trials of any of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities, or do not otherwise produce favorable results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

•We may not be able to successfully create our own manufacturing infrastructure for supply of our requirements of programmed T cell product candidates for use in clinical trials and for commercial sale.

•Our product candidates are biologics and the manufacture of our product candidates is complex and we may encounter difficulties in production, particularly with respect to process development or scaling-out of our manufacturing capabilities. If we encounter such difficulties, our ability to provide supply of our product candidates for clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved, could be delayed or stopped.

•We operate in a rapidly changing industry and face significant competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

•If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our T cell programming technologies and product candidates, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and biologics similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and product candidates may be impaired.

•As an English public limited company, certain capital structure decisions will require shareholder approval, which may limit our flexibility to manage our capital structure.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need For Capital

We have incurred significant losses in every year since our inception. We expect to continue to incur losses over the next several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history and we have incurred significant net losses since our inception in 2014. We have incurred losses of $142.1 million and $123.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $20.6 million for three months ended December 31, 2018, and $44.8 million for the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $379.2 million. We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from the sale of our equity securities.

We have no products approved for commercial sale, and while we have generated a small amount of revenue from licensing, we are devoting substantially all of our financial resources and efforts to research and development of our programmed T cell product candidates as well as to building out our manufacturing infrastructure, T cell programming technologies and management team. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate effect or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval and become commercially viable.

We expect that it will take at least several years until any of our product candidates receive marketing approval and are commercialized, and we may never be successful in obtaining marketing approval and commercializing product candidates. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. These net losses will adversely impact our shareholders’ equity and net assets and may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we:

•continue our ongoing and planned research and development of our current programmed T cell product candidates for the treatment of hematological cancers and solid tumors;

•initiate preclinical studies and clinical trials for any additional product candidates that we may pursue in the future, including our planned development of additional T cell therapies for the treatment of hematological cancers and solid tumors;

•seek to discover and develop additional product candidates and further expand our clinical product pipeline;

•seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

•continue to scale up internal and external manufacturing capacity with the aim of securing sufficient quantities to meet our capacity requirements for clinical trials and potential commercialization;

•establish sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidate for which we may obtain regulatory approval;

•make required milestone and royalty payments to UCL Business Ltd., or UCLB, the technology-transfer company of University College London, or UCL, or other third parties, under license agreements pursuant to which we were granted some of our intellectual property rights;

•develop, maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

•acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies;

•hire additional clinical, quality control and manufacturing personnel;

•add clinical, operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts;

•expand our operations in the United States, Europe and other geographies; and

•incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses associated with operating as a public company.

To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing products that generate significant revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval, manufacturing, marketing and selling any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval, as well as discovering and developing additional product candidates. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development, manufacturing, delivery and commercialization of complex autologous cell therapies, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. If we are required by regulatory authorities to perform studies in addition to those currently expected, or if there are any delays in the initiation and completion of our clinical trials or the development of any of our product candidates, our expenses could increase and profitability could be further delayed.

Even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our ADSs and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our ADSs could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. As an organization, we have not demonstrated an ability to successfully complete late-stage clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture our product candidates at commercial scale or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful commercialization, or obtain reimbursement in the countries of sale. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, and delays in achieving our business objectives. Our limited history as an operating company makes any assessment of our future success or viability subject to significant uncertainty. If we do not address these risks successfully or are unable to transition at some point from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities, then our business will suffer.

We will need additional funding to complete the development of our product candidates, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We will require substantial additional funding to meet our financial needs and to pursue our business objectives. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or altogether cease our product development programs or commercialization efforts.

Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to fund the operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements associated with the research and development of our product candidates. These programs are described in greater detail under the heading “Our Pipeline” in the section titled “Business Overview” of this Annual Report. Our current funding will not be sufficient for us to fund any of our programmed T cell product candidates through regulatory approval, and we will need to raise additional capital to complete the development and commercialization of our programmed T cell product candidates, and in connection with our continuing operations and other planned activities. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•the progress, results and costs of laboratory testing, manufacturing, and preclinical and clinical development of our current and future product candidates;

•the timing and amounts of any milestone or royalty payments we may be required to make under current or future license agreements;

•the costs of leasing, building out, equipping, and operating the facilities necessary to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize our product candidates, as well as to support our continuing operations;

•the costs of hiring additional clinical, quality control and manufacturing personnel;

•the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

•the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

•the revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

•the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims; and

•the costs of operating as a public company.

Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our product revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of product candidates that we do not expect to be commercially available for several years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, could result in fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, force us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios or restrict our ability to pay dividends or make acquisitions.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. In addition, we could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborators or others at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable. If we raise funds through research grants, we may be subject to certain requirements, which may limit our ability to use the funds or require us to share information from our research and development. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to a third party to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Raising additional capital through any of these or other means could adversely affect our business and the holdings or rights of our shareholders and may cause the market price of our ADSs to decline.

Risks Related to the Development of Our Product Candidates

We are early in our development efforts. All of our product candidates are in clinical development or in preclinical development. If we are unable to advance our product candidates through clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We have established clinical proof-of-concept for only one of our product candidates. There is no assurance that our current or any other future clinical trials of our product candidates will be successful or will generate positive clinical data and we may not receive marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or other regulatory agencies, including the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, for any of our product candidates. In order to commence a clinical trial in the United States, we must submit an Investigational New Drug application, or IND, to the FDA and have the IND application go into effect. Trials in the United States must be conducted pursuant to an active IND. An investigator may not administer an investigational new drug to human subjects until the IND application goes into effect. Similar requirements apply to our conduct of trials in the United Kingdom and European Union. We have active clinical trial applications in effect for two of our current clinical-stage product candidates, AUTO1 and AUTO3. There can be no assurance that the FDA, EMA or other regulatory agencies will permit any future clinical trial application to go into effect in a timely manner or at all.

Biopharmaceutical development is a long, expensive and uncertain process, and delay or failure can occur at any stage of any of our clinical trials. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates will prevent us from commercializing and marketing our product candidates. The success in the development of our programmed T cell product candidates will depend on many factors, including:

•completing preclinical studies and receiving regulatory approvals or clearance for conducting clinical trials for our preclinical-stage programs;

•obtaining positive results in our clinical trials demonstrating efficacy, safety, and durability of effect of our product candidates;

•receiving approvals for commercialization of our product candidates from regulatory authorities;

•manufacturing our product candidates at an acceptable cost; and

•maintaining and growing an organization of scientists, medical professionals and business people who can develop and commercialize our products and technology.

Many of these factors are beyond our control, including the time needed to adequately complete clinical testing and the regulatory submission process. It is possible that none of our product candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval, even if we expend substantial time and resources seeking such approval. If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, or any other factors impacting the successful development of biopharmaceutical products, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully develop our product candidates, which would materially harm our business.

Our proprietary, next-generation T cell programming technologies, our modular approach for engineering T cells and our manufacturing platform for our programmed T cell product candidates, represent emerging approaches to cancer treatment that face significant challenges and hurdles.

We have concentrated our research and development efforts on our T cell technology platform using our expertise in tumor biology and cell programming, and our future success is highly dependent on the successful development and manufacture of our programmed T cell product candidates. We do not currently have any approved or commercialized products. One of our most advanced product candidates employs a dual-targeting mechanism. By targeting two separate antigens on the cancer cell surface, we believe this product candidate has the potential to improve durability of treatment response and reduce the frequency of cancer relapse as compared to other currently available single-targeting T cell therapies. Our product candidate for the treatment of T-cell lymphoma employs a novel approach to killing malignant T cells that aims to preserve approximately half of the normal, healthy T cells. Some of our product candidates include a “safety switch” that is designed to allow for the elimination of the engineered T cells if a patient experiences severe adverse side effects from the treatment. However, this “safety switch” technology has not been used to date in our clinical studies, and we do not know whether it would have the intended effect if used. Additionally, as with other targeted therapies, off-tumor or off-target activity could delay development or require us to re-engineer or abandon a particular product candidate. Because programmed T cell therapies represent a relatively new field of cellular immunotherapy and cancer treatment generally, developing and commercializing our product candidates subjects us to a number of risks and challenges, including:

•obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates, as the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities have limited experience with programmed T cell therapies for cancer;

•sourcing clinical and, if approved, commercial supplies of the materials used to manufacture our product candidates;

•developing programming modules with the desired properties, while avoiding adverse reactions;

•creating viral vectors capable of delivering multiple programming modules;

•developing a reliable and consistent vector and cell manufacturing process;

•establishing manufacturing capacity suitable for the manufacture of our product candidates in line with expanding enrollment in our clinical studies and our projected commercial requirements;

•achieving cost efficiencies in the scale-up of our manufacturing capacity;

•developing protocols for the safe administration of our product candidates;

•educating medical personnel regarding our programmed T cell therapies and the potential side effect profile of each of our product candidates, such as potential adverse side effects related to cytokine release syndrome;

•establishing integrated solutions in collaboration with specialty treatment centers in order to reduce the burdens and complex logistics commonly associated with the administration of T cell therapies;

•establishing sales and marketing capabilities to successfully launch and commercialize our product candidates if and when we obtain any required regulatory approvals, and risks associated with gaining market acceptance of a novel therapy if we receive approval; and

•obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors for our novel and personalized therapies in connection with commercialization of any approved product candidates.

We may not be able to successfully develop our programmed T cell product candidates or our T cell programming technologies in a manner that will yield products that are safe and effective, scalable or profitable.

Additionally, because our technology involves the genetic modification of patient cells ex vivo, we are subject to additional regulatory challenges and risks, including regulatory requirements governing genetically modified organisms that have changed frequently and will likely continue to change in the future, and that may limit or delay our ability to import our product candidates into certain countries for use in clinical trials or for commercial sale even if we receive applicable marketing approvals.

Moreover, public perception and awareness of T cell therapy safety issues may adversely influence the willingness of subjects to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates, or if approved, of physicians to prescribe our products. Physicians, hospitals and third-party payors often are slow to adopt new products, technologies and treatment practices that require additional upfront costs and training. Treatment centers may not be willing or able to devote the personnel and establish other infrastructure required for the administration of programmed T cell therapies. Physicians may not be willing to undergo training to adopt this novel and personalized therapy, may decide the therapy is too complex to adopt without appropriate training and may choose not to administer the therapy. Based on these and other factors, hospitals and payors may decide that the benefits of this new therapy do not or will not outweigh its costs.

Our future success is highly dependent on the regulatory approval of our current clinical-stage programmed T cell product candidates and our preclinical programs. All of our product candidates will require significant clinical or preclinical testing before we can seek regulatory approval for and launch a product commercially.

We do not have any products that have gained regulatory approval. Our business is substantially dependent on our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and, if approved, to successfully commercialize our programmed T cell product candidates. We cannot commercialize product candidates in the United States without first obtaining regulatory approval for the product from the FDA; similarly, we cannot commercialize product candidates in countries outside of the United States without obtaining regulatory approval from comparable regulatory authorities in relevant jurisdictions, such as the EMA in Europe. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate for a particular indication, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence gathered in preclinical and clinical studies, that the product candidate is safe and effective for that indication and that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls are adequate with respect to such product candidate. To date, we have had only limited interaction with both the FDA and the EMA regarding our product candidates. Prior to seeking approval for any of our product candidates, we will need to confer with the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities regarding the design of our clinical trials and the type and amount of clinical data necessary to seek and gain approval for our product candidates.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of preclinical studies and clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. It is possible that none of our existing product candidates or any future product candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval.

Our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval from the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities for many reasons, including:

•disagreement with the design, protocol or conduct of our clinical trials;

•failure to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication;

•failure of clinical trials to meet the level of statistical significance required for approval;

•failure to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;

•disagreement with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

•insufficiency of data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates to support the submission and filing of a Biologics License Application, or BLA, or other submission or to obtain regulatory approval;

•failure to obtain approval of the manufacturing processes or our facilities;

•changes in the approval policies or regulations that render our preclinical and clinical data insufficient for approval; or

•lack of adequate funding to complete a clinical trial in a manner that is satisfactory to the applicable regulatory authority.

The FDA, the EMA or a comparable regulatory authority may require more information, including additional preclinical or clinical data to support approval, including data that would require us to perform additional clinical trials or modify our manufacturing processes, which may delay or prevent approval and our commercialization plans, or we may decide to abandon the development program. If we change our manufacturing processes, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials or other studies, which also could delay or prevent approval of our product candidates. If we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer indications than we request (including failing to approve the most commercially promising indications), may limit indications, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials or other post-marketing commitments, or may approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate.

Depending on results we observe in our clinical trials, our development strategy may include the pursuit of expedited approvals from the FDA or the EMA, such as through the accelerated approval pathway, and we may seek to achieve breakthrough therapy designation or regenerative medicine advanced therapy, or RMAT, designation from the FDA or the PRIority MEdicines, or PRIME, designation from the EMA. Our product candidates may not qualify for such designations, and the clinical data obtained from trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to qualify for any expedited approval program.

Even if a product candidate were to successfully obtain approval from the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions, any approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval study or risk management requirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for one of our product candidates in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may not be able to obtain sufficient funding to continue the development of that product or generate revenues attributable to that product candidate. Also, any regulatory approval of our current or future product candidates, once obtained, may be withdrawn. See the risk factor titled “—Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, the regulatory approval process is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain and may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates. As a result, we cannot predict when or if, and in which territories, we will obtain marketing approval to commercialize a product candidate.”

We may not be successful in our efforts to build a pipeline of product candidates.

A key element of our strategy is to use our expertise in tumor biology and cell programming and our proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies to develop what we believe are safer and more effective T cell therapies. Our initial focus is on the development of a pipeline of product candidates for the treatment of hematological cancers and the progression of these product candidates through clinical development. We also intend to develop follow-on, or next-generation, product candidates with additional elements of programming built into the programmed T cell product candidate to offer enhanced characteristics as compared to the earlier product generation, such as pharmacological control or insensitivity to checkpoint inhibition. However, we may not be able to develop product candidates that are safe and effective, or which compare favorably with our existing product candidates. Even if we are successful in continuing to build our pipeline and developing next-generation product candidates or expanding into solid tumor indications, the potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development, including as a result of lack of safety, lack of tolerability, lack of anti-tumor activity, or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval, achieve market acceptance or obtain reimbursements from third-party payors. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize product candidates or collaborate with others to do so, we will not be able to obtain product revenue in future periods, which could significantly harm our financial position and adversely affect the trading price of our ADSs.

Our preclinical programs may experience delays or may never advance to clinical trials, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals or to commercialize these programs on a timely basis or at all, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

Many of our product candidates are in the preclinical development stage. The risk of failure of preclinical programs is high. Before we can commence clinical trials for a product candidate, we must complete extensive preclinical testing and studies to obtain regulatory clearance to initiate human clinical trials, including based on IND applications in effect in the United States and clinical trial applications, or CTAs, in Europe. We cannot be certain of the timely completion or outcome of our preclinical testing

and studies and cannot predict if the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities will accept our proposed clinical programs or if the outcome of our preclinical testing and studies will ultimately support the further development of our programs. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to submit INDs or similar applications for our preclinical programs on the timelines we expect, if at all, and we cannot be sure that submission of INDs or similar applications will result in the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin.

Clinical trials are difficult to design and implement, involve uncertain outcomes and may not be successful.

Human clinical trials are difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval of a product, and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. As an organization, we have limited experience designing clinical trials and may be unable to design and execute a clinical trial to support regulatory approval. There is a high failure rate for biologic products proceeding through clinical trials, which may be higher for our product candidates because they are based on new technology and engineered on a patient-by-patient basis. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials even after achieving promising results in preclinical testing and earlier-stage clinical trials. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are subject to varying interpretations, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, we may experience regulatory delays or rejections as a result of many factors, including changes in regulatory policy during the period of our product candidate development. Any such delays could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Success in preclinical studies or clinical trials may not be indicative of results in future clinical trials.

Results from preclinical studies are not necessarily predictive of future clinical trial results, and interim results of a clinical trial are not necessarily indicative of final results. For example, we have treated only a small number of patients in all of our ongoing clinical trials. For that reason, we do not know whether these candidates will be effective for the intended indications or safe in humans. Our product candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy in clinical development despite positive results in preclinical studies or having successfully advanced through initial clinical trials. This failure to establish sufficient efficacy and safety could cause us to abandon clinical development of our product candidates.

We depend on enrollment of patients in our clinical trials for our product candidates. If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons. The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the study until its conclusion. The enrollment of patients depends on many factors, including:

•the patient eligibility criteria defined in the protocol;

•the number of patients with the disease or condition being studied;

•the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate in the trial;

•clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating or drugs that may be used off-label for these indications;

•the size and nature of the patient population required for analysis of the trial’s primary endpoints;

•the proximity of patients to study sites;

•the design of the clinical trial;

•our ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;

•competing clinical trials for similar therapies or other new therapeutics not involving T cell-based immunotherapy;

•our ability to obtain and maintain patient consents;

•disruptions to health care systems caused by the coronavirus pandemic; and

•the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of the clinical trials before completion of their treatment.

In particular, some of our clinical trials will look to enroll patients with characteristics which are found in a very small population. For example, our clinical trial for AUTO4 seeks to enroll patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, a rare and heterogeneous form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or NHL. Other companies are conducting clinical trials with their redirected T cell therapies in multiple myeloma, pediatric relapsed or refractory acute B lymphocytic leukemia, or pediatric ALL, and relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or DLBCL, and seek to enroll patients in their studies that may otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials, which could lead to slow recruitment and delays in our clinical programs. In addition, since the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which could further reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials in these clinical trial sites. Moreover, because our product candidates represent a departure from more commonly used methods for cancer treatment, potential study participants and their doctors may be inclined to use conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy and antibody therapy, rather than participate in our clinical trials.

Delays in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of the planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these clinical trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our product candidates. In addition, many of the factors that may lead to a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

The market opportunities for certain of our product candidates may be limited to those patients who are ineligible for or have failed prior treatments and may be small, and our projections regarding the size of the addressable market may be incorrect.

Cancer therapies are sometimes characterized as first line, second line or third line, and the FDA often approves new therapies initially only for third line use. When blood cancers are detected, they are treated with the first line of therapy with the intention of curing the cancer. This generally consists of chemotherapy, radiation, antibody drugs, tumor-targeted small molecules, or a combination of these. In addition, sometimes a bone marrow transplantation can be added to the first line therapy after the combination chemotherapy is given. If the patient’s cancer relapses, then they are given a second line or third line therapy, which can consist of more chemotherapy, radiation, antibody drugs, tumor-targeted small molecules, or a combination of these, or a bone marrow transplant. Generally, the higher the line of therapy, the lower the chance of a cure. With third or higher line, the goal of the therapy in the treatment of lymphoma and myeloma is to control the growth of the tumor and extend the life of the patient, as a cure is unlikely to happen. Patients are generally referred to clinical trials in these situations.

We are initially developing AUTO1 as second line therapy for patients with ALL who are considered at high risk for relapse and as third line therapy for other patients with ALL, AUTO3 as a third line therapy for DLBCL and AUTO4 as a second line therapy for TRBC1-positive T-cell lymphoma patients. If AUTO4 is approved as a second line therapy, we may initiate a trial to position it as a consolidation therapy after first line chemotherapy in T-cell lymphoma. There is no guarantee that any of our product candidates, even if approved, would be approved for an earlier line of therapy. In addition, we may have to conduct additional large randomized clinical trials prior to gaining approval for the earlier line of therapy.

Our projections of both the number of people who have the cancers we are targeting, as well as the size of the patient population subset of people with these cancers in a position to receive first, second, third and fourth line therapy and who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations, or market research and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these cancers. The number of patients may turn out to be fewer than expected. Additionally, the potentially addressable patient population for our product candidates may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with our product candidates. For instance, in our clinical trial for AUTO4, we are initially targeting a small patient population that suffers from peripheral T-cell lymphoma, a rare and heterogeneous form of NHL. Even if we obtain significant market share for our product candidates, because the potential target populations are small, we may never achieve significant revenues without obtaining regulatory approval for additional indications or as part of earlier lines of therapy.

Adverse side effects or other safety risks associated with our product candidates could delay or preclude approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, cause us to abandon product candidates, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following any potential marketing approval.

In clinical trials conducted by other companies involving CAR T cells, the most prominent acute toxicities included symptoms thought to be associated with cytokine release syndrome, or CRS, such as fever, low blood pressure and kidney dysfunction. Some patients also experienced toxicity of the central nervous system, or neurotoxicity, such as confusion, tremor, cranial nerve dysfunction, seizures and speech impairment. Adverse events with the worst grades and attributed to CAR T cells were severe and life threatening in some patients. The life threatening events were related to kidney dysfunction and neurotoxicity. Severe and life threatening toxicities occurred mostly in the first two weeks after cell infusion and generally resolved within three weeks, but several patients died in clinical trials involving CAR T cells developed by other companies and academic institutions.

For example, as of the most recent data cut-off date of November 12, 2020, 20 patients in the ALLCAR19 clinical trial have received AUTO1. Of those 20 patients, three patients (15%) experienced Grade 3 neurotoxicity that resolved swiftly with steroids. We also observed Grade 3 or higher neutropenias in 7 of 20 patients reporting such neutropenias prior to treatment with AUTO1 and 8 of 17 patients reporting Grade 3 or higher neutropenias 28 days after treatment with AUTO1, with most resolving by month two or three post-dosing. Of the 20 patients, seven patients died while enrolled in the ALLCAR19 clinical trial, of which two deaths were determined to be due to progression of the leukemia, one death occurred post progression following infective complication post-transplant and the four remaining deaths were determined to be due to infectious complications (a common complication of advanced ALL). There can be no assurance that patients in ongoing or future trials of AUTO1, AUTO3, AUTO4 or any of our other product candidates will not experience more severe CRS, unacceptable levels of neurotoxicity or other serious adverse events.

Our clinical trials include cancer patients who are very sick and whose health is deteriorating, and we expect that additional clinical trials of our other product candidates will include similar patients with deteriorating health. It is possible that some of these patients may experience similar adverse side effects as were observed in clinical trials conducted by other companies and academic institutions involving CAR T cells, and that additional patients may die during our clinical trials for various reasons, including as a result of receiving our product candidates, because the patient’s disease is too advanced, or because the patient experiences medical problems that may not be related to our product candidate. Even if the deaths are not related to our product candidate, the deaths could affect perceptions regarding the safety of our product candidate.

Patient deaths and severe side effects caused by our product candidates, or by products or product candidates of other companies that are thought to have similarities with our therapeutic candidates, could result in the delay, suspension, clinical hold or termination of clinical trials by us, the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities for a number of reasons. If we elect or are required to delay, suspend or terminate any clinical trial of any product candidates that we develop, the commercial prospects of such product candidates will be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates would be delayed or eliminated. Serious adverse events observed in clinical trials could hinder or prevent market acceptance of the product candidate at issue. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations significantly.

If the clinical trials of any of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities, or do not otherwise produce favorable results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We may not commercialize, market, promote or sell any product candidate without obtaining marketing approval from the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authority, and we may never receive such approvals. It is impossible to predict accurately when or if any of our product candidates will prove effective or safe in humans and will receive regulatory approval. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the commercial sale of any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through lengthy, complex and expensive preclinical testing and clinical trials that our product candidates are both safe and effective for use in each target indication. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events prior to, during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize any of our product candidates, including:

•the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authority may disagree as to the number, design or implementation of our clinical trials, or may not interpret the results from clinical trials as we do;

•regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;

•we may not reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different clinical trial sites;

•clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results;

•we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs;

•the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate, participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate or we may fail to recruit suitable patients to participate in a trial;

•our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;

•regulators may issue a clinical hold, or regulators or institutional review boards may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

•the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

•the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities may fail to approve our manufacturing processes or facilities;

•the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate;

•our product candidates may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, particularly given their novel, first-in-human application, such as cytokine-induced toxicity and T cell aplasia, causing us or our investigators, regulators or institutional review boards to suspend or terminate the clinical trials; and

•the approval policies or regulations of the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

To the extent that the results of the trials are not satisfactory for the FDA, the EMA or regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdiction to approve our BLA, Marketing Approval Application, or MAA, or other comparable application, the commercialization of our product candidates may be significantly delayed, or we may be required to expend significant additional resources, which may not be available to us, to conduct additional trials in support of potential approval of our product candidates.

We may not be able to successfully create our own manufacturing infrastructure for supply of our requirements of programmed T cell product candidates for use in clinical trials and for commercial sale.

Our manufacturing and commercialization strategy is based on establishing a fully integrated vein-to-vein product delivery cycle. Over time, we expect to establish regional manufacturing hubs to service major markets to meet projected needs for commercial sale quantities. However, we do not currently own any facility that may be used as our clinical-scale manufacturing and processing facility and we currently use facilities and equipment at the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, as well as third party vendors, for vector and cell manufacturing.

We are establishing our viral vector and cell manufacturing capacity by taking occupancy of manufacturing suites at the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult manufacturing center in Stevenage, United Kingdom, as well as several smaller facilities in the Stevenage, United Kingdom area. The Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult manufacturing center provides shared infrastructure to collaborators working in segregated manufacturing suites. We have little to no control over the actions of other collaborators and their actions could inadvertently damage or delay our ability to manufacture our product candidates. In addition, we rely on external vendors to manufacture viral vector for certain of our product candidates. Our long-term plan is to establish additional manufacturing sites in the United States and in Europe as needed. The implementation of this plan is subject to many risks. For example, the establishment of a cell-therapy manufacturing facility is a complex endeavor requiring knowledgeable individuals. Creating an internal manufacturing infrastructure will rely upon finding personnel with an appropriate background and training to staff and operate the facility. Should we be unable to find these individuals, we may need to rely on external contractors or train additional personnel to fill the needed roles. There are a small number of individuals with experience in cell therapy and the competition for these individuals is high.

We expect that the establishment of our own commercial cell manufacturing facilities will provide us with enhanced control of product supply for both clinical trials and the commercial market, enable the more rapid implementation of process changes, and allow for better long-term cost margins. However, we have no experience as a company in designing and operating a commercial manufacturing facility and may never be successful in developing our own manufacturing facility or capability. We may establish additional manufacturing sites as we expand our commercial footprint to multiple geographies, which may lead to regulatory delays or prove costly. Even if we are successful, our manufacturing operations could be affected by cost-overruns, unexpected delays, equipment failures, labor shortages, natural disasters, power failures and numerous other factors, or we may not

be successful in establishing sufficient capacity to produce our product candidates in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements for the potential launch or to meet potential future demand, all of which could prevent us from realizing the intended benefits of our manufacturing strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be successful in achieving cost of goods at commercial scale that provide for an attractive margin.

We believe that our current, fully enclosed manufacturing processes are fit for commercial scale and we anticipate they will enable commercial supply at an economical cost. However, we have not yet established manufacturing capacity at commercial scale and may underestimate the cost and time required to do so, or overestimate cost reductions from economies of scale that can be realized with our manufacturing processes. We may ultimately be unable to manage the cost of goods for our product candidates to levels that will allow for a margin in line with our expectations and return on investment if and when those product candidates are commercialized.

Our product candidates are biologics and the manufacture of our product candidates is complex and we may encounter difficulties in production, particularly with respect to process development or scaling-out of our manufacturing capabilities. If we encounter such difficulties, our ability to provide supply of our product candidates for clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved, could be delayed or stopped.

We have developed a process for manufacturing programmed T cells in a fully enclosed system designed to minimize the risk of contamination, and we have improved the viral transduction process to help eliminate processing inconsistencies. We believe that our current processes are suitable for commercialization. While we have established a process which we believe is scalable for commercial production, each manufacturing process must be validated through the performance of process validation runs to guarantee that the facility, personnel, equipment, and process work as designed. We have not yet manufactured or processed our product candidates on a commercial scale and may not be able to do so for any of our product candidates.

We, like other manufacturers of biologic products, may encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up or out, validating the production process, and assuring high reliability of the manufacturing process. These problems include delays or break-downs in logistics and shipping, difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, and product testing, operator error, lack of availability of qualified personnel, as well as failure to comply with strictly enforced federal, state and foreign regulations.

Furthermore, if microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our supply of product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. We cannot assure you that any of these or other issues relating to the manufacture of our product candidates will not occur in the future. Any delay or interruption in the supply of clinical trial supplies could delay the completion of clinical trials, increase the costs associated with maintaining clinical trial programs and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to begin new clinical trials at additional expense or terminate clinical trials completely.

The manufacture and delivery of programmed T cell therapies to patients involves complex, integrated processes, including harvesting T cells from patients, programming the T cells ex vivo, multiplying the T cells to obtain the desired dose, and ultimately infusing the T cells back into a patient’s body. As a result of the complexities, the cost to manufacture biologics in general, and our programmed T cell product candidates in particular, is generally higher than traditional small molecule chemical compounds, and the manufacturing process is less reliable and is more difficult and costly to reproduce. In addition, our manufacturing process will be susceptible to product loss or failure due to logistical issues associated with the collection of white blood cells from the patient, shipping such patient material to the manufacturing site, storing and processing such patient material, shipping the patient material with the programmed T cells back to the patient, and infusing the patient with the final product. Other manufacturing issues include the differences in patient starting materials, inconsistency in cell growth, variability in product characteristics, interruptions in the manufacturing process, equipment or reagent failure, improper installation or operation of equipment, and vendor or operator error. Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, product defects, and other supply disruptions. For example, in clinical trials of AUTO1 conducted by UCL using a manufacturing process that differs from our semi-automated manufacturing process, UCL experienced product failures for three patients enrolled in the CARPALL trial and produced only a partial dose for one patient in the ALLCAR19 trial. If we lose, destroy or otherwise impair the patient materials at any point in the vein-to-vein supply chain, the manufacturing process for that patient will need to be restarted and the resulting delay may adversely affect that patient’s outcome due to the risk of disease progression. In addition, because our product candidates are manufactured for each particular patient, we will be required to maintain a chain of identity with respect to materials as they move from the patient to the manufacturing facility, through the manufacturing process, and back to the patient. Maintaining such a chain of identity is difficult and complex, and failure to do so could result in adverse patient outcomes, loss of product, or regulatory action including withdrawal of our products from the market. Further, as product candidates are developed through preclinical to late stage clinical trials towards approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize processes and results.

Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives, and any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials.

Our manufacturing facilities also require commissioning and validation activities to demonstrate that they operate as designed, and are subject to government inspections by the FDA, the EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities. If we are unable to reliably produce products to specifications acceptable to the regulatory authorities, we may not obtain or maintain the approvals we need to manufacture our products. Further, our facilities may fail to pass government inspections prior to or after the commercial launch of our product candidates, which would cause significant delays and additional costs required to remediate any deficiencies identified by the regulatory authorities. Any of these challenges could delay completion of clinical trials, require bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidate, impair commercialization efforts, increase our cost of goods, and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Prior treatments can alter the cancer and negatively impact chances for achieving clinical activity with our programmed T cells.

Patients with hematological cancers receive highly toxic lympho-depleting chemotherapy as their initial treatments. These therapies can impact the viability of the T cells collected from the patient and can contribute to highly variable responses to programmed T cell therapies. Patients could also have received prior therapies that target the same target antigen on the cancer cells as our intended programmed T cell product candidate and thereby lead to a selection of cancer cells with low or no expression of the target. As a result, our programmed T cell product candidates may not recognize the cancer cell and may fail to achieve clinical activity. Both of our most advanced product candidates, AUTO1 and AUTO3, may face this challenge. For example, ALL patients could have received blinatumomab or Kymriah, or a CD19 ADC, or a CD22 targeting CAR T, or CD22 ADC, like inotuzomab, or similar products or product candidates prior to receiving AUTO1; and DLBCL patients could have received Yescarta, Kymriah, JCAR-17, inotuzomab, CD22-targeting CAR or blinatumomab, or similar products or product candidates prior to receiving AUTO3. If any of our product candidates do not achieve a sufficient level of clinical activity, we may discontinue the development of that product candidate, which could have an adverse effect on the value of our ADSs.

We may expend our resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or have a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and management resources, we focus on research programs and product candidates that we identify for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate.

We plan to seek, but may fail to obtain “breakthrough therapy” designation or “regenerative medicine advanced therapy” (RMAT) designation from the FDA and “PRIME” designation from the EMA, and may pursue accelerated approval for some or all of our programmed T cell product candidates, which may prolong the regulatory approval process for our product candidates.

In 2012, the FDA established a breakthrough therapy designation which is intended to expedite the development and review of product candidates that treat serious or life-threatening diseases when “preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development.” The designation of a product candidate as a breakthrough therapy provides potential benefits that include more frequent meetings with FDA to discuss the development plan for the product candidate and ensure collection of appropriate data needed to support approval; more frequent written correspondence from the FDA about such things as the design of the proposed clinical trials and use of biomarkers; guidance on an efficient drug development program, beginning as early as Phase 1; organizational commitment involving senior managers; and eligibility for rolling review and priority review. The frequency of communication from the FDA is intended to allow for questions and issues to be resolved quickly, which often leads to earlier drug approval and access by patients.

RMAT was introduced as a new designation under the 21st Century Cures Act for the development and review of certain regenerative medicine therapies. To receive RMAT designation, a regenerative medicine product candidate must be intended to treat, modify, reverse, or cure a serious or life-threatening disease or condition with preliminary clinical evidence indicating that the drug has the potential to address unmet medical need. RMAT designation does not require evidence to indicate that the drug may offer a substantial improvement over available therapies, as breakthrough designation requires. In November 2017, the FDA released draft guidance that clarified that gene therapies, including genetically modified cells, that lead to a durable modification of

cells or tissues, may meet the definition of a regenerative medicine therapy for RMAT designation. Similar to breakthrough designation, an RMAT product candidate receives: intensive guidance on an efficient drug development program; intensive involvement of senior managers and experienced staff on a proactive, collaborative and cross-disciplinary review; and a rolling review. Regenerative medicine therapies that qualify for RMAT designation may also qualify for other FDA expedited programs, if they meet the criteria for such programs.

Similarly, the EMA has established the PRIME scheme to expedite the development and review of product candidates that show a potential to address to a significant extent an unmet medical need, based on early clinical data.

We intend to seek breakthrough therapy designation, RMAT designation or PRIME designation for some or all of our programmed T cell product candidates that may qualify. There is no assurance that we will obtain breakthrough therapy designation or RMAT designation, or that we will obtain access to PRIME for any of our product candidates. Breakthrough therapy designation and PRIME eligibility do not change the standards for product approval, and there is no assurance that such designation or eligibility will result in expedited review or approval. Additionally, breakthrough therapy designation and access to PRIME can each be revoked if the criteria for eligibility cease to be met as clinical data emerges.

We may also seek accelerated approval for certain of our product candidates. Under the FDA’s fast track and accelerated approval programs, the FDA may approve a drug or biologic for a serious or life-threatening illness that provides meaningful therapeutic benefit to patients over existing treatments based upon a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. For drugs granted accelerated approval, post-marketing confirmatory trials have been required to describe the anticipated effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit. These confirmatory trials must be completed with due diligence. Moreover, the FDA may withdraw approval of our indication approved under the accelerated approval pathway if, for example:

•the trial or trials required to verify the predicted clinical benefit of our product candidates fail to verify such benefit or do not demonstrate sufficient clinical benefit to justify the risks associated with the drug;

•other evidence demonstrates that our product candidates are not shown to be safe or effective under the conditions of use;

•we fail to conduct any required post-approval trial of our product candidates with due diligence; or

•we disseminate false or misleading promotional materials relating to the relevant product candidate.

Risks Related to our Business Operations

The effects of health epidemics, including the ongoing global coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we, or the third parties on which we rely, have business operations could adversely impact our business, including our clinical trials, preclinical studies and supply chains, depending on the location, duration and severity of disruptions to the systems affecting our business.

Beginning in late 2019, the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus, COVID-19, has evolved into a global pandemic and in March 2020, the World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has continued to spread, and the related adverse public health developments, including orders to shelter-in-place, travel restrictions, and the imposition of additional requirements on businesses, have adversely affected workforces, organizations, healthcare communities, economies, and financial markets globally, leading to an economic downturn and increased market volatility. The U.S. government also has imposed travel restrictions on travel between the United States, United Kingdom and certain other countries. It has also disrupted the normal operations of businesses across industries, including ours, and caused significant disruption in the operations of third party manufacturers and contract research organizations, or CROs, upon whom we rely.

In response to the spread of COVID-19 as well as public health directives and orders, we have implemented work-from-home policies to support the community efforts to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and protect employees, complying with guidance from government authorities in the countries within which we operate. We have implemented a number of measures to ensure employee safety and business continuity, including limiting access to our laboratory and manufacturing facilities to only those individuals required to execute their job responsibilities and restricted the number of staff working concurrently in any given laboratory. Our company headquarters is located in London, our U.S. headquarters is located in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area, and our CROs and CMOs are located in the United States, the United Kingdom, and European Union.

We are currently conducting clinical trials in the United States, United Kingdom and Spain. Timely enrollment in our clinical trials is dependent upon capacity at our clinical trial sites, some of which have been and are currently adversely affected by COVID-19. Due to the uneven geographic impact of the pandemic, these localized disruptions are difficult to predict. Shutdowns or other restrictions related to COVID-19 or other infectious diseases could impact personnel at third-party manufacturing facilities, which, in turn, could impact the availability or cost of materials and disrupt our supply chain. Additionally, many of our clinical trials involve immunocompromised patients who are at higher risk for COVID-19 and who are therefore more likely to avoid hospitals or other high-risk areas.

The effects of the governmental restrictions and guidelines, and the measures we have implemented to comply with them, may negatively impact productivity, disrupt our business and delay our clinical programs and timelines (for example, our timelines for AUTO1 and AUTO3). The magnitude of these potential disruptions will depend, in part, on the length and severity of the restrictions and other limitations on our ability to conduct our business in the ordinary course.

As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, or similar pandemics, we may experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, clinical trials and preclinical studies, including:

•delays or difficulties in enrolling patients in our clinical trials, including travel restrictions on patients and constraints on the capacity of our clinical trial sites;

•delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including difficulties in training clinical site investigators and clinical site staff;

•delays or disruptions in non-clinical experiments and investigational new drug application-enabling good laboratory practice standard toxicology studies due to unforeseen circumstances in supply chain;

•delays or disruptions in our ability to manufacture programmed T cell therapies due to supply chain and transportation system disruptions or lack of manufacturing staff;

•increased rates of patients withdrawing from our clinical trials following enrollment as a result of contracting COVID-19, being forced to quarantine, or being unable to visit clinical trial locations;

•diversion or prioritization of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials and towards the COVID-19 pandemic, including the diversion of hospitals serving as our clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of our clinical trials, particularly for clinical trials that require in-patient monitoring following administration of the product candidate;

•delays or disruptions in the availability of clinical site staff, who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19, which, in turn, could adversely impact our clinical trial operations;

•interruption of our key clinical trial activities, such as clinical assessments at pre-specified time points during the trial and clinical trial site data monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by governmental entities, employers and others or interruption of clinical trial subject visits and study procedures (particularly any procedures that may be deemed non-essential), which may impact the integrity of subject data and clinical study endpoints;

•interruption or delays in the operations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and comparable foreign regulatory agencies or their refusal to accept data from clinical trials in affected geographies, which may impact approval timelines;

•delays in necessary interactions with local regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations in employee resources or forced furlough of government employees;

•limitations on employee resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including because of sickness of employees or their families, the desire of employees to avoid contact with large groups of people, an increased reliance on working from home or mass transit disruptions; and

•reduced ability to engage with the medical and investor communities due to the cancellation of conferences scheduled throughout the year.

These and other factors arising from the COVID-19 pandemic could worsen in countries that are already afflicted with COVID-19, could continue to spread to additional countries, or could return to countries where the pandemic has been partially contained, each of which could continue to adversely impact our ability to conduct clinical trials and our business generally, and could have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition and results.

In addition, the trading price for our ADSs as well as trading price for the publicly traded securities of other biopharmaceutical companies, as well as the broader global financial markets, have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting impact on U.K. and U.S. economic activities. As a result, we may face difficulties raising capital when needed, and any such sales may be on unfavorable terms to us. Further, to the extent we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of existing shareholders will be diluted.

The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business operations is highly uncertain and subject to change and will depend on future developments which are difficult to predict, including the duration of the pandemic, the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, additional or modified government actions, new information that will emerge concerning the severity and impact of COVID-19 and other actions taken to contain or address its impact in the short and long term, among others. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our commercialization efforts, our clinical studies, our research programs, healthcare systems or the global economy, and if the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting uncertain economic and healthcare environment is more severe than we anticipated, we may not be able to execute on our current operating plan or on our strategy. If the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated period of business and social restrictions and economic uncertainty is longer than we anticipated, our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities may not be sufficient to fund the activities under our operating plan for the time period that we anticipated, and we may be required to revise our operating plan further. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section.

As a company based outside of the United States, our business is subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks associated with international operations.

Our business is subject to risks associated with conducting business outside of the United States, as our company is based in the United Kingdom and conducts operations internationally. Many of our suppliers and clinical trial relationships are located outside the United States. Accordingly, our future results could be harmed by a variety of factors, including:

•economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular non-U.S. economies and markets;

•differing and changing regulatory requirements for product approvals;

•differing jurisdictions could present different issues for securing, maintaining or obtaining freedom to operate in such jurisdictions;

•potentially reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

•difficulties in compliance with different, complex and changing laws, regulations and court systems of multiple jurisdictions and compliance with a wide variety of foreign laws, treaties and regulations;

•changes in non-U.S. regulations and customs, tariffs and trade barriers;

•changes in non-U.S. currency exchange rates of the pound sterling, U.S. dollar, euro and currency controls;

•changes in a specific country’s or region’s political or economic environment, including the implications of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union;

•trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements or other restrictive actions by governments;

•differing reimbursement regimes and price controls in certain non-U.S. markets;

•negative consequences from changes in tax laws;

•compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad, including, for example, the variable tax treatment in different jurisdictions of options granted under our share option schemes or equity incentive plans;

•workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

•litigation or administrative actions resulting from claims against us by current or former employees or consultants individually or as part of class actions, including claims of wrongful terminations, discrimination, misclassification or other violations of labor law or other alleged conduct;

•difficulties associated with staffing and managing international operations, including differing labor relations;

•production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and

•business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism, natural disasters--including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires--or health epidemics, such as the coronavirus pandemic.

Exchange rate fluctuations may materially affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our functional currency and that of our subsidiaries is the pound sterling and our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Given that our functional currency and that of our subsidiaries is the pound sterling, but our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the pound sterling could materially and adversely affect our business. There may be instances in which costs and revenue will not be matched with respect to currency denomination. Currently, we do not have any exchange rate hedging arrangements in place.

Additionally, although we are based in the United Kingdom, we source research and development, manufacturing, consulting and other services from the United States and other countries. Further, potential future revenue may be derived from the United States, countries within the euro zone, and various other countries around the world. As a result, our business and the price of our ADSs may be affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates not only between the pound sterling and the U.S. dollar, but also the euro and other currencies, which may have a significant impact on our results of operations and cash flows from period to period. As a result, to the extent we continue our expansion on a global basis, we expect that increasing portions of our revenue, cost of revenue, assets and liabilities will be subject to fluctuations in currency valuations. We may experience economic loss and a negative impact on earnings or net assets solely as a result of currency exchange rate fluctuations.

We will need to manage the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties.

As of December 31, 2020, we had 384 employees, 376 of whom are full-time. In January 2021, we announced adjustments to our workforce and infrastructure footprint, which will involve an overall reduction in headcount of approximately 20%. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, and as we further develop as a public company, we may need additional managerial, operational, financial and other personnel, including personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

•identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining and motivating additional employees;

•managing our internal development efforts effectively, including the clinical, FDA and EMA review processes for our product candidates; and

•improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.

There are a small number of individuals with experience in cell therapy and the competition for these individuals is high. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth, and our management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.

If we are not able to effectively manage the size of our organization, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize our product candidates and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

In addition to expanding our organization, we are building out our development and manufacturing capabilities, which requires significant capital expenditures. If these capital expenditures are higher than expected, it may adversely affect our financial condition and capital resources. In addition, if the availability of manufacturing capacity is delayed, it may limit our ability to rapidly expand the size of our organization in order to meet our corporate goals.

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key members of senior management and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive biopharmaceutical industry depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified management, research and development, clinical, financial and business development personnel. We are highly dependent on our management, scientific and medical personnel, including Dr. Christian Itin, our Chief Executive Officer and Dr. Martin Pulé, our scientific founder, Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer. Each member of our senior management may terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain ‘‘key person’’ insurance for any of our employees.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and clinical personnel and, if we progress the development of any of our product candidates, commercialization, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel, will be critical to our success. The loss of the services of members of our senior management or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing members of our senior management and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize our product candidates. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled junior, mid-level and senior managers, as well as junior, mid-level and senior scientific and medical personnel. Competition to hire from this limited candidate pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will be limited.

We will require additional funding to continue our planned operations. If we engage in future acquisitions or strategic collaborations, this may increase our capital requirements, dilute our shareholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities and subject us to other risks.

We will need additional capital in the future to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our shareholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell ordinary shares or ADSs, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell ordinary shares or ADSs, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. These sales may also result in material dilution to our existing shareholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing shareholders. In addition, we have an Open Market Sale AgreementSM, or Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, to sell up to $100.0 million worth of our ADSs, from time to time, through an “at the market” equity offering program under which Jefferies will act as sales agent. As of March 1, 2021, $84.1 million worth of ADSs remained available for sale under the “at the market” equity offering program. If we raise additional capital through our “at the market” equity offering program, or other public or private equity offerings, the ownership interest of our existing shareholders will be diluted and may cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. Furthermore, new investors purchasing securities that we may issue and sell in the future could obtain rights superior to the rights of our existing shareholders.

From time to time, we may also evaluate various acquisitions and strategic collaborations, including licensing or acquiring complementary products, intellectual property rights, technologies or businesses, as we may deem appropriate to carry out our business plan. Any potential acquisition or strategic collaboration may entail numerous risks, including:

•increased operating expenses and cash requirements;

•the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities;

•assimilation of operations, intellectual property and products of an acquired company, including difficulties associated with integrating new personnel;

•the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing programs and initiatives in pursuing such a strategic partnership, merger or acquisition;

•retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships;

•risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the prospects of that party and their existing products or product candidates and regulatory approvals; and

•our inability to generate revenue from acquired technology sufficient to meet our objectives in undertaking the acquisition or even to offset the associated acquisition and maintenance costs.

Additionally, if we undertake acquisitions, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expenses. Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition opportunities and this inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or products that may be important to the development of our business.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our future collaborators or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a significant disruption of our product development programs and our ability to operate our business effectively.

Our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future collaborators and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any significant system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets or other proprietary information or other similar disruptions. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, our competitive position could be harmed and the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed.

European data collection is governed by restrictive regulations governing the use, processing, and cross-border transfer of personal information.

The collection, use, disclosure, transfer, or other processing of personal data (including data concerning health and/or genetic data) regarding individuals in the European Economic Area, or EEA, or otherwise carried out in the context of any establishment in the EEA, is subject to the provisions of the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, which became effective and enforceable across all then-current member states of the EEA on May 25, 2018. Further, by operation of the UK GDPR, as defined below, the GDPR continues to apply in substantially equivalent form in the context of UK establishments and UK-related processing operations. Where we refer to the GDPR in this risk factor, we are also making reference to the UK GDPR in the context of the UK, unless we make a specific distinction between the UK and EU GDPR or the context requires otherwise.

Both the GDPR and UK GDPR have “extra-territorial” reach in that they apply to processing of personal data carried out in the context of a controller’s or processor’s establishment in the EEA/UK (as applicable), and also to the processing of personal data by a controller or processor with no establishment in the EEA/UK (as applicable) where the processing in question concerns the offering of goods or services to, and/or the monitoring of the behavior of, individuals in the EEA/UK (as applicable).

The GDPR sets out a number of requirements that must be complied with when handling personal data (i.e., data relating to an identified or identifiable living individual) such as: limiting permitted processing of personal data to only that which is necessary for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes; requiring the establishment a legal basis for processing personal data; expressly confirming that “pseudonymized” or key‑coded data constitutes personal data to which the GDPR applies; creating obligations for controllers and processors to appoint data protection officers in certain circumstances; increasing transparency obligations to data subjects for controllers (including presentation of certain information in a concise, intelligible and easily accessible form about how their personal data is used and their rights vis-à-vis that data and its use); introducing the obligation to carry out so-called data protection impact assessments in certain circumstances; establishing limitations on collection and retention of personal data through “data minimization” and “storage limitation” principles; establishing obligations to implement “privacy by design”; introducing obligations to honor increased rights for data subjects (such as rights for individuals to be ‘forgotten,’ rights to data portability, rights to object etc. in certain circumstances); formalizing a heightened and codified standard of data subject consent; establishing obligations to implement certain technical and organizational safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data; introducing obligations to agree to certain specific contractual terms and to take certain measures when engaging third‑party processors and joint controllers; introducing the obligation to provide notice of certain significant personal data breaches to the relevant supervisory authority(ies) and affected individuals; and mandating the appointment of representatives in the UK and/or EU in certain circumstances. The processing of “special category personal data”, such as health information, may also impose heightened compliance burdens under the GDPR and is a topic of active interest among relevant regulators.

The GDPR provides that EEA Member States may make their own further laws and regulations to introduce specific requirements related to the processing of “special categories of personal data”, including personal data related to health, biometric data used for unique identification purposes and genetic information; as well as personal data related to criminal offences or convictions – in the UK, the Data Protection Act 2018 complements the UK GDPR in this regard. This fact may lead to greater divergence on the law that applies to the processing of such data types across the EEA and/or UK, compliance with which, as and where applicable, may increase our costs and could increase our overall compliance risk. Such country-specific regulations could also limit our ability to collect, use and share data in the context of our EEA and/or UK operations, and/or could cause our compliance costs to increase, ultimately having an adverse impact on our business, and harming our business and financial condition.

The GDPR also provides for more robust regulatory enforcement and greater penalties for noncompliance than previous data protection laws, including fines of up to €20 million or 4% of global annual revenue of any noncompliant company for the preceding financial year, whichever is higher. In addition to administrative fines, a wide variety of other potential enforcement powers are available to competent supervisory authorities in respect of potential and suspected violations of the GDPR, including extensive audit and inspection rights, and powers to order temporary or permanent bans on all or some processing of personal data carried out by noncompliant actors. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR.

A particular issue presented by certain European data protection laws, including the GDPR, is that they generally restrict transfers of personal data from Europe, including the EEA, United Kingdom and Switzerland, to the United States and most other countries unless the parties to the transfer have implemented specific safeguards to protect the transferred personal data. One of the primary safeguards allowing U.S. companies to import personal data from Europe had been certification to the EU-U.S. Privacy

Shield and Swiss U.S. Privacy Shield frameworks administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce. However, the EU U.S. Privacy Shield was invalidated in July 2020 by the Court of Justice of the European Union, or CJEU, in a case known colloquially as “Schrems II.” Following this decision, the United Kingdom government has similarly invalidated use of the EU U.S. Privacy Shield as a mechanism for lawful personal data transfers from the United Kingdom to the United States under the UK GDPR. Also, the Swiss Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner, or the FDPIC, announced that the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield does not provide adequate safeguards for the purposes of personal data transfers from Switzerland to the United States. The CJEU’s decision in Schrems II also raised questions about whether one of the primary alternatives to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, namely, the European Commission’s Standard Contractual Clauses, can lawfully be used for personal data transfers from Europe to the United States or other third countries that are not the subject of an adequacy decision of the European Commission. While the CJEU upheld the adequacy of the Standard Contractual Clauses in principle in Schrems II, it made clear that reliance on those Clauses alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances. Use of the Standard Contractual Clauses must now be assessed on a case-by-case basis taking into account the legal regime applicable in the destination country, in particular regarding applicable surveillance laws and relevant rights of individuals with respect to the transferred data. In the context of any given transfer, where the legal regime applicable in the destination country may or does conflict with the intended operation of the Standard Contractual Clauses and/or applicable European law, the decision in Schrems II and subsequent draft guidance from the European Data Protection Board, or EDPB, would require the parties to that transfer to implement certain supplementary technical, organizational and/or contractual measures to rely on the Standard Contractual Clauses as a compliant transfer mechanism. However, the aforementioned draft guidance from the EDPB on such supplementary technical, organizational and/or contractual measures appears to conclude that no combination of such measures could be sufficient to allow effective reliance on the Standard Contractual Clauses in the context of transfers of personal data in the clear to recipients in countries where the power granted to public authorities to access the transferred data goes beyond that which is ‘necessary and proportionate in a democratic society’ – which may, following the CJEU’s conclusions in Schrems II on relevant powers of United States public authorities and commentary in that draft EDPB guidance, include the United States in certain circumstances (e.g., where Section 702 of the US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act applies). At present, there are few, if any, viable alternatives to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and the Standard Contractual Clauses. As such, if we are unable to implement a valid solution for personal data transfers from Europe, including, for example, obtaining individuals’ explicit consent to transfer their personal data from Europe to the United States or other countries, we will face increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and injunctions against processing personal data from Europe. Inability to import personal data from Europe, including the EEA, United Kingdom or Switzerland, may also: restrict our activities in Europe; limit our ability to collaborate with partners as well as other service providers, contractors and other companies subject to European data protection laws; and/or require us to increase our data processing capabilities in Europe at significant expense or otherwise cause us to change the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations – any or all of which could adversely affect our financial results. Additionally, other countries outside of Europe have enacted or are considering enacting similar cross-border data transfer restrictions and laws requiring local data residency, which could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services and operating our business. The type of challenges we face in Europe will likely also arise in other jurisdictions that adopt laws similar in construction to the GDPR or regulatory frameworks of equivalent complexity.

Further, Brexit has created uncertainty regarding data protection regulation in the United Kingdom. Following the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union on January 31, 2020, pursuant to the transitional arrangements agreed to between the United Kingdom and European Union, the GDPR continued to have effect in law in the United Kingdom, and continued to do so until December 31, 2020 as if the United Kingdom remained a Member State of the European Union for such purposes. Following December 31, 2020, and the expiry of those transitional arrangements, the data protection obligations of the GDPR continue to apply to United Kingdom-related processing of personal data in substantially unvaried form under the so-called “UK GDPR” (i.e., the GDPR as it continues to form part of United Kingdom laws by virtue of section 3 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, as amended (including by the various Data Protection, Privacy and Electronic Communications (Amendments etc) (EU Exit) Regulations)). However, going forward, there will be increasing scope for divergence in application, interpretation and enforcement of the data protection law as between the United Kingdom and EEA. Furthermore, the relationship between the United Kingdom and the EEA in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains somewhat uncertain. For example, it is unclear whether transfers of personal data from the EEA to the United Kingdom will be permitted to take place on the basis of a future adequacy decision of the European Commission, or whether a “transfer mechanism,” such as the Standard Contractual Clauses, will be required. For the meantime, under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, it has been agreed that transfers of personal data to the United Kingdom from European Union Member States will not be treated as “restricted transfers” to a non-EEA country for a period of up to four months from January 1, 2021, plus a potential further two months extension, or the extended adequacy assessment period. This will also apply to transfers to the United Kingdom from EEA Member States, assuming those Member States accede to the relevant provision of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Although the current maximum duration of the extended adequacy assessment period is six months it may end sooner, for example, in the event that the European Commission adopts an adequacy decision in respect of the United Kingdom, or the United Kingdom amends the UK GDPR and/or makes certain changes regarding data transfers under the UK GDPR / Data Protection Act 2018 without the consent

of the European Union (unless those amendments or decisions are made simply to keep relevant United Kingdom laws aligned with the European Union’s data protection regime). If the European Commission does not adopt an ‘adequacy decision’ in respect of the United Kingdom prior to the expiry of the extended adequacy assessment period, from that point onwards the United Kingdom will be an “inadequate third country” under the GDPR and transfers of data from the EEA to the United Kingdom will require a “transfer mechanism,” such as the Standard Contractual Clauses.

Additionally, as noted above, the United Kingdom has transposed the GDPR into United Kingdom domestic law by way of the UK GDPR with effect from January 2021, which could expose us to two parallel regimes, each of which potentially authorizes similar fines and other potentially divergent enforcement actions for certain violations (each regime separately having the ability to fine up to the higher of €20,000,000/£17,000,000 or 4% of an undertaking’s total global annual turnover). Also, following the expiry of the post-Brexit transitional arrangements, the United Kingdom Information Commissioner’s Office is not able to be our “lead supervisory authority” in respect of any “cross border processing” for the purposes of the GDPR. For so long as we are unable to, and/or do not, designate a lead supervisory authority in an EEA member state, with effect from January 1, 2021, we are not able to benefit from the GDPR’s “one stop shop” mechanism. Amongst other things, this would mean that, in the event of a violation of the GDPR affecting data subjects across the United Kingdom and the EEA, we could be investigated by, and ultimately fined by the United Kingdom Information Commissioner’s Office and the supervisory authority in each and every EEA member state where data subjects have been affected by such violation.

Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations, and those of our vendors and suppliers, could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. We currently rely on third-party suppliers to produce and process our product candidates on a patient-by-patient basis. Our ability to obtain clinical supplies of our product candidates could be disrupted if the operations of these suppliers are affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption.

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

We are dependent on intellectual property obtained or licensed from third parties, and if we were to fail to comply with our obligations under our existing and any future intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose intellectual property rights that are important to our business and we may not be able to continue developing or commercializing our product candidates, if approved.

We are party to an exclusive intellectual property license agreement with UCL Business Ltd., or UCLB, the technology-transfer company of University College London, or UCL, which is important to our business and under which we have acquired or licensed patent rights related to 25 patent families and other intellectual property related to our business. We expect to enter into additional license agreements in the future. Our existing license agreement with UCLB imposes, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various due diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. Any uncured, material breach under the UCLB license agreement could result in our loss of rights to practice the patent rights (including those that have been assigned to us) and other intellectual property licensed to us, and could compromise our development and commercialization efforts for our current or any future product candidates.

Licensing of intellectual property is of critical importance to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. For example, under our license agreement with UCLB, our exclusive rights under certain of the patents is subject to specified exclusions. Our right to enforce any patents that may issue from such patent rights similarly excludes enforcing them in such excluded fields, and obligates us to coordinate our enforcement efforts with a third-party licensee, if any, with rights in that excluded field. If a third party-licensee has the right to enforce those patents in their field, it could put a patent that may issue from this family at risk of being invalidated or construed narrowly, in which case we would no longer have the benefit of the patents for our own exclusivity. Disputes may arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including disputes regarding:

•the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

•whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

•our rights to third parties;

•our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our development and commercialization of our product candidates, and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

•the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us;

•our right to transfer or assign the license; and

•the effects of termination.

If disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangement on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates. See the section of this Annual Report titled “Business Overview - Our License Agreement with UCL Business Ltd.” for a more detailed description of our license agreement with UCLB, as well as our rights and obligations under the agreement.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to conduct the preclinical and clinical trials for our product candidates, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials or failing to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.

We depend and will continue to depend upon independent investigators and collaborators, such as universities, medical institutions, and strategic partners to conduct our preclinical and clinical trials. Agreements with such third parties might terminate for a variety of reasons, including a failure to perform by the third parties. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, our product development activities would be delayed.

Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with regulatory standards, commonly referred to as good laboratory practices, or GLP, and good clinical practices, or GCP, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of preclinical and clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Similar regulatory requirements apply outside the United States, including the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, or ICH. We are also required to register certain ongoing clinical trials and post the results of certain completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within specified timeframes. Failure to do so by us or third parties can result in FDA refusal to approve applications based on the clinical data, enforcement actions, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.

Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates.

In addition, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and may receive cash or equity compensation in connection with such services. If these relationships and any related compensation result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or the FDA concludes that the financial relationship may have affected the interpretation of the trial, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection by the FDA. Any such delay or rejection could prevent us from commercializing our clinical-stage product candidates or any future product candidates.

Cell-based therapies rely on the availability of reagents, specialized equipment, and other specialty materials, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. For some of these reagents, equipment, and materials, we rely or may rely on sole source vendors or a limited number of vendors, which could impair our ability to manufacture and supply our products.

Manufacturing our product candidates will require many reagents, which are substances used in our manufacturing processes to bring about chemical or biological reactions, and other specialty materials and equipment, some of which are manufactured or supplied by small companies with limited resources and experience to support commercial biologics production. We currently depend on a limited number of vendors for access to facilities and supply of certain materials and equipment used in the manufacture of our product candidates. For example, we currently use facilities and equipment at the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, as well as third party vendors, for vector and cell manufacturing. In addition, we purchase equipment and reagents critical

for the manufacture of our product candidates from Miltenyi Biotec GmbH and other suppliers on a purchase order basis. Some of our suppliers may not have the capacity to support commercial products manufactured under cGMP by biopharmaceutical firms or may otherwise be ill-equipped to support our needs. We also do not have supply contracts with many of these suppliers, and may not be able to obtain supply contracts with them on acceptable terms or at all. Accordingly, we may not be able to obtain key materials and equipment to support clinical or commercial manufacturing.

For some of these reagents, equipment, and materials, we rely and may in the future rely on sole source vendors or a limited number of vendors. An inability to continue to source product from any of these suppliers, which could be due to regulatory actions or requirements affecting the supplier, adverse financial or other strategic developments experienced by a supplier, labor disputes or shortages, unexpected demands, or quality issues, could adversely affect our ability to satisfy demand for our product candidates, which could adversely and materially affect our product sales and operating results or our ability to conduct clinical trials, either of which could significantly harm our business.

As we continue to develop and scale our manufacturing process, we may need to obtain rights to and supplies of certain materials and equipment to be used as part of that process. We may not be able to obtain rights to such materials on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to alter our process in a commercially viable manner to avoid the use of such materials or find a suitable substitute, it would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates and Other Legal Compliance Matters

Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, the regulatory approval process is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain and may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates. As a result, we cannot predict when or if, and in which territories, we will obtain marketing approval to commercialize a product candidate.

Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, research, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, quality control, recordkeeping, labeling, packaging, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, import, export, and reporting of safety and other post-market information, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA, the EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. We have not received approval to market any of our product candidates from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. We have only limited experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing approvals and may rely on third-party contract research organizations, or CROs, to assist us in this process. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. Our product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use. If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, the accompanying label may limit its approved use, which could limit sales of the product.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive and may take many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. The FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities may determine that our product candidates are not safe and effective, only moderately effective or have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

In addition, we are developing a proprietary diagnostic test for use with our AUTO4 and AUTO5 product candidates. This test will require separate regulatory approval in addition to the regulatory approval of AUTO4 and AUTO5, respectively. Failure to obtain marketing approval for the diagnostic test could prevent us from commercializing either AUTO4 or AUTO5 unless another similar diagnostic test for distinguishing TRBC1-positive and TRBC2-positive T-cell lymphomas is commercially available.

In addition, changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent

marketing approval of a product candidate. Any marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

If we experience delays in obtaining approval or if we fail to obtain approval of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for our product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate revenues will be impaired.

In order to market and sell our products in the European Union and any other jurisdictions, we must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain approval from the FDA. The regulatory approval process outside the United States generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining approval from the FDA. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it is required that the product be approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. However, failure to obtain approval in one jurisdiction may impact our ability to obtain approval elsewhere. We may not be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in other jurisdictions.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. For example, even if the FDA grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials as clinical studies conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.

Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets and/or to receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed.

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit,” may adversely impact our ability to obtain regulatory approvals of our product candidates in the European Union, result in restrictions or imposition of taxes and duties for importing our product candidates into the European Union, and may require us to incur additional expenses in order to develop, manufacture and commercialize our product candidates in the European Union.

Following the result of a referendum in 2016, the United Kingdom left the European Union on January 31, 2020, commonly referred to as Brexit. Pursuant to the formal withdrawal arrangements agreed between the United Kingdom and the European Union, the United Kingdom was subject to a transition period until December 31, 2020, or the Transition Period, during which European Union rules continued to apply. The Trade and Cooperation Agreement, which outlines the future trading relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union, was agreed in December 2020.

Since a significant proportion of the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom applicable to our business and our product candidates is derived from EU directives and regulations, Brexit has had, and may continue to have, a material impact upon the regulatory regime with respect to the development, manufacture, importation, approval and commercialization of our product candidates in the United Kingdom or the European Union. For example, Great Britain is no longer covered by the centralized procedures for obtaining European Union-wide marketing authorization from the EMA and a separate marketing authorization will be required to market our product candidates in Great Britain. It is currently unclear whether the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, in the United Kingdom is sufficiently prepared to handle the increased volume of marketing authorization applications that it is likely to receive. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, any marketing approvals, would delay or prevent us from commercializing our product candidates in the United Kingdom.

While the Trade and Cooperation Agreement provides for the tariff-free trade of medicinal products between the United Kingdom and the European Union there may be additional non-tariff costs to such trade which did not exist prior to the end of the

Transition Period. Further, should the United Kingdom diverge from the European Union from a regulatory perspective in relation to medicinal products, tariffs could be put into place in the future. We could therefore, both now and in the future, face significant additional expenses (when compared to the position prior to the end of the Transition Period) to operate our business, which could significantly and materially harm or delay our ability to generate revenues or achieve profitability of our business. Any further changes in international trade, tariff and import/export regulations as a result of Brexit or otherwise may impose unexpected duty costs or other non-tariff barriers on us. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United Kingdom. It is also possible that Brexit may negatively affect our ability to attract and retain employees, particularly those from the European Union.

In the short term there is a risk of disrupted import and export processes due to a lack of administrative processing capacity by the respective United Kingdom and European Union customs agencies that may delay time-sensitive shipments and may negatively impact our product supply chain.

Even if we obtain marketing approvals for our product candidates, the terms of approvals and ongoing regulation of our products may limit how we manufacture and market our products and compliance with such requirements may involve substantial resources, which could materially impair our ability to generate revenue.

Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, an approved product and its manufacturer and marketer are subject to ongoing review and extensive regulatory requirements for manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, and recordkeeping, including the potential requirements to implement a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, program or to conduct costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. We must also comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotion for any of our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product’s approved labeling. Thus, we will not be able to promote any products we develop for indications or uses for which they are not approved. In addition, manufacturers of approved products and those manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive regulatory requirements of the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP and other comparable regulations and standards, which include requirements relating to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and reporting requirements. We or our suppliers could be subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory authorities to monitor and ensure compliance with cGMP.

Accordingly, assuming we receive marketing approval for one or more of our product candidates, we and suppliers will continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance and quality control. If we are not able to comply with post-approval regulatory requirements, we could have the marketing approvals for our products withdrawn by regulatory authorities and our ability to market any future products could be limited, which could adversely affect our ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

Thus, the cost of compliance with post-approval regulations may have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or recall or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our product candidates, when and if any of them are approved.

The FDA and other federal and state agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, closely regulate compliance with all requirements governing prescription drug products, including requirements pertaining to marketing and promotion of products in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling and manufacturing of products in accordance with cGMP requirements. The FDA and DOJ impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we do not market our products for their approved indications, or if other of our marketing claims are deemed false or misleading, we may be subject to enforcement action. Physicians, on the other hand, may prescribe products for off-label uses. The FDA and other regulatory agencies do not regulate a physician’s choice of drug treatment made in the physician’s independent medical judgment. However, companies may only share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with a product’s FDA approved labeling. Violations of such requirements may lead to investigations alleging violations of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and other statutes, including the U.S. federal False Claims Act and other federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws as well as state consumer protection laws.

Our failure to comply with all regulatory requirements, and later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, may yield various results, including:

•litigation involving patients taking our products;

•restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;

•restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a product;

•restrictions on product distribution or use;

•requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;

•warning or untitled letters;

•withdrawal of the products from the market;

•refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

•recall of products;

•fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;

•suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

•suspension of any ongoing clinical trials;

•damage to relationships with any potential collaborators;

•unfavorable press coverage and damage to our reputation;

•refusal to permit the import or export of our products;

•product seizure; or

•injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Non-compliance by us or any future collaborator with regulatory requirements regarding safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance, and with requirements related to the development of products for the pediatric population, can also result in significant financial penalties. Similarly, failure to comply with regulatory requirements regarding the protection of personal information can also lead to significant penalties and sanctions.

Non-compliance with EU requirements regarding safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance, and with requirements related to the development of products for the pediatric population, also can result in significant financial penalties. Similarly, failure to comply with the European Union’s requirements regarding the protection of personal information can also lead to significant penalties and sanctions.

If any of these events occurs, our ability to sell such product may be impaired, and we may incur substantial additional expense to comply with regulatory requirements, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct or failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements. Misconduct by employees and independent contractors, such as principal investigators, consultants, commercial partners, and vendors, could include failures to comply with regulations of the FDA, the EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities, to provide accurate information to such regulators, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and other business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of business activities, including, but not limited to, research, manufacturing, distribution, pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee and independent contractor misconduct could also involve the improper use of individually identifiable information, including, without limitation, information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation.

In addition, federal procurement laws impose substantial penalties for misconduct in connection with government contracts and require certain contractors to maintain a code of business ethics and conduct.

It is not always possible to identify and deter employee and independent contractor misconduct, and any precautions we take to detect and prevent improper activities may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws. If any such actions are instituted against us, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement of profits, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, National Health Service in the United Kingdom, or other government supported healthcare in other jurisdictions, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting or oversight obligations if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with the law and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate.

Our business operations and current and future relationships with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere may be subject, directly or indirectly, to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, physician payment transparency, health information privacy and security and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to substantial penalties.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws, including, without limitation, the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the U.S. federal False Claims Act, that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we sell, market and distribute any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. In addition, we may be subject to physician payment transparency laws and patient privacy and security regulation by the U.S. federal government and by the states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws that may affect our ability to operate include the following:

•the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. The term ‘‘remuneration’’ has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other hand. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration that are alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all its facts and circumstances. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement

involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been violated;

•U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the U.S. federal False Claims Act, which can be enforced though civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. Pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for, among other things, allegedly inflating drug prices they report to pricing services, which in turn were used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. Further, pharmaceutical manufacturers can be held liable under the U.S. federal False Claims Act even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims;

•the U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of whether the payor is public or private, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters;

•HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, which impose obligations on “covered entities,” including certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, as well as their respective “business associates” that create, receive, maintain or transmit individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of a covered entity, and their covered subcontractors, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Additionally, HITECH also created four new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in U.S. federal courts to enforce HIPAA and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions;

•the FDCA, which prohibits, among other things, the adulteration or misbranding of drugs, biologics and medical devices;

•the U.S. federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under Section 6002 of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the ACA, and its implementing regulations, created annual reporting requirements for certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions), to annually report to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to certain payments and “transfers of value” provided to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Beginning in 2022, applicable manufacturers also will be required to report information regarding payments and “transfers of value” provided during the previous year to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologist assistants, and certified nurse-midwives;

•analogous state laws and regulations and foreign laws, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; state and foreign laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or to adopt compliance programs as prescribed by state laws and regulations, or that otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers; state and foreign laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts; and

•similar healthcare laws and regulations in the European Union and other jurisdictions, including reporting requirements detailing interactions with and payments to healthcare providers and laws governing the privacy and security of certain

protected information, such as GDPR, which imposes obligations and restrictions on the collection and use of personal data relating to individuals located in the European Union (including health data).

Further, the ACA, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute and certain criminal statutes governing healthcare fraud. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the ACA provided that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the U.S. federal False Claims Act.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of their exceptions and safe harbors, it is possible that our business activities can be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform. Federal and state enforcement bodies have continued their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of significant investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry.

Efforts to ensure that our internal operations and future business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, monetary fines, imprisonment, disgorgement of profits, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting or oversight obligations if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with the law and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and pursue our strategy. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business, including future collaborators, are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from participation in government healthcare programs, which could also affect our business.

Our product candidates are subject to government price controls in certain jurisdictions that may affect our revenue.

There has been heightened governmental scrutiny in the United Kingdom, United States, European Union and other jurisdictions of pharmaceutical pricing practices in light of the rising cost of prescription drugs and biologics. In the United States, such scrutiny has resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. At the federal level, the Trump administration used several means to propose or implement drug pricing reform, including through federal budget proposals, executive orders and policy initiatives. For example, on July 24, 2020 and September 13, 2020, the Trump administration announced several executive orders related to prescription drug pricing that seek to implement several of the administration’s proposals. As a result, the FDA released a final rule on September 24, 2020, effective November 30, 2020, providing guidance for states to build and submit importation plans for drugs from Canada. Further, on November 20, 2020, the Department of Health and Human Services finalized a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers to plan sponsors under Medicare Part D, either directly or through pharmacy benefit managers, unless the price reduction is required by law. The implementation of the rule has been delayed by the Biden administration from January 1, 2022 to January 1, 2023 in response to ongoing litigation. The rule also creates a new safe harbor for price reductions reflected at the point-of-sale, as well as a new safe harbor for certain fixed fee arrangements between pharmacy benefit managers and manufacturers, the implementation of which have also been delayed pending review by the Biden administration until March 22, 2021. On November 20, 2020, CMS issued an interim final rule implementing the Trump administration’s Most Favored Nation executive order, which would tie Medicare Part B payments for certain physician-administered drugs to the lowest price paid in other economically advanced countries, effective January 1, 2021. On December 28, 2020, the U.S. District Court in Northern California issued a nationwide preliminary injunction against implementation of the interim final rule. It is unclear whether the Biden administration will work to reverse these measures or pursue similar policy initiatives.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly enacted legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Outside of the United States, particularly in the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the

receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain coverage and reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed.

Recently enacted and future legislation in the United States and other countries may affect the prices we may obtain for our product candidates and increase the difficulty and cost for us to commercialize our product candidates.

In the United States and many other countries, rising healthcare costs have been a concern for governments, patients and the health insurance sector, which has resulted in a number of changes to laws and regulations, and may result in further legislative and regulatory action regarding the healthcare and health insurance systems that could affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. For a detailed discussion of healthcare reform initiatives of importance to the pharmaceutical industry, see the section titled “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approval—Healthcare Reform Efforts.”

For example, the ACA was enacted in the United States in March 2010 with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and expanding access to healthcare, and includes measures to change healthcare delivery, increase the number of individuals with insurance, ensure access to certain basic healthcare services, and contain the rising cost of care. There have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. While Congress has not passed repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law. H.R. 1: An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018, or the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, includes a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. Additionally, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the ACA-mandated “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and medical device tax and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminated the health insurer tax. Further, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, among other things, amended the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50% to 70% the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole”. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Act. Additionally, on December 18, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit upheld the District Court ruling that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether the remaining provisions of the ACA are invalid as well. The U.S. Supreme Court is currently reviewing the case, although it is unknown when a decision will be made. Further, although the U.S. Supreme Court has not yet ruled on the constitutionality of the ACA, on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order to initiate a special enrollment period from February 15, 2021 through May 15, 2021 for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace. The executive order also instructs certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA. It is unclear how the Supreme Court ruling, other such litigation, and the healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact the ACA and our business.

In addition, other federal health reform measures have been proposed and adopted in the United States. For example, as a result of the Budget Control Act of 2011, providers are subject to Medicare payment reductions of 2% per fiscal year through 2030 with the exception of a temporary suspension from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2021 unless additional Congressional action is taken. Further, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments from providers from three to five years. The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 also introduced a quality payment program, or Quality Payment Program, under which certain individual Medicare providers will be subject to certain incentives or penalties based on new program quality standards. The Quality Payment Program provides clinicians with two ways to participate, including through the Advanced Alternative Payment Models, or APMs, and the Merit-based Incentive Payment System, or MIPS. In November 2019, CMS issued a final rule finalizing the changes to the Quality Payment Program. At this time, it is unclear how the introduction of the Quality Payment Program will impact overall physician reimbursement under the Medicare program. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. It is also possible that additional governmental action is taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The combination of healthcare cost containment measures, increased health insurance costs, reduction of the number of people with health insurance coverage, as well as future legislation and regulations focused on reducing healthcare costs by

reducing the cost of or reimbursement and access to pharmaceutical products, may limit or delay our ability to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our products.

We are subject to the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, or the Bribery Act, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, and other anti-corruption laws, as well as export control laws, import and customs laws, trade and economic sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations.

Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including the Bribery Act, the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. §201, the U.S. Travel Act, and other anti-corruption laws that apply in countries where we do business. The Bribery Act, the FCPA and these other laws generally prohibit us and our employees and intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper or prohibited payments, or anything else of value, to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage.

Under the Bribery Act, we may also be liable for failing to prevent a person associated with us from committing a bribery offense. We and those acting on our behalf operate in a number of jurisdictions that pose a high risk of potential Bribery Act or FCPA violations, and we participate in collaborations and relationships with third parties whose corrupt or illegal activities could potentially subject us to liability under the Bribery Act, FCPA or local anticorruption laws, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.

Compliance with the Bribery Act, the FCPA and these other laws is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, anti-corruption laws present particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees are considered foreign officials. Certain payments to hospitals in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to enforcement actions.

We are also subject to other laws and regulations governing our international operations, including regulations administered by the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom, and authorities in the European Union, including applicable export control regulations, economic sanctions and embargoes on certain countries and persons, anti-money laundering laws, import and customs requirements and currency exchange regulations, collectively referred to as the Trade Control laws.

There is no assurance that we will be completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws, including the Bribery Act, the FCPA or other legal requirements, including Trade Control laws. If we are not in compliance with the Bribery Act, the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws or Trade Control laws, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of the Bribery Act, the FCPA, other anti-corruption laws or Trade Control laws by United States, United Kingdom or other authorities could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, the failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial civil and criminal penalties and suspension or debarment from government contracting.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.

Although we maintain insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological or hazardous materials.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our product candidates, or enter into sales, marketing and distribution agreements with third parties, we may not be successful in commercializing our product candidates, if and when they are approved.

We currently plan to work to build our global commercialization capabilities internally over time such that we are able to commercialize any product candidate for which we may obtain regulatory approval. However, we currently have no sales, marketing or distribution capabilities and have no experience in marketing or distributing pharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for any product candidate for which we may obtain marketing approval, we will need to establish a sales and marketing organization and establish logistics and distribution processes to commercialize and deliver our product candidates to patients and healthcare providers. The development of sales, marketing and distribution capabilities will require substantial resources, will be time-consuming and could delay any product launch.

If we are unable or decide not to establish internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we would have to pursue collaborative arrangements regarding the sales and marketing of our products. However, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell, market and distribute our product candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us, or if we are able to do so, that they would be effective and successful in commercializing our products. Our product revenues and our profitability, if any, would likely to be lower than if we were to sell, market and distribute any product candidates that we develop ourselves. In addition, we would have limited control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our product candidates effectively.

If we do not establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our product candidates in the United States or elsewhere.

We operate in a rapidly changing industry and face significant competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

The development and commercialization of new biopharmaceutical products is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological advancements. We face competition from major multi-national pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and specialty pharmaceutical companies with respect to our current and future product candidates that we may develop and commercialize in the future. There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of product candidates for the treatment of cancer. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. Due to their promising clinical therapeutic effect in clinical exploratory trials, engineered T cell therapies, redirected T cell therapies in general and antibody-drug conjugates are being pursued by multiple biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including Novartis AG, or Novartis, Gilead Sciences, Inc., or Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, or BMS, Janssen Biotech Inc., bluebird bio, Inc., or bluebird bio, Roche Holding AG, Seattle Genetics, and Amgen Inc. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing technologies and products that are more effective, more effectively marketed and sold or less costly than any product candidates that we may develop, which could render our product candidates non-competitive and obsolete.

We are developing AUTO1, our CD19-targeting programmed T cell product candidate for the treatment of adult ALL, and AUTO3, our dual-targeting CD19/CD22 programmed T cell product candidate for the treatment of relapsed or refractory DLBCL. Novartis and Gilead have received marketing approval for their anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy, and BMS submitted their Biologics License Application in December 2019 to the FDA for approval of another anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy. AUTO1 is expected to compete directly with these companies and therapies. In addition, some companies, such as Cellectis, Inc., Les Laboratoires Servier SAS and Allogene Therapeutics Inc., are pursuing allogeneic T cell products that could compete with our programmed T cell product candidates.

Novartis and Gilead may be successful in establishing a strong market position for their CD19-targeted CAR T cell products, and we may not be able to compete effectively against these therapies once they have been established. In addition, our competitors with development-stage programs may obtain marketing approval from the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities for their product candidates more rapidly than we do, and they could establish a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical study sites and patient registration for clinical studies, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive or better reimbursed than any products that we may commercialize. Our competitors also may obtain FDA, EMA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position for either the product or a specific indication before we are able to enter the market.

Even if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

Even if we obtain approvals from the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory agencies and are able to initiate commercialization of our clinical-stage product candidates or any other product candidates we develop, the product candidate may not achieve market acceptance among physicians, patients, hospitals, including pharmacy directors, and third-party payors and, ultimately, may not be commercially successful. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

•the clinical indications for which our product candidates are approved;

•physicians, hospitals, cancer treatment centers, and patients considering our product candidates as a safe and effective treatment;

•hospitals and cancer treatment centers establishing the infrastructure required for the administration of redirected T cell therapies;

•the potential and perceived advantages of our product candidates over alternative treatments;

•the prevalence and severity of any side effects;

•product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities;

•limitations or warnings contained in the labeling approved by the FDA or the EMA;

•the timing of market introduction of our product candidates as well as competitive products;

•the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments;

•the amount of upfront costs or training required for physicians to administer our product candidates;

•the availability of coverage, adequate reimbursement, and pricing by third-party payors and government authorities;

•the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of comprehensive coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors and government authorities;

•relative convenience and ease of administration, including as compared to alternative treatments and competitive therapies; and

•the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and distribution support.

Our efforts to educate physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community on the benefits of our products, if approved, may require significant resources and may never be successful. Such efforts may require more resources than are typically required due to the complexity and uniqueness of our product candidates. Because we expect sales of our product candidates, if approved, to generate substantially all of our product revenue for the foreseeable future, the failure of our product candidates to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing.

In addition, although we are not utilizing embryonic stem cells or replication competent vectors, adverse publicity due to the ethical and social controversies surrounding the therapeutic use of such technologies, and reported side effects from any clinical trials using these technologies or the failure of such trials to demonstrate that these therapies are safe and effective, may limit market acceptance our product candidates. If our product candidates are approved but fail to achieve market acceptance among physicians, patients, hospitals, cancer treatment centers or others in the medical community, we will not be able to generate significant revenue.

Even if our products achieve market acceptance, we may not be able to maintain that market acceptance over time if new products or technologies are introduced that are more favorably received than our products, are more cost effective or render our products obsolete.

Coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for our current or any future product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell profitably, if approved.

Market acceptance and sales of any product candidates that we commercialize, if approved, will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, including government health administration authorities, managed care organizations and private health insurers. Third-party payors decide which therapies they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Third-party payors in the United States often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own coverage and reimbursement policies. However, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided for any product candidates that we develop will be made on a payor-by-payor basis. One payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug. Additionally, a third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a therapy does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price, examining the medical necessity and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical products, therapies and services, in addition to questioning their safety and efficacy. We may incur significant costs to conduct expensive pharmaco-economic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our product candidates, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA approvals. Our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective.

Each payor determines whether or not it will provide coverage for a therapy, what amount it will pay the manufacturer for the therapy, and on what tier of its list of covered drugs, or formulary, it will be placed. The position on a payor’s formulary, generally determines the co-payment that a patient will need to make to obtain the therapy and can strongly influence the adoption of such therapy by patients and physicians. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers prescribing such services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use our products, and providers are unlikely to prescribe our products, unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products and their administration. Therefore, coverage and adequate reimbursement is critical to new medical product acceptance.

A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any drug that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. Inadequate coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any drug for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available, or are available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our current and any future product candidates that we develop.

Additionally, we are developing a proprietary diagnostic test for use with certain of our product candidates. We will be required to obtain coverage and reimbursement for this test separate and apart from the coverage and reimbursement we seek for our product candidates, if approved. There is significant uncertainty regarding our ability to obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement for this proprietary diagnostic test for reasons similar to those applicable to our product candidates.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

•reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy;

•decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop;

•injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

•withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

•initiation of investigations by regulators;

•product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;

•significant costs to defend the resulting litigation;

•substantial monetary awards paid to clinical trial participants or patients;

•loss of revenue; and

•the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop.

We currently hold £1.0 million in product liability insurance coverage in the aggregate, with a per incident limit of £1.0 million, which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We may need to increase our insurance coverage as we expand our clinical trials or if we commence commercialization of our product candidates. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our T cell programming technologies and product candidates, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and biologics similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and product candidates may be impaired.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries with respect to our product candidates. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications related to our technology and product candidates in the major pharmaceutical markets, including the United States, major countries in Europe and Japan. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage that we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.

To protect our proprietary positions, we file patent applications in the United States and other countries related to our novel technologies and product candidates that are important to our business. The patent application and prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming. We may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. We may also fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development before it is too late to obtain patent protection. It is possible that defects of form in the preparation or filing of our patents or patent applications may exist, or may arise in the future, such as with respect to proper priority claims, inventorship, claim scope or patent term adjustments. If any current or future licensors or licensees are not fully cooperative or disagree with us as to the prosecution, maintenance or enforcement of any patent rights, such patent rights could be compromised and we might not be able to prevent third parties from making, using and selling competing products. If there are material defects in the form or preparation of our patents or patent applications, such patents or applications may be invalid and unenforceable. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties.

Prosecution of our owned and in-licensed patent portfolio is at an early stage. We currently have nine patents which have been issued from our pending applications in the United States, and eleven patents which have been issued from our pending applications in Europe. Much of our patent portfolio consists of pending priority applications that are not examined and pending applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT. Neither priority applications nor PCT applications can themselves give rise to issued patents. Rather, protection for the inventions disclosed in these applications must be further pursued by applicable deadlines via applications that are subject to examination. As applicable deadlines for the priority and PCT applications become due, we will need to decide whether and in which countries or jurisdictions to pursue patent protection for the various inventions claimed in these applications, and we will only have the opportunity to pursue and obtain patents in those jurisdictions where we pursue protection.

It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our current and future product candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries. Our patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless, and until, a patent issues from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the technology.

If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed with respect to our development programs and product candidates fail to issue, if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, or if they fail to provide meaningful exclusivity for our current and

future product candidates, it could threaten our ability to commercialize our product candidates. Any such outcome could have a negative effect on our business.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. In addition, the protections offered by laws of different countries vary. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology and pharmaceutical patents has emerged to date in the United States or in many foreign jurisdictions. In addition, the determination of patent rights with respect to pharmaceutical compounds and technologies commonly involves complex legal and factual questions, which has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights, whether owned or in-licensed, are highly uncertain. Furthermore, recent changes in patent laws in the United States, may affect the scope, strength and enforceability of our patent rights or the nature of proceedings that may be brought by or against us related to our patent rights. Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could weaken our ability to obtain patents or to enforce any patents that we might obtain in the future.

We may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our current and future our product candidates. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we or our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Similarly, should we own or in-license any patents or patent applications in the future, we may not be certain that we or the applicable licensor were the first to file for patent protection for the inventions claimed in such patents or patent applications. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity and commercial value of our patent rights cannot be predicted with any certainty. Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review or interference proceedings, in the United States or elsewhere, challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or product candidates and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights, which could significantly harm our business and results of operations.

Our pending and future patent applications, whether owned or in-licensed, may not result in patents being issued that protect our technology or product candidates, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Even if our patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection against competing products or processes sufficient to achieve our business objectives, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents, should they issue, by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. Our competitors may seek approval to market their own products similar to or otherwise competitive with our products. In these circumstances, we may need to defend and/or assert our patents, including by filing lawsuits alleging patent infringement. In any of these types of proceedings, a court or other agency with jurisdiction may find our patents invalid and/or unenforceable.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. In addition, given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could significantly harm our business.

Our commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary and modular T cell programming technology without infringing the intellectual property and other proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous third-party U.S. and non-U.S. issued patents exist in the area of biotechnology,

including in the area of programmed T cell therapies and including patents held by our competitors. If any third-party patents cover our product candidates or technologies, we may not be free to manufacture or commercialize our product candidates as planned.

There is a substantial amount of intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and we may become party to, or threatened with, litigation or other adversarial proceedings regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our technology or product candidates, including interference proceedings before the USPTO. Intellectual property disputes arise in a number of areas including with respect to patents, use of other proprietary rights and the contractual terms of license arrangements. Third parties may assert claims against us based on existing or future intellectual property rights and claims may also come from competitors against whom our own patent portfolio may have no deterrent effect. The outcome of intellectual property litigation is subject to uncertainties that cannot be adequately quantified in advance. Other parties may allege that our product candidates or the use of our technologies infringes patent claims or other intellectual property rights held by them or that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. As we continue to develop and, if approved, commercialize our current and future product candidates, competitors may claim that our technology infringes their intellectual property rights as part of business strategies designed to impede our successful commercialization. There are and may in the future be additional third-party patents or patent applications with claims to, for example, materials, compositions, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of any one or more of our product candidates. For example, we are aware of third-party U.S. patents that claim technology related to AUTO1. These U.S. patents will expire between 2023 and 2025, and there are no counterpart patents in Europe or the rest of the world that extend beyond the earliest expected regulatory approval date of AUTO1. If regulatory approval is received for AUTO1, unless we are able to obtain a license or licenses to the third-party U.S. patent or patents on commercially reasonable terms or any applicable patent or patents are invalidated, held to be unenforceable, or deemed uninfringed by our activities, we currently intend to launch AUTO1 outside the United States first, and delay the commercial launch of AUTO1 in the United States until the expiration of any applicable third-party patent or patents covering AUTO1. As a result, the future commercial opportunity of AUTO1 in the United States could be adversely impacted. Moreover, we may fail to identify relevant third party patents or patent applications, or we may incorrectly conclude that the claims of an issued patent are invalid or are not infringed by our activities. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, third parties may have currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that any of our product candidates may infringe, or which such third parties claim are infringed by our technologies.

If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing or commercializing the infringing product candidate or product. Alternatively, we may be required or may choose to obtain a license from such third party in order to use the infringing technology and continue developing, manufacturing or marketing the infringing product candidate. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative effect on our business. Even if successful, the defense of any claim of infringement or misappropriation is time-consuming, expensive and diverts the attention of our management from our ongoing business operations.

We may need to license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

A third party may hold intellectual property rights, including patent rights, that are important or necessary to the development or manufacture of our product candidates. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize our product candidates, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and we could be forced to accept unfavorable contractual terms. If we are unable to obtain such licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our business could be harmed.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents, if issued, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming and divert the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, there is a risk that a court will decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue. There is also a risk that, even if the validity of such patents is upheld, the court will construe the patent’s claims narrowly or decide that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue on the grounds that our

patents do not cover the invention. An adverse outcome in a litigation or proceeding involving our patents could limit our ability to assert our patents against those parties or other competitors and may curtail or preclude our ability to exclude third parties from making and selling similar or competitive products. Similarly, if we assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks.

In any infringement litigation, any award of monetary damages we receive may not be commercially valuable. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our ADSs. Moreover, there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient financial or other resources to file and pursue such infringement claims, which typically last for years before they are concluded. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Even if we ultimately prevail in such claims, the monetary cost of such litigation and the diversion of the attention of our management and scientific personnel could outweigh any benefit we receive as a result of the proceedings. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriating or successfully challenging our intellectual property rights. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a negative impact on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that we or our employees have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, and our founder and Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Martin Pulé, is currently employed both by us and UCL. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of third parties in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. We may also in the future be subject to claims that we have caused an employee to breach the terms of his or her non-competition or non-solicitation agreement. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these potential claims.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, such employees and contractors may breach the agreement and claim the developed intellectual property as their own.

As of December 31, 2020, our patent portfolio is comprised of 96 patent families, of which 25 patent families originated from UCLB, the technology-transfer company of UCL, 3 patent families are in-licensed from Noile-Immune Biotech, Inc., and 68 patent families we own and have originated from our own research. Of the 25 patent families that were originally in-licensed from UCL, 24 have now been assigned to Autolus under a Deed of Assignment dated 15 October 2020. Because we have acquired or licensed certain of our patents from UCLB and Noile-Immune Biotech, Inc, we must rely on their prior practices with regard to the assignment of such intellectual property. Our and their assignment agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A court could prohibit us from using technologies or features that are essential to our products if such technologies or features are found to incorporate or be derived from the trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and could be a distraction to management. In addition, any litigation or threat thereof may adversely affect our ability to hire employees or contract with independent service providers. Moreover, a loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize our products.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our owned or in-licensed patent rights and other intellectual property.

We generally enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors. However, these agreements may not be honored and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. For example, disputes may arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our technology and product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. The owners of intellectual property in-licensed to us could also face such claims. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose

valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we or our licensors are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Any trademarks we may obtain may be infringed or successfully challenged, resulting in harm to our business.

We expect to rely on trademarks as one means to distinguish any of our product candidates that are approved for marketing from the products of our competitors. We have not yet selected trademarks for our product candidates and have not yet begun the process of applying to register trademarks for our product candidates. Once we select trademarks and apply to register them, our trademark applications may not be approved. Third parties may oppose our trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Our competitors may infringe our trademarks and we may not have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

In addition, any proprietary name we propose to use with our clinical-stage product candidates or any other product candidate in the United States must be approved by the FDA, regardless of whether we have registered it, or applied to register it, as a trademark. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product names, including an evaluation of the potential for confusion with other product names. If the FDA objects to any of our proposed proprietary product names, we may be required to expend significant additional resources in an effort to identify a suitable proprietary product name that would qualify under applicable trademark laws, not infringe the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patent and trademark protection for our product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures of our intellectual property is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property will be effective. In addition, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets.

Moreover, our competitors may independently develop knowledge, methods and know-how equivalent to our trade secrets. Competitors could purchase our products and replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts for technologies on which we do not have patent protection. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than those in the United States. In some cases, we may not be able to obtain patent protection for certain technology outside the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States, even in jurisdictions where we do pursue patent protection. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, even in jurisdictions where we do pursue patent protection or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions.

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not pursued and obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates and preclinical programs and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents, if pursued and obtained, or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in

substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance and annuity fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and patent agencies outside the United States in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our products or product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would harm our business. In addition, to the extent that we have responsibility for taking any action related to the prosecution or maintenance of patents or patent application in-licensed from a third party, any failure on our part to maintain the in-licensed rights could jeopardize our rights under the relevant license and may expose us to liability.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities and Our Status as a Public Company

An active trading market for our ADSs may not continue to develop or be sustained.

Prior to our IPO in June 2018, there was no public market for our ordinary shares or our ADSs. Although our ADSs are listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market, we cannot assure you that an active trading market for our ADSs will continue to develop or be sustained. If an active market for our ADSs does not continue to develop or is not sustained, it may be difficult for investors to sell ADSs without depressing the market price for the ADSs or to sell the ADSs at all.

The trading price of our ADSs has been and may continue to be highly volatile and may fluctuate due to factors beyond our control.

We completed our initial public offering in June 2018, and there has been a public market for the ADSs for only a short period of time. From January 1, 2020 to February 26, 2021, the closing sale price of our ADSs ranged from a high of $16.30 to a low of $4.20 per ADS. The trading price of our ADSs is likely to continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report, these factors include:

•the commencement, enrollment or results of our planned and future clinical trials;

•positive or negative results from, or delays in, testing and clinical trials by us, collaborators or competitors;

•the loss of any of our key scientific or management personnel;

•regulatory or legal developments in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries;

•the success of competitive products or technologies;

•adverse actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our clinical trials or manufacturers;

•changes or developments in laws or regulations applicable to our product candidates and preclinical program;

•changes to our relationships with collaborators, manufacturers or suppliers;

•concerns regarding the safety of our product candidates or programmed T cells in general;

•announcements concerning our competitors or the pharmaceutical industry in general;

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results;

•changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

•potential acquisitions, financing, collaborations or other corporate transactions;

•the results of our efforts to discover, develop, acquire or in-license additional product candidates;

•the trading volume of our ADSs on The Nasdaq Global Select Market;

•sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares by us, members of our senior management and directors or our shareholders or the anticipation that such sales may occur in the future;

•general economic, political, and market conditions and overall fluctuations in the financial markets in the United States or the United Kingdom;

•price and volume fluctuations of the listed securities comparable companies and, in particular, those that operate in the biopharmaceutical industry;

•investors’ general perception of us and our business; and

•other events and factors, many of which are beyond our control.

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our ADSs to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from selling their ADSs and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our ADSs. In addition, the stock market in general, and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies.

Broad market and industry factors, including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, may negatively affect the market price of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. For example, negative publicity regarding drug pricing and price increases by pharmaceutical companies has negatively impacted, and may continue to negatively impact, the markets for biotechnology and pharmaceutical stocks. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Future sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause our share price to decline

As of March 1, 2021, approximately 70.5 million of our ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) were issued and outstanding. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our ADSs and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

We previously filed a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) subject to options or other equity awards issued or reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans, and we have also filed a "shelf" registration statement on Form F-3 under the Securities Act to register securities having an aggregate offering price not to exceed $300 million. We have also entered into a sales agreement with Jefferies pursuant to which we may issue and sell ADSs with aggregate offering proceeds of up to $100 million, on an "at-the-market" basis from time to time, and as of March 1, 2021, $84.1 million worth of ADSs remained available for sale under the program. In addition, in the future, we may issue ordinary shares, ADS or other securities if we need to raise additional capital. The number of new ordinary shares or ADSs, or securities convertible into our ordinary shares or ADSs, issued in connection with raising additional capital could represent a material portion of our then-outstanding ordinary shares.

Additionally, the holders of an aggregate of approximately 12.2 million of our ordinary shares, or their transferees, have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file one or more registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other shareholders. If we were to register the resale of these shares or ADSs, they could be freely sold in the public market. If these additional shares or ADSs are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our ADSs could decline.

If we fail to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Global Market. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, beginning with this Annual Report, we were required to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow our management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. We will incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts.

Under standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis. In the course of auditing our financial statements as of and for the years ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 in preparation for our IPO, our independent registered public accounting firm identified a material weakness related to our financial statement closing process. Although we made significant progress to enhance our in-house accounting and finance function, in connection with the audit of our financial statements as of and for the year ended September 30, 2018, our independent registered public accounting firm concluded that the material weakness had not yet been fully remediated as of September 30, 2018. This material weakness primarily related to our lack of controls over the review of new complex accounting issues involving significant judgment or estimates in the financial statement closing process, and insufficient management review controls over identifying the accounting impact of changes to contractual arrangements in the financial statement closing process, including the impact on our financial statements and disclosures.

In 2018 and 2019, we have hired additional finance and accounting personnel with appropriate expertise to perform specific functions and build out our financial infrastructure, implemented improved processes and internal controls and further developed and documented our accounting policies and financial reporting procedures, including ongoing senior management review and audit committee oversight. Our independent registered public accounting firm concluded that the material weakness was remediated as of December 31, 2019.

If other material weaknesses are identified in the future or we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected. If we are unable to maintain effective internal controls, we may not have adequate, accurate or timely financial information, and we may be unable to meet our reporting obligations as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results in future periods, or report them within the timeframes required by the requirements of the SEC, Nasdaq or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, when and as applicable, could also potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in identification of additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Furthermore, if we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and results of operations could be harmed, and investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information.

Our senior management, directors and principal shareholders, if they choose to act together, have the ability to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval.

As of December 31, 2020, members of our senior management, directors and current beneficial owners of 5% or more of our ordinary shares and their respective affiliates beneficially owned, in the aggregate, approximately 70% of our outstanding ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs). As a result, if these shareholders were to choose to act together, they would be able to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these persons, if they choose to act together, would control or significantly influence the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of ownership control may harm the market price of our ADSs by:

•delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control;

•entrenching our management and/or the board of directors;

•impeding a merger, scheme of arrangement, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination involving us; or

•discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

In addition, some of these persons or entities may have interests different than yours. For example, because many of these shareholders purchased their shares at prices substantially lower than our current trading price and have held their shares for a longer period, they may be more interested in selling our company to an acquirer than other investors, or they may want us to pursue strategies that deviate from the interests of other shareholders.

The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

We are incorporated under English law. The rights of holders of ordinary shares and, therefore, certain of the rights of holders of our ADSs, are governed by English law, including the provisions of the U.K. Companies Act 2006, or the Companies Act, and by our Articles of Association. These rights differ in certain respects from the rights of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. See the section titled “Differences in Corporate Law” set below for a description of the principal differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and, for example, the Delaware General Corporation Law relating to shareholders’ rights and protections.

Holders of our ADSs may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our ordinary shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise their right to vote.

Holders of the ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders and in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement, will not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the ordinary shares evidenced by the ADSs on an individual basis. The Depositary or its nominee will act as the representative for the holders of the ADSs and will exercise the voting rights attached to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs. Holders of our ADSs may not receive voting materials in time to instruct the Depositary to vote, and it is possible that they, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote. Furthermore, the Depositary will not be liable for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of our ADSs may not be able to exercise voting rights and may lack recourse if their ADSs are not voted as requested. In addition, holders of our ADSs will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

Holders of our ADSs may not receive distributions on our ordinary shares represented by the ADSs or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to holders of ADSs.

Although we do not have any present plans to declare or pay any dividends, in the event we declare and pay any dividend, the Depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to holders of our ADSs the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. Holders of our ADSs will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of our ordinary shares their ADSs represent. However, in accordance with the limitations set forth in the deposit agreement, it may be unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to holders of the ADSs. We have no obligation to take any other action to permit distribution on the ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of the ADSs. This means that holders of our ADSs may not receive the distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value from them if it is unlawful or impractical to make them available to you. These restrictions may have an adverse effect on the value of the ADSs.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ADSs in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be our ADS holders’ and shareholders’ sole source of gains and they may never receive a return on their investment.

Under current English law, a company’s accumulated realized profits must exceed its accumulated realized losses (on a non-consolidated basis) before dividends can be paid. Therefore, we must have distributable profits before issuing a dividend. We have never declared or paid a dividend on our ordinary shares in the past, and we currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, on our ADSs will be our ADS holders’ sole source of gains for the foreseeable future, and they will suffer a loss on their investment if they are unable to sell their ADSs at or above the price at which they purchased the ADSs.

If we are a passive foreign investment company, there could be adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders.

Under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, we will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which (1) 75% or more of our gross income consists of passive income or (2) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income, including cash. For purposes of these tests, passive income includes dividends, interest, gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and certain rents and royalties. In addition, for purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that directly or indirectly owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets and received directly its proportionate share of the income of such other corporation. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in Item 10.E. “Taxation - Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders”) holds our ADSs, the U.S. Holder may be subject to adverse tax consequences regardless of whether we continue to qualify as a PFIC, including ineligibility for any preferred tax rates on capital gains or on actual or deemed dividends, interest charges on certain taxes treated as deferred, and additional reporting requirements.

We do not believe we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2020. Based on our current estimates of expected gross assets and income, we do not believe we will be a PFIC for our taxable year ending December 31, 2021. However, no assurances regarding our PFIC status can be provided for any past, current or future taxable years. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis and the applicable law is subject to varying interpretation. In particular, the characterization of our assets as active or passive may depend in part on our current and intended future business plans, which are subject to change. In addition, for our current and future taxable years, the total value of our assets for PFIC testing purposes may be determined in part by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs from time to time, which may fluctuate considerably. Under the income test, our status as a PFIC depends on the composition of our income which will depend on the transactions we enter into in the future and our corporate structure. The composition of our income and assets is also affected by how, and how quickly, we spend the cash we raise in any offering. Our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion with

respect to our PFIC status for our taxable year ended December 31, 2020, and also expresses no opinion with regard to our expectations regarding our PFIC status in the future.

If we are a PFIC, U.S. Holders (as defined in Item 10.E. “Taxation - Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders) of our ADSs would be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as ineligibility for any preferred tax rates on capital gains or on actual or deemed dividends, interest charges on certain taxes treated as deferred, and additional reporting requirements under U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations. For further discussion of the PFIC rules and the adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences in the event we are classified as a PFIC, see Item 10.E. “Taxation - Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders” in this Annual Report.

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a U.S. Holder is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively through the application of attribution rules) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs, such U.S. Holder may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our group (if any). Because our group includes at least one U.S. subsidiary (Autolus Inc.), certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries may be treated as controlled foreign corporations (regardless of whether Autolus Therapeutics plc is treated as a controlled foreign corporation). A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to annually report and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, regardless of whether we make any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, if any, are treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether such investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any of such controlled foreign corporations. Further, we cannot provide any assurances that we will furnish to any U.S. shareholder information that may be necessary to comply with the reporting and tax paying obligations discussed above. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject you to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to your U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to their investment in our ADSs.

Future changes to tax laws could materially adversely affect our company and reduce net returns to our shareholders.

The tax treatment of the company is, and our ADSs and ordinary shares are, subject to changes in tax laws, regulations and treaties, or the interpretation thereof, tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration and the practices of tax authorities in jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as tax policy initiatives and reforms related to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s, or OECD, Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, or BEPS, Project, the European Commission’s state aid investigations and other initiatives.

Such changes may include (but are not limited to) the taxation of operating income, investment income, dividends received or (in the specific context of withholding tax) dividends paid, or the stamp duty of stamp duty reserve tax treatment of our ADSs or ordinary shares. We are unable to predict what tax reform may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices, could affect our financial position and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where we have operations, reduce post-tax returns to our shareholders, and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

Tax authorities may disagree with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions, or may apply existing rules in an unforeseen manner, resulting in unanticipated costs, taxes or non-realization of expected benefits.

A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, Her Majesty’s Revenue & Customs, or HMRC, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or another tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development. Similarly, a tax authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a ‘‘permanent establishment’’ under international tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions. A tax authority may take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest and penalties are payable by us, in which case, we expect that we might contest such assessment. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing the assessment, the implications could increase our anticipated effective tax rate, where applicable.

We may be unable to use net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce future tax payments or benefits from favorable U.K. tax legislation.

As a U.K. resident trading entity, we are subject to U.K. corporate taxation. Due to the nature of our business, we have generated losses since inception. As of December 31, 2020 we had cumulative carryforward tax losses of $211.7 million. Subject to any relevant utilization criteria and restrictions (including those that limit the percentage of profits that can be reduced by carried forward losses and those that can restrict the use of carried forward losses where there is a change of ownership of more than half the ordinary shares of the company and a major change in the nature, conduct or scale of the trade), we expect these to be eligible for carry forward and utilization against future operating profits. As a company that carries out extensive research and development activities, we benefit from the U.K. research and development tax relief programs, being the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises R&D tax relief program, or SME Program, and, to the extent that our projects are grant funded or relate to work subcontracted to the company by third parties, the Research and Development Expenditure Credit program, or RDEC Program. Under the SME Program, we are able to surrender some of our trading losses that arise from our qualifying research and development activities for a cash rebate of up to 33.35% of such qualifying research and development expenditures. The majority of our pipeline research, clinical trials management and manufacturing development activities are eligible for inclusion within these tax credit cash rebate claims. We may not be able to continue to claim payable research and development tax credits in the future if we cease to qualify as a SME, based on size criteria concerning employee headcount, turnover and gross assets. The U.K. Government has published draft legislation by which it intends to introduce a cap on payable credit claims in excess of £20,000 with effect from April 2021 by reference to, broadly, three times the total PAYE and NICs liability of the company, subject to an exception. If such cap comes into force, and if such exception does not apply, this could restrict the amount of payable credit that we claim.

We may benefit in the future from the United Kingdom’s “patent box” regime, which allows certain profits attributable to revenues from patented products (and other qualifying income) to be taxed at an effective rate of 10% by giving an additional tax deduction. We are the exclusive licensee or owner of one patent and several patent applications which, if issued, would cover our product candidates, and accordingly, future upfront fees, milestone fees, product revenues and royalties could be eligible for this deduction. When taken in combination with the enhanced relief available on our research and development expenditures, we expect a long-term rate of corporation tax lower than statutory to apply to us. If, however, there are unexpected adverse changes to the U.K. research and development tax credit regime or the “patent box” regime, or for any reason we are unable to qualify for such advantageous tax legislation, or we are unable to use net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce future tax payments then our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. This may impact our ongoing requirement for investment and the timeframes within which additional investment is required.

We will incur significantly increased costs and demands upon management as a result of being a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company listed in the United States, we have and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur previously. These expenses will likely be even more significant after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies in the United States, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our senior management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain director and officer liability insurance, which in turn could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified senior management personnel or members for our board of directors.

We are an “emerging growth company” and as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, our ADSs may be less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As an emerging growth company, we are able to report only two years of financial results and selected financial data compared to three and five years, respectively, for comparable data reported by other public companies. We may take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the aggregate market value of our ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs, held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of our second fiscal quarter before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31 (the last day of our fiscal year). We cannot predict if investors will find our ADSs less attractive because we may rely on these

exemptions. If some investors find our ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ADSs and the price of our ADSs may be more volatile.

Under Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we are subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to and follow certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to and follow certain home country corporate governance practices as opposed to those requirements that would otherwise be required by the Nasdaq Stock Market for domestic U.S. issuers. Following our home country governance practices allows us to follow English corporate law and the Companies Act with regard to certain corporate governance matters as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to U.S. companies listed on Nasdaq may provide less protection to our shareholders than what is accorded to investors under the Nasdaq rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements. Our officers, directors and principal shareholders are also exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act and we are exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act. We also intend to continue to follow English corporate governance practices in lieu of the following corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq: (i) disclosure requirement within four business days of any determination to grant a waiver of the code of business conduct and ethics to directors and officers and (ii) requirement to obtain shareholder approval for certain issuances of securities, including shareholder approval of option plans. Moreover, we are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material information, although we have voluntarily adopted a corporate disclosure policy substantially similar to Regulation FD. These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you may otherwise have been eligible in relation to a U.S. domestic issuer.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2021. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our ordinary shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status.

If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this determination date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms beginning on January 1, 2022, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq listing rules. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we would incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we do not currently incur as a foreign private issuer, as well as increased accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange.

Provisions in the U.K. City Code on Takeovers and Mergers that may have anti-takeover effects do not currently apply to us.

The U.K. City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, or the Takeover Code, applies to an offer for, among other things, a public company whose registered office is in the United Kingdom if the company is considered by the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, or the Takeover Panel, to have its place of central management and control in the United Kingdom (or the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man). This is known as the “residency test.” The test for central management and control under the Takeover Code is different from that used by the U.K. tax authorities. Under the Takeover Code, the Takeover Panel will determine whether we have our place of central management and control in the United Kingdom by looking at various factors, primarily where the directors are resident.

In June 2019, the Takeover Panel Executive confirmed that, based on our current circumstances, we are not subject to the Takeover Code. As a result, our shareholders are not entitled to the benefit of certain takeover offer protections provided under the Takeover Code. We believe that this position is unlikely to change at any time in the near future but, in accordance with good practice, we will review the situation on a regular basis and consult with the Takeover Panel if there is any change in our circumstances which may have a bearing on whether the Takeover Panel would determine our place of central management and control to be in the United Kingdom.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, conduct most of our operations outside the United States and most of our directors and senior management reside outside the United States.

We are incorporated and have our registered office in, and are currently existing under the laws of, England and Wales. In addition, most of our tangible assets are located, and most of our senior management and directors reside, outside of the United States. As a result, it may not be possible to serve process within the United States on certain directors or us or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against such directors or us based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon such persons or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them or us, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.

The United States and the United Kingdom do not currently have a treaty providing for recognition and enforcement of judgments (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters. Consequently, a final judgment for payment given by a court in the United States, whether or not predicated solely upon U.S. securities laws, would not automatically be recognized or enforceable in the United Kingdom. In addition, uncertainty exists as to whether English courts would entertain original actions brought in the United Kingdom against us or our directors or senior management predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Any final and conclusive monetary judgment for a definite sum obtained against us in U.S. courts would be treated by English courts as a cause of action in itself and sued upon as a debt at common law so that no retrial of the issues would be necessary, provided that certain requirements are met.

Whether these requirements are met in respect of a judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws, including whether the award of monetary damages under such laws would constitute a penalty, is subject to determination by the court making such decision. If an English court gives judgment for the sum payable under a U.S. judgment, the English judgment will be enforceable by methods generally available for this purpose. These methods generally permit the English court discretion to prescribe the manner of enforcement.

As a result, U.S. investors may not be able to enforce against us or certain of our directors any judgments obtained in U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters, including judgments under the U.S. federal securities laws.

As an English public limited company, certain capital structure decisions will require shareholder approval, which may limit our flexibility to manage our capital structure.

On June 18, 2018, we altered the legal status of our company under English law from a private limited company by re-registering as a public limited company and changing our name from Autolus Therapeutics Limited to Autolus Therapeutics plc. English law provides that a board of directors may only allot shares (or rights to subscribe for or convertible into shares) with the prior authorization of shareholders, such authorization stating the aggregate nominal amount of shares that it covers and valid for a maximum period of five years, each as specified in the articles of association or relevant shareholder resolution. We have obtained authority from our shareholders to allot additional shares for a period of five years from June 2018 (being the date on which we adopted our articles of association containing the relevant authorization), up to a maximum nominal amount of $8,400, which authorization will need to be renewed upon expiration (i.e., at least every five years) but may be sought more frequently for additional five-year terms (or any shorter period).

English law also generally provides shareholders with preemptive rights when new shares are issued for cash. However, it is possible for the articles of association, or for shareholders to pass a special resolution at a general meeting, being a resolution passed by at least 75% of the votes cast, to disapply preemptive rights. Such a disapplication of preemptive rights may be for a maximum period of up to five years from the date of adoption of the articles of association, if the disapplication is contained in the articles of association, or from the date of the shareholder special resolution, if the disapplication is by shareholder special resolution. In either case, this disapplication would need to be renewed by our shareholders upon its expiration (i.e., at least every five years). We have obtained authority from our shareholders to disapply preemptive rights for a period of five years from June 2018 (being the date at which we adopted our articles of association containing the relevant disapplication) up to a maximum nominal amount of $8,400, which disapplication will need to be renewed upon expiration (i.e., at least every five years) to remain effective, but may be sought more frequently for additional five-year terms (or any shorter period).

English law also generally prohibits a public company from repurchasing its own shares without the prior approval of shareholders by ordinary resolution, being a resolution passed by a simple majority of votes cast, and other formalities. Such approval may be for a maximum period of up to five years.

Our articles of association designates that the U.S. federal district courts will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

Our articles of association provides that the U.S. federal district courts will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits. If a court were to find either choice of forum provision contained in our articles of association to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports, or publish unfavorable research or reports, about us, our business or our market, the price and trading volume of our ADSs could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs is influenced by the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. As a newly public company, we have only limited research coverage by equity research analysts. Equity research analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our ADSs, and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. Even if we have equity research analyst coverage, we will not have any control over the analysts, or the content and opinions included in their reports. The price of our ADSs could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our ADSs or issue other unfavorable commentary or research about us. If one or more equity research analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ADSs could decrease, which in turn could cause the trading price or trading volume of our ADSs to decline.

Item 4. Information on the Company.

A.History and development of the company.

We are a public limited company, originally incorporated pursuant to the laws of England and Wales in February 2018 as a private company with limited liability called Autolus Therapeutics Limited. Autolus Limited was originally incorporated under the laws of England and Wales in July 2014. Pursuant to the terms of a corporate reorganization, the shareholders of Autolus Limited exchanged each of the shares held by them in Autolus Limited for the same number and class of newly issued shares of Autolus Therapeutics Limited and, as a result, Autolus Limited became a wholly owned subsidiary of Autolus Therapeutics Limited, a holding company incorporated in February 2018 with nominal assets and liabilities, which had not conducted any operations prior to the share exchange other than actions incidental to the exchange and its incorporation. On June 18, 2018, Autolus Therapeutics Limited re-registered as a public limited company and was renamed Autolus Therapeutics plc. Following the re-registration of Autolus Therapeutics Limited as a public limited company, Autolus Limited reduced its issued share capital pursuant to Part 17 of the Companies Act by way of the cancellation of all of its issued series A preferred shares, C ordinary shares, deferred shares and all but 100 B ordinary shares. On June 22, 2018, the different classes of our issued share capital were converted into a single class of ordinary shares and various classes of deferred shares, and we completed our IPO on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Our ADSs trade under the symbol AUTL. Our ordinary shares are not listed.

Our registered office and principal executive offices are located at Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, White City, London W12 7RZ, United Kingdom and our telephone number is +44 20 3829 6230. Our website address is www.autolus.com. Information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of, and shall not be incorporated by reference into, this document. We have included our website address in this document solely as an inactive textual reference. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC.

Our agent for service of process in the United States is Corporation Service Company, 1180 Avenue of the Americas, Suite 210, New York, New York 10036.

Our capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and year ended September 30, 2018 amounted to $14.7 million, $18.3 million, $4.4 million, and $9.5 million, respectively. These capital expenditures primarily consisted of leasehold improvements, laboratory equipment, and computer and office equipment in the United Kingdom. We expect our capital expenditures to increase in absolute terms in the near term as we continue to advance our research and development programs, to expand our internal manufacturing capabilities, and otherwise to grow our operations. We anticipate our capital expenditures in 2021 to be financed from the proceeds from our existing cash and cash equivalents, including the net proceeds from the sale of ADSs under our at-the-market offering program in January 2021 and our follow-on capital raise in February 2021 .

B. Business overview.

We are a biopharmaceutical company developing next-generation programmed T cell therapies for the treatment of cancer. Using our broad suite of proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies, we are engineering precisely targeted, controlled and highly active T cell therapies that are designed to better recognize cancer cells, break down their defense mechanisms and attack and kill these cells. We believe our programmed T cell therapies have the potential to be best-in-class and offer cancer patients substantial benefits over the existing standard of care, including the potential for cure in some patients.

Cancers thrive on their ability to fend off T cells by evading recognition by T cells and by establishing other defense mechanisms, such as checkpoint inhibition, and creating a hostile microenvironment. Our T cell programming technologies allow us to tailor our therapies to address the specific cancer we are targeting and introduce new programming modules into a patient’s T cells to give those T cells improved properties to better recognize cancer cells and overcome fundamental cancer defense mechanisms. We believe our leadership in T cell programming technologies will provide us with a competitive advantage as we look to develop future generations of T cell therapies targeting both hematological cancers and solid tumors, including potential products that could have a tolerability profile such to make them amenable to be used in outpatient settings.

Our current clinical-stage pipeline comprises five programs being developed in eight hematological and solid tumor indications. We have worldwide commercial rights to all of our programmed T cell therapies.

Our current clinical-stage programs are:


AUTO1:			A CD19-targeting programmed T cell investigational therapy with a CD19 binder designed to improve the efficacy and safety profile, as compared to other CD19 CAR T therapies. In December 2020, we announced updated data that supports AUTO1’s anti-leukemia activity in the absence of severe cytokine release syndrome, or CRS, in ALLCAR19, an ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial in adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute B lymphocytic leukemia, or Adult ALL. Data presented showed AUTO1 was well tolerated, despite patients having high disease burden and being heavily pre-treated. High level of sustained complete response rate, or CR, were achieved without need for subsequent stem cell transplant and durability of remissions was highly encouraging. We initiated a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial of AUTO1 for the treatment of adult ALL in 2020. This trial may potentially be a registrational trial. In addition, we are exploring activity for AUTO1 in other B-Cell malignancies. The AUTO1 ALLCAR19 Phase 1 trial has been extended in B cell lymphomas including indolent NHL, or iNHL, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or CLL. We presented initial data from four patients with iNHL at the 2020 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, or ASH. Furthermore, AUTO1 will be investigated in primary CNS lymphoma, or PCNSL, in collaboration with our academic partner University College London, or UCL, in an exploratory Phase 1 clinical trial called CAROUSEL, expected to start in the first quarter of 2021. We expect to provide updates from these additional studies in 2021. Furthermore, we may pursue a pediatric label through an investigational program in pediatric ALL.

AUTO1/22:			We commenced a Phase 1 clinical trial in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory ALL with our next-generation product candidate, AUTO1/22, (previously designated AUTO1NG) in the fourth quarter of 2020. AUTO1/22 is a dual-targeting CAR-T which builds on the AUTO1 approach utilizing the same CD19 CAR, alongside a novel CD22 CAR designed to reduce antigen negative relapse of disease. We expect to report initial data from this trial in the fourth quarter of 2021.

AUTO3:			The first dual-targeting, bicistronic, or having two chimeric antigen receptors within one vector, programmed T cell investigational therapy for the treatment of relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or r/r DLBCL, independently targeting B-lymphocyte antigens CD19 and CD22. DLBCL (ALEXANDER Trial): We initiated a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of AUTO3 in DLBCL in the third quarter of 2017 and reported initial data from the dose-escalation phase of the trial in the fourth quarter of 2018. Since then, we have periodically reported updated safety and efficacy results indicating that AUTO3 was generally well tolerated. Data presented in December 2020 from the cohort of patients receiving the recommended Phase 2 dose (doses of greater than or equal to 150 x 106 CAR T cells) and pre-conditioning pembrolizumab on day minus 1, showed an objective response rate, or ORR, of 66% and CR rate, of 55%. For all patients on study, across all dose levels, that were evaluable in the trial (n = 49), the ORR was 65% and CR rate was 51%. As of the data cut-off date of October 30, 2020, 49 patients in the Phase 1/2 clinical trial of AUTO3 have been treated and were evaluable for safety. Across all 49 patients, only three cases of neurotoxicity, or NT, have been reported, with two patients experiencing Grade 3 or higher NT. None of the patients achieving a CR experienced any NT and all cases of NT reported have been atypical in nature and seen in a setting with disease progression and confounding factors. A majority of patients receiving AUTO3 in the outpatient setting did not require hospital admission. Those patients admitted were managed without requiring ICU care. In January 2021, we announced our intent to seek a partner for the AUTO3 program before progressing the program into the next phase of development.

AUTO4:			A programmed T cell investigational therapy for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma targeting TRBC1. Unique targeting of TRBC1 potentially opens a new therapeutic approach. The preclinical study package suggested selective binding and anti-tumor activity of TRBC1 and TRBC2 CARs in vitro and in vivo. We initiated a Phase 1/2 clinical trial in the fourth quarter of 2018 and we expect to report Phase 1 interim data in 2021.


AUTO6:			A programmed T cell investigational therapy targeting GD2 in development for the treatment of neuroblastoma utilizing a new binder designed to minimize on-target, off-tumor toxicity, humanized to reduce immunogenicity, including RQR8 safety switch. Findings from a Phase 1 clinical trial with AUTO6 were published in November 2020 and provide evidence that AUTO6 induces clinical activity in this solid tumor setting without inducing on-target off-tumor toxicity. We are developing a next-generation product candidate, which we refer to as AUTO6NG, which builds on this approach utilizing the same GD2 CAR alongside additional programming modules to enhance the activity and persistence. In June 2020, we presented preclinical data of AUTO6NG, including data from a tumor model in small cell lung cancer indicating that GD2 is an attractive target for programmed T cell therapies in that indication. We expect to initiate a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of AUTO6NG in 2021.

Our Pipeline

Our product pipeline is built on our core principles of modular innovation with protein-based cell programming focused on advanced targeting, pharmacological control and enhancement of activity. After identifying a cancer target, we select the suite of programming modules that we believe is best suited to target that particular cancer based on the latest clinical data and the results of our cancer research. The particular modules selected may vary, and not every product candidate, including our current product candidates, contain all categories of modules. A viral vector is used to introduce combinations of these modules into the DNA of the T cells, as depicted in the graphic below. The diagram below shows how our programming modules relate to our product candidates.

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Our programs have been highly tailored and specifically engineered via our proprietary modules, and have the potential to be truly differentiated assets that could address limitations of current treatments and provide innovative options for patients.

AUTO1 has an optimized engagement of the CD19 target designed to enhance the persistence of AUTO1. We believe that these properties may enable AUTO1 to be a suitable candidate for the treatment of adult patients with ALL, who tend to be less tolerant of severe toxicity than children with ALL. There are currently no CAR T cell therapies approved for the treatment of adult ALL. AUTO1/22 builds on the AUTO1 approach utilizing the same CD19 CAR alongside a novel CD22 CAR designed to reduce antigen negative relapse of disease.

AUTO3 is designed to address a key escape route used by hematological cancers in response to T cell therapies. Cancer cells often mutate and cease to express the antigen that current therapies were designed to recognize. This loss of the target antigen can lead to antigen negative relapse of disease. Consequently, we have developed AUTO3 to employ a dual-targeting mechanism because we believe it may improve response rate and durability of treatment response and reduce the frequency of cancer relapse when compared to other currently approved single-targeting T cell therapies, including other CAR T cell therapies.

AUTO4, which we are developing for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, employs a novel and differentiated treatment approach. AUTO4 is designed to selectively kill cancerous T cells in a manner that we believe will preserve a portion of the patient’s normal, healthy T cells to maintain immunity. It targets an antigen, TRBC1 found on approximately 40% of T cell lymphomas. Since our AUTO4 approach is a novel mechanism to target T cells, we have also programmed the product candidate with a “safety switch” in order to allow physicians to manage toxicity by eliminating the programmed T cells if a patient experiences severe adverse side effects from the treatment. AUTO5 is a preclinical TRBC2 programmed T cell product candidate for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. TRBC2 is found on approximately 60% of T cell lymphomas. We plan to progress AUTO5 into the clinic in the second half of 2021, subject to clinical data from the AUTO4 program.

We are developing AUTO6NG, which builds upon AUTO6 data by incorporating additional programming modules intended to enhance efficacy by aiming to extend persistence, and address the layers of defense that cancer cells deploy to evade T cell killing.

AUTO7, our anti-PSMA humanized CAR T candidate, is being developed for prostate cancer indications and is expected to start clinical development in 2022. AUTO7 is designed to tackle the complex solid tumor environment, through the addition of modules, introduced in the cells via a gamma retro-viral vector, for potentially improved persistence and resistance in prostate cancer.

AUTO8 is our next-generation product candidate for multiple myeloma which targets both BCMA and a second, undisclosed target. We also plan on incorporating in this investigational CAR T cell therapy two programming modules, a dominant negative TGFßRII protein and a truncated SHP2 protein, designed to block inhibitory signals from the tumor microenvironment. We believe that the final design of AUTO8 has the potential to induce deep and durable responses and extend the durability of effect over other BCMA CARs currently in development. We expect to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial in multiple myeloma in the first half of 2021.

We expect to continue in 2021 to expand our suite of cell programming technologies to include programming modules designed for allogeneic applications. A first novel allogeneic program is expected to enter the clinic in the first half of 2021.

The manufacture and delivery of programmed T cell therapies to patients involves complex, integrated processes, including harvesting T cells from patients, programming the T cells ex vivo, or outside the body, multiplying the programmed T cells to obtain the desired dose, and ultimately infusing the programmed T cells back into a patient’s body. Providing T cell therapies to patients in a commercially successful manner requires a manufacturing process that is reliable, scalable and economical. We are using a semi-automated, fully enclosed system for cell manufacturing, which is designed to provide a common platform suitable for manufacturing all of our product candidates and to allow for rapid development of our product candidates through clinical trial phases and the regulatory approval processes. In addition, this platform allows for parallel processing and the ability to scale for commercial supply in a controlled environment and at an economical cost. We intend to continue building internal manufacturing and supply capabilities as well as to utilize the expertise of collaborators on some of the aspects of product delivery, logistics and capacity expansion. We believe having established manufacturing processes suitable for commercialization early in the development of our T cell therapies will allow us to focus on expanding manufacturing capacity during our clinical trials.

We anticipate that the market for T cell therapies will be characterized by rapid cycling of product improvements. We believe our modular approach to T cell programming and the common manufacturing platform used across all our T cell therapies will position us to more quickly develop follow-on, or next- generation, product candidates with enhanced characteristics, such as pharmacological control, insensitivity to checkpoint inhibition or other desirable features.

Our Management Team

Our management team has a strong track record of accomplishments in the fields of redirected T cell therapies, gene therapy, transplantation and oncology. Their collective experience spans key areas of expertise required of a fully integrated company delivering advanced programmed T cell therapies, including fundamental innovation in therapeutic design, translational medicine and clinical development, process sciences, manufacturing and commercialization. We are led by Dr. Christian Itin, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. His prior experience includes serving as the Chief Executive Officer of Micromet, Inc., a public biotechnology company acquired by Amgen Inc. in 2012 for $1.2 billion, where he led the development of blinatumomab, which in 2014 became the first redirected T cell therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. Our proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies were invented by Dr. Martin Pulé, our scientific founder and Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer. Dr. Pulé has been an innovator in the field of genetic engineering of T cells for cancer treatment for almost 20 years.

Background on T Cells and Cancer Treatment Approaches

Cancers originate from individual cells that have developed mutations in essential cellular programs, driving increased cell division and growth. A key control mechanism to detect and eliminate such cells is the patient’s own T cells. T cells are a type of white blood cells used by the human immune system to defend the body against infectious pathogens and cancerous cells. Using their T cell receptor like a molecular scanner, T cells are able to discriminate between normal human cells and ones that contain a mutation that alters their function. If the T cell recognizes an altered cell, it becomes activated and kills that particular cell. For a cancer to grow to the detriment of the patient, cancer cells evolve mechanisms to evade recognition by, or establish other defenses against, T cells.

T Cell Activation- and Redirection-Based Therapies

Cancer immunotherapy treatment requires the activation and expansion of cancer-specific T cells, which kill cancer cells by recognizing antigen targets expressed on cancer cells. Studies have shown that tumors develop escape mechanisms that prevent T cell-mediated destruction through immune checkpoint proteins, which shut down anti-tumor immunity. Clinical trials have shown that treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors can restore T cell activity and results in durable clinical responses. These observations

have led to the FDA approval of several checkpoint inhibitors including ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4), nivolumab (anti-PD-1), pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1), durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) and atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1). Treatment with checkpoint inhibitors has shown the ability to activate CD8+ T cells, shrink tumors, and improve patient survival. While these approaches collectively represented major advances in cancer treatment, they all lack active redirection of the patient’s T cells to the cancer, eventually limiting clinical activity.

More recently, redirected T cell therapies that are designed to give the patient’s T cells a new specificity to recognize cancer cells have been developed. The first approved product of this class is a bi-specific T cell engager called blinatumomab (Blincyto®) from Amgen Inc. Blinatumomab targets the CD19 antigen on the surface of B cells and cancers derived from B cells. Blinatumomab received an accelerated approval for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or B-ALL, in 2014, followed by a full approval for all age groups in B-ALL in 2017. In 2017, the first two genetically programmed redirected T cell therapies were approved, both also targeting CD19, CAR-T therapy Kymriah® by Novartis AG for pediatric B-ALL and Yescarta® by Kite Pharma, Inc. (acquired by Gilead Sciences, Inc.) for DLBCL. All three of these therapies received breakthrough therapy designation and showed high response rates and, in a subset of patients, prolonged treatment effects. For those patients experiencing a relapse, the common causes for relapse are insufficient survival of the programmed T cells, loss of the CD19 target on the cancer cells and upregulation of checkpoint inhibitor PD-L1 on the cancer cells.

In view of the limitations of current therapies, there remains a critical unmet medical need for improved T cell therapies. We believe that improving efficacy and durability over the products currently on the market or in development for the treatment of cancers requires addressing target antigen loss, countering checkpoint inhibition and adding novel targets to expand the range of indications amenable to programmed T cell therapy. We believe our clinical-stage product candidates and our approach to T cell programming have the potential to address these limitations.

Programmed T Cell Therapies

Process of T Cell Programming

Existing programmed T cell therapies for oncology have focused on engineering CAR T cells. CARs are membrane-bound proteins, combining the tumor-recognition properties of an antibody with the naturally occurring T cell activation mechanism. CARs are designed such that a portion on the outside of the T cell binds to a structure on the surface of a cancer cell and a portion on the inside of a T cell transmits an activating signal and leads the T cell to attack the cancer cell. The actual steps to create CAR T cells start with leukapheresis, a process in which white blood cells are collected from the patient and separated from the blood. The sample is then enriched by stimulating the T cells, which causes them to replicate. During that process, a viral gene vector is used to introduce the genetic information encoding the CAR into the DNA of the T cells. T cells then read this information and produce CARs on their cell surface. The programmed T cells are then infused back into the patient intravenously following a short course of chemotherapy to condition the bone marrow to accept the programmed T cells.

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Limitations of Current T Cell Immunotherapies

Although existing T cell immunotherapies, including CAR T therapies, have shown significant efficacy in hematological malignancies, the extent and duration of the treatment effects and disease remission remain unknown. Optimizing the targeting module of a programmed T cell may enhance its effect and safety. Also, in response to targeted therapies, cancer cells often mutate and cease to express the antigen the therapy was designed to recognize. This loss of target antigen leads to patient relapse. Additionally, numerous challenges, including lack of T cell persistence and upregulation of checkpoint inhibitors, represent significant hurdles that need to be addressed by new therapies. T cell immunotherapies also have the capacity to elicit toxicities including CRS, neurologic toxicity and the elimination of normal cells via on-target off tumor recognition. Further, manufacturing T cells can be prohibitively costly if the manufacturing process is not appropriately designed to support parallel processing and automation. Finally, realization of the potential of this approach across a broad range of solid tumor types will require multiple technology solutions in order to address limitations of the current generation of therapies. Our broad array of proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies are designed to address these limitations.

Our Solution: Advanced T Cell Programming Using a Modular Approach

We are applying our broad array of T cell programming technologies and capabilities to engineer precisely targeted, controlled and highly active T cell therapies that are designed to better recognize cancer cells, break down their defense mechanisms and attack and kill these cells. The breadth of our technology platform allows us to select from a range of programming modules, and our modular approach is designed to enable us to tailor our therapies to address the specific cancer we are targeting, or to improve an already established therapy, such as by making it suitable for outpatient use. We believe this capability represents a competitive advantage in the field and will allow us to position our product candidates to have the potential to be best-in-class.

After identifying a cancer target, we select the suite of programming modules that we believe is best suited to target that particular cancer based on our latest clinical data and the results of our cancer research. The particular modules selected may vary, and not every product candidate, including our current product candidates, contain all categories of modules. A viral vector is used to introduce combinations of these modules into the DNA of the T cells, as depicted in the graphic below. With the exception of AUTO1, all of our product candidates contain two or more programming modules. The diagram in this section following the table summarizing our clinical programs shows how our programming modules relate to our product candidates.

Advanced Targeting Technologies Used in our Modular Approach

We have developed advanced antigen targeting modules to improve the ability of our programmed T cell therapies to selectively identify, target and destroy cancer cells and overcome shortcomings of the current generation of T cell therapies. These targeting technologies include innovative binders, novel targets, dual-targeting and pattern recognition.

Innovative Binders and Novel Targets

Binding domains allow for selective targeting of cancer cells, and the properties of binders are crucial to the performance of T cell therapies. The binders of each of our programs have been optimized, are novel binders, or bind to novel targets.

The T cells of other CD19 CAR T cell therapies that have been approved or that are in clinical development are engineered to express high affinity binders that can engage their targets for an extended period of time. This can lead to excessive T cell activation and toxicities caused by cytokine release, as well as exhaustion of the CAR T cell. The programmed T cells of AUTO1 express a CD19 binder with a fast off-rate, which refers to the rate at which a T cell disengages from a target antigen. This is similar to the off-rate of naturally occurring T cells. AUTO1, with this enhanced kinetic profile, appears to result in reduced CRS and in increased T cell engraftment compared to data reported for other CAR T cell product candidates in clinical development for ALL that use high affinity binders.

AUTO3 includes an optimized CD22 binder that increases the avidity for the CD22 target. It is challenging to target CD22 for immunotherapy because of its large size and extensive post-translational modifications. Our optimized CD22 binder combines five CAR binding domains to allow for suitable orientation and efficient target engagement compared to a traditional CAR.

Each of the TRBC1 binder used in AUTO4 and TRBC2 binder used in AUTO5 are highly selective for one of two highly related variants of the constant domain in T cell receptor beta chains. These binders allow AUTO4 to target TRBC1-positive T cell lymphoma cells without affecting healthy TRBC2-positive T cells and allow AUTO5 to target TRBC2-positive T cell lymphoma cells without affecting healthy TRBC1-positive T cells

AUTO6 is designed to target GD2 with an optimized anti-GD2 binder which uses a humanized targeting domain. Initial clinical data from an ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial sponsored by CRUK indicates early signs of clinical activity in the absence of neurotoxicity.

Dual-Targeting Technology

Escape from T cell recognition by losing the antigen, the very structure the programmed T cell is designed to recognize, is a fundamental defense mechanism of hematological cancers. All clinical programs targeting CD19, CD22 or BCMA in a single-target approach have reported patients relapsing with cells that no longer have detectable levels of the target antigen. A notable example of this defense mechanism of cancer cells was reported for children relapsing under CD19-targeting Kymriah treatment, with more than half the children at time of relapse showing a loss of the CD19 antigen on the recurring cancer cells.

We believe that directly targeting two antigens on a cancer cell will reduce the chances for relapse and may also improve a response in those patients with low levels of expression of a target antigen on their cancer cells. AUTO8, our programmed T cell therapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma, binds to two receptors, BCMA and a second undisclosed target. AUTO3, the first dual-targeting programmed T cell therapy for the treatment of pediatric ALL and DLBCL, targets both the CD19 and CD22 antigens, both of which are B-cell antigens with similar patterns of expression.

Pattern Recognition Technology

Programmed T cells are very powerful and must be highly selective for the cancer cells in order to avoid unwanted side effects. Particularly for the treatment of solid tumors, which have greater complexity, achieving a sufficient level of selectivity based on a single target to avoid toxicity can be challenging. For such cancers, we have developed a programming module designed to make a kill decision based on the presence of two or more targets on the cancer cell. This technology is designed to allow us to program T cells to eliminate tumor cells only if two different targets are both present on the surface of the cell, thereby sparing healthy cells that express only one of these targets in isolation. We are also developing technology that we believe will allow us to program T cells to eliminate a tumor if only the tumor target, but not a target only found on healthy cells, is present on the cancer cell.

Pharmacological Control of T Cell Activity

Management of toxicity is a critical step in the successful application of programmed T cell therapies. We have developed multiple technologies designed to pharmacologically control T cell activity. These technologies fall into two distinct categories: safety switches and tunable T cells.

Safety Switches

Also referred to as “off switches” or “suicide switches,” safety switches selectively eliminate the programmed T cells and are intended to be triggered in the event a patient suffers certain serious adverse events related to the T cell therapy, such as CRS or neurotoxicity. We incorporate the RQR8 safety switch into some of our programmed T cell product candidates, which allows us to selectively eliminate the programmed T cells by the administration of the commercially available monoclonal antibody rituximab, or Rituxan®, which binds to the surface of the T cell and thereby triggers cell death. We use the RQR8 safety switch in our AUTO4 and AUTO6 programs. The next generation of our safety switches, which we plan to incorporate in our solid tumor programs, utilizes rapamycin activated Caspase 9 (rapaCasp9), a cell therapy safety switch that allows for selective elimination of programmed T cells using a single therapeutic dose of the commercially available product rapamycin, such as sirolimus or Rapamune®. Rapamycin is a small molecule drug, which we expect will have the benefit of better tissue penetration and may require less time to take effect as compared to a monoclonal antibody-activated safety switch.

Tunable T Cells

Eliminating programmed T cells with a safety switch like RQR8 has the potential to allow the patient to recover from treatment-related side effects but also to preclude the anti-tumor activity following elimination of the programmed T cells, which could lead to relapse. To avoid this undesirable consequence of the safety switch, we are developing several programming modules that are designed to allow tunable programmed T cell responses by reducing programmed T cell activity if a patient experiences severe toxicity, while also allowing for the subsequent reactivation of programmed T cells, thereby allowing for the possibility of persistence and sustained anti-tumor activity. One such system we have developed is designed to reversibly dampen the activity of the programmed T cells by temporarily dislocating the signaling domain on the inside of the T cell from the cancer cell recognition domain with two commercially available antibiotics, tetracycline and minocycline.

Enhanced T Cell Activity Technologies

We have also developed a wide range of technologies designed to inhibit the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment and enhance T cell persistence.

Evading Hostile Tumor Microenvironments Including Checkpoint Inhibition

Proteins expressed on tumor cells can trigger inhibitory receptors on T cells to block their ability to eliminate the tumor, such as PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoints. These inhibitory receptors act through a common signaling pathway inside the T cell that prevents normal T cell activation. We have developed a programming module designed to cause T cells to express a modified version of an adaptor protein, SHP2, that in preclinical studies has been shown to efficiently counteracts the inhibition of T cells resulting from the PD-L1/PD-1checkpoint interaction. Unlike methods that rely on blocking one inhibitory receptor using antibodies that are separately administered to the patient and are known to have significant side effects on their own, we have designed this programming module to be engineered into the T cells and not to require the administration of a separate pharmaceutical agent. In addition, it is designed to simultaneously disarm multiple inhibitory receptors on the cancer cell.

Enhanced T Cell Persistence

Programmed T cell therapies that target hematological malignancies are regularly stimulated by engaging tumor and normal cells in the bone marrow and lymph tissue. This continued stimulation helps the programmed T cell survive and persist, allowing them to attack the tumor for an extended period of time. One of the challenges of targeting some solid tumors is the lack of such easily accessible stimulation for programmed T cells, leading to poor persistence and a weak anti-tumor activity. Programmed T cell therapies have been co-administered with cytokines that boost T cell activity and persistence in an attempt to enhance their effect on solid tumors. However, systemic or local administration of cytokines can be toxic. Therefore, we have developed a technology that is designed to deliver a cytokine signal directly inside our programmed T cells without administration of cytokines themselves. Depending on the tumor microenvironment, the cytokine persistence signal may be further enhanced by antigens secreted by the tumor. We believe our approach will be more potent and will have the potential to be less toxic, when compared to approaches that rely on systemic or local delivery of cytokines.

Advanced T Cell Programming is Key for Solid Tumor Programs

Achieving a meaningful and durable response with programmed T cell therapies in the treatment of solid tumors is more challenging than in hematological cancers for a variety of reasons. Solid tumors have fewer suitably selective, single antigen targets that can be used as a basis for tumor recognition, and solid tumors employ multiple sophisticated lines of defense to evade T cell killing.

Consequently, in order to be able to tackle the more complex biology of solid tumors, we anticipate that programmed T cell products will need to employ multiple modules of technology to overcome these challenges. With our broad array of proprietary programming modules and our ability to incorporate multiple elements into our programmed T cell product candidates, we believe we are well positioned to design these types of product candidates and expand our pipeline into solid tumor indications, including with our development of AUTO6NG and AUTO7.

Advanced T Cell Programming for Allogeneic Programs

We expect to continue to expand our suite of cell programming technologies to include programming modules designed for allogeneic applications in 2021. There are two key challenges for allogenic T cell therapies. The first is to address Graft vs Host Disease, which is mediated by the T cell Receptor (TCR) of the donor cells used to make the product candidate attacking the patient’s tissues. This can be life threatening for the patient. The second challenge is to address immune rejection where the patient T cells recognize and reject the engineered T cell as foreign tissue, thus preventing it from persisting and potentially limiting its anti-tumor activity. We have developed novel approaches using protein-based programming that integrate with our existing T cell programming and manufacturing platform. TCR expression is disrupted by intracellular retention and degradation using a single programming module and programming modules are also in development to protect the donor cells from immune rejection. These approaches avoid technical and intellectual property complexities of gene editing. A first novel allogeneic application is expected to enter the clinic in the first half of 2021.

Our Product Candidates for the Treatment of Hematological Cancers

Our three clinical-stage product candidates targeting hematological cancers are AUTO1, AUTO3 and AUTO4. We have additional hematological product candidates AUTO1NG, AUTO3NG, AUTO5, and AUTO8 in preclinical development.

AUTO1: Our Programmed T Cell Therapy for the Treatment of ALL

Introduction to AUTO1

AUTO1 is a gene therapy product consisting of autologous enriched T cells that are transduced with a lentiviral vector to express a novel anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CD19 (CAT) CAR). The transduced T cells express second-generation CARs in which the CD19 CAR construct uses 41BB-ζ and CD3- ζ endodomains.

CD19 is an ideal target for a CAR T cell therapy as it is a cell surface marker for lymphocytes that is present on most B cell malignancies. CD19 CAR T cell therapies have proven effective in treating leukemia and lymphoma, with efficacy dependent on engraftment and expansion of the CAR T cells. However, rapid activation and expansion of CAR T cells can result in CRS &/or ICANS, which in some cases can be life-threatening, particularly for elderly patients and patients with higher tumor burden that have a poor tolerance for toxicity. Furthermore, excessive activation of CAR T cells can lead to cell exhaustion and limit their persistence, which may impact the durability of therapeutic effect. AUTO1 is an investigational therapy in which a patient’s T cells are genetically modified to express a novel CD19-specific binder designed to reduce side effects observed with this class of therapeutics.

AUTO1, currently the subject of an ongoing Phase 1/2 trial (FELIX) in adult ALL, has been designed to recognize CD19 and interact with the target with a fast off-rate enabled by the novel CAT scFv binding domain. This property allows the AUTO1 cells to efficiently recognize cancer cells, inject cytotoxic proteins to initiate the natural self-destruction process present in all human cells and then rapidly disengage from them in order to engage the next cancer cell, a process also known as serial killing. Rapid disengagement from the target antigen is expected to minimize excessive activation of the programmed T cells, reduce toxicity and may also reduce T cell exhaustion.

Our academic partner, UCL, has conducted two separate Phase 1 clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of AUTO1. The first Phase 1 clinical trial in pediatric ALL patients is named the CARPALL trial the second Phase 1 clinical trial in adult ALL patients is named the ALLCAR19 trial, latter being the foundation for a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial noted above, which we intend will be a registrational trial.

Clinical Development of AUTO1 in Adult ALL

Background of Adult ALL

AUTO1 is currently being tested in a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial for the treatment of adult ALL, which according to the American Cancer Society is predicted to affect approximately 5,960 adults in the United States in 2018. Combination chemotherapy enables 90% of adult patients to experience complete remission, or CR. Despite this, and in contrast to pediatric ALL, the prognosis of adult ALL is still poor and has not changed significantly during the last two to three decades, with long-term remission rates limited to 30-40%. Approximately 50% of all adult ALL patients will relapse, and data from the Medical Research Council’s UKALL12/ECOG 2993 study, published in 2007, found that five-year overall survival, or OS, rate in adults who relapse following standard multi-agent chemotherapy is 7%. The only curative option for relapsed or refractory ALL consists of achieving a second CR by salvage therapy followed by an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, or allo-HSCT. Without allo-HSCT, a subsequent relapse occurs in nearly all patients. However, less than half of patients achieve a second CR, and therefore only a subset will be eligible for this procedure. Even then, less than one-third of patients receiving the transplant are expected to sustain long-term disease-free survival. Further, allo-HSCT is associated with severe morbidity and significant mortality. Many patients with relapsed or refractory ALL will have been maximally treated with chemotherapy, and often do not achieve a second CR with standard-of-care chemotherapy in order to be eligible for allo-HSCT.

Two targeted immuno therapies have recently been approved for the treatment of adult ALL: blinatumomab and inotuzumab ozogamicin. Both of these therapies achieve high complete response rates, but durability is limited. In a randomized Phase 3 clinical trial of blinatumomab in heavily pretreated B-cell precursor ALL, the blinatumomab arm achieved a complete response rate of 44%, of which 76% also achieved MRD-negative CR, and the median duration of remission was 7.3 months. The median OS in those patients, though significantly improved compared to chemotherapy, was still only 7.7 months. Similarly, in a Phase 3 clinical trial of inotuzumab ozogamicin, a higher percentage of patients achieved MRD-negative CR when treated with inotuzumab compared to standard-of-care chemotherapy, but the median duration of remission was 4.6 months and median OS was 7.7 months.

AUTO1 Phase 1 Clinical Trial in Adult ALL (ALLCAR19 Trial)

In the first quarter of 2018, our academic partner University College London, or UCL, initiated a single-arm, open label, multi-center Phase 1 clinical trial of AUTO1, named the ALLCAR19 trial, in patients aged 16 to 65 years with high-risk, relapsed or refractory CD19 positive B-lineage ALL. The clinical trial was conducted at sites in the United Kingdom. The trial enrolled patients with a high tumor burden; 45% of treated patients had 50% or greater bone marrow blasts. As of the most recent data cut-off date of November 12, 2020, 20 patients received AUTO1; product for 14 of those patients was manufactured using a semi-automated, fully-enclosed process, which we anticipate using for commercial supply, if approved.

As of the most recent data recent cut-off date of November 12, 2020, 20 patients in the ALLCAR19 trial had received AUTO1. Based on this preliminary data, we have observed a manageable safety profile for AUTO1, with no patients experiencing Grade 3 or higher CRS (using the Lee grading criteria, which is the standard currently adopted by the medical community for grading CRS and enables comparison of clinical trial safety data across clinical studies) and three patients (15%) experiencing Grade 3 neurotoxicity that resolved with steroids. Of those 20 patients, three patients (15%) experienced Grade 3 neurotoxicity that resolved swiftly with steroids. We also observed Grade 3 or higher neutropenias in 7 of 20 patients reporting such neutropenias prior to treatment with AUTO1 and 8 of 17 patients reporting Grade 3 or higher neutropenias 28 days after treatment with AUTO1, with most resolving by month two or three post-dosing. Of the 20 patients, seven patients died while enrolled in the ALLCAR19 clinical trial, of which two deaths were determined to be due to progression of the leukemia, one death occurred post progression following infective complication post-transplant and the four remaining deaths were determined to be due to infectious complications (a common complication of advanced ALL). Of the 19 patients evaluable for efficacy (patients with at least four weeks follow-up as of the data cut-off date of November 12,2020), 16 patients (84%) achieved minimal residual disease, or MRD, negative complete responses following AUTO1 infusion At 12 months post-treatment, we observed that the event free survival was 52% and overall survival was 63%. In the sub-group of patients that were dosed with AUTO1 manufactured using our semi-automated, fully enclosed system for manufacturing, 13 were evaluable for efficacy. In this sub-group, as of the data cut-off date of November 12,2020, 12 of the 13 evaluable patients (92%) had achieved MRD-negative complete response. The EFS and OS data are preliminary considering the small number of patients.

In October 2019, we announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, granted orphan drug designation for AUTO1 for the treatment of ALL. We also received IND clearance for our Phase 1b/2 clinical trial in April 2020.

The ALLCAR19 clinical trial has also been expanded to include three additional cohorts with 10 treated patients in each cohort:

•Regimen B: r/r DLBCL (including transformed follicular lymphoma, or FL, but not Richter’s transformation

•Regimen C: relapsed or refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia / small lymphocytic leukemia

•Regimen D: relapsed or refractory indolent B-NHL (either FL, mantle cell lymphoma or marginal zone lymphoma)

UCL has also initiated a Phase 1 exploratory trial of AUTO1 in patients with relapsed or refractory Primary CNS Lymphoma, or PCNSL. This trial, named CAROUSEL (NCT04443829), is expected to initiate enrolment in the first quarter of 2021 and will evaluate the feasibility of generating AUTO1 and safety of administration in this patient population

Development Strategy for Adult ALL

In 2020, we initiated a multicenter, single-arm Phase 1b/2 trial of AUTO1 in adult patients with relapsed or refractory ALL, or r/r ALL. We refer to this trial as the FELIX trial. We are planning to recruit patients in the United Kingdom, the United States and Spain, and clinical trial sites are open for enrollment in the United Kingdom and the United States. Subject to confirmation by regulatory authorities, we hope that this trial may be a registrational trial in r/r adult ALL population.

The Phase 1b component of the trial is currently enrolling patients. We anticipate progressing to the Phase 2 portion of the trial in the second half of 2021. The Phase 2 cohort will include approximately 90 patients with morphological disease (>5% blasts in the bone marrow at screening), with ORR as the primary endpoint; and EFS, DOR and MRD negative CR as key secondary endpoints. An exploratory cohort is also planned in the Phase 2 part of this trial, in which patients with MRD positive disease in morphological remission as well as patients with isolated extramedullary disease will be treated with AUTO1.

Background of Pediatric ALL

Pediatric B-cell ALL is a type of blood cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many immature lymphocytes (named as lymphoid blasts), which are a type of white blood cell. According to the American Cancer Society, B-cell ALL is most common in childhood, peaking between two and four years of age. As per the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results statistics database, there are approximately 3,400 new cases of pediatric ALL diagnosed in the United States each year.

The current standard of care for both pediatric and adult B-cell ALL patients is a standard regimen of combination chemotherapy. Pediatric patients typically respond well to the complex first-line chemotherapy treatment. According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year survival rate for children with B-cell ALL is more than 85% overall. However, 10 to 20% of pediatric B-cell ALL patients relapse with chemotherapy-resistant disease. These patients are re-treated with intensive chemotherapy, and those that respond may proceed to receive an allogenic stem cell transplant, or SCT. However, SCT can be associated with significant long-term morbidity due to the risk of developing graft-versus-host disease, or GVHD, and treatment-related mortality, although the risk of death have declined with better post-transplant management.

Patients with high-risk clinical or genetic features including gene abnormalities, as well as those who have an inadequate response to initial chemotherapy, may not respond well with the current available treatments for B-cell ALL (including SCT), some of these patients will have a five-year OS rate of approximately 15%. Additionally, long-term survival rates are only approximately 10 to 20% among patients receiving a second SCT and negligible in those unable to proceed to a second transplant.

There is still a significant unmet medical need in pediatric patients with high-risk relapsed or refractory B-cell ALL. CD19 CAR T cell therapies have been developed for these patients. The approved CD19 CAR T therapy showed approximately 80% of complete molecular response rate. However, at six months after treatment, approximately 40% of the patients relapsed and the majority of the relapses were CD19 negative disease. In fact, in one study of CD19-targeting Kymriah treatment, approximately two-thirds of relapses were determined to have been due to loss of CD19 on the target cells.

CD19 CAR T cell therapies have been tested in pediatric ALL patients and have shown sustained responses without allo-HSCT. In adult ALL, however, one of the major challenges has been severe toxicity, including death due to CAR T cell-mediated toxicity observed in the clinical trials of these products. AUTO1 has been designed to reduce toxicity but still sustain durable CRs, and we believe it has the potential to become a standalone therapy for adult ALL.

AUTO1 Phase 1 Clinical Trial in Pediatric ALL (CARPALL Trial)

The CARPALL trial was initiated by UCL in the second quarter of 2016 and is a single-arm, open label, multi-center Phase 1 trial enrolling patients aged 24 years or younger with high-risk relapsed or refractory CD19 positive B-lineage ALL. The main objective of the trial is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of AUTO1 when administered at a single dose of 1 million cells/kg. The trial has completed enrollment with AUTO-1. However, the extension arm is now open, and treating pediatric ALL patients with AUTO 1/22 (previously designated AUTO1NG).

As of the data cut-off date of November 22, 2019, the trial has enrolled a total of 25 patients, in two cohorts; one cohort utilized a manual manufacturing process (cohort 1) and one cohort utilized a semi-automated fully enclosed manufacturing process (cohort 2). Product was generated for 14 of 17 patients in cohort 1 and the median follow-up for the 14 treated patients was 23 months. Seven patients were treated in cohort 2. The aim of cohort 2 was to increase feasibility of manufacture at scale; one patient died before infusion and product was generated for 100% of patients. Median follow-up for patients in cohort 2 was seven months.

None of the patients experienced Grade 3 or higher CRS and one patient out of 21 (5%) experienced Grade 4 neurotoxicity, which was deemed more consistent with fludarabine than CAR-associated neurotoxicity. Two patients experienced Grade 5 sepsis and death, one in the context of progressive disease and the second was considered related to AUTO1. This patient was in MRD-negative CR and had ongoing Grade 4 cytopenia associated with resistant HSV encephalitis. 13 patients experienced Grade 4 cytopenias that were ongoing at day 28. Nineteen of 21 treated patients (90%) achieved molecular complete remission at post-infusion. Consistent with preclinical results, CAR T cell expansion and persistence was excellent and CARs were detectable by flow for up to 36 months in four of the patients in cohort 1 who had ongoing responses beyond 12 months. Persistence was noted in 15 of 21 patients at last follow-up, up to 36 months. All of the patients in cohort 2 achieved molecular complete remission at one month post-infusion.

For cohort 1, with a median follow-up of 23 months, the overall survival at six and 12 months was 86% and 71%, respectively, and event-free survival at six and 12 months was 71% and 54%, respectively. In cohort 2, at a median follow-up of 7 months, five patients remain in complete molecular remission and two patients relapsed. Five of eight evaluable relapses in cohort 1 and cohort 2 combined were due to CD19 negative escape.

AUTO1/22

We commenced a Phase 1 clinical trial in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory ALL with our next-generation product candidate, AUTO1/22 (previously designated AUTO1NG) in the fourth quarter of 2020. AUTO1/22 is a dual-targeting CAR-T which builds on the AUTO1 approach utilizing the same CD19 CAR, alongside a novel CD22 CAR designed to reduce antigen negative relapse of disease. We expect to report initial data from this trial in the fourth quarter of 2021.

AUTO3: Our Programmed T Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Pediatric ALL and Adult DLBCL

Introduction to AUTO3

AUTO3, the first dual-targeting programmed T cell product candidate that targets B cell antigens CD19 and CD22, is being explored for the treatment of pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell ALL, as well as the treatment of adult patients with DLBCL.

By simultaneously targeting both B cell antigens, we believe the novel molecular design of AUTO3 addresses a major limitation of current CAR T cell products that target only CD19 or CD22; the loss or downregulation of the target antigen on the surface of the cancer cell, which is the main cause of disease relapse after single targeting CAR T-cell therapy.

AUTO3 Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Pediatric ALL (AMELIA Trial)

We initiated a single-arm, open label, multi-center Phase 1/2 clinical trial of AUTO3 in patients up to 24 years of age with high-risk relapsed or refractory B-lineage ALL in the third quarter of 2017. We refer to this trial as the AMELIA Trial. We presented final results from this clinical trial in January 2021, with a data cut-off date of July 29, 2020.

Twenty-three patients were screened in this trial, and product was generated in 19 of 20 (95%) patients who underwent leukapheresis and a total of 15 patients received infusion of AUTO3. AUTO3 has been observed to have a manageable safety profile, with no patients experiencing Grade 3 or higher CRS. One patient treated in the low dose (0.3 x106/kg) had Grade 3 encephalopathy which was considered likely related to prior intrathecal methotrexate. The majority of Grade 3 or higher adverse events were determined to be hematological in nature. No patient deaths have been determined to be related to AUTO3. The rate of complete response/complete response with incomplete bone marrow recovery (CR/CRi) and Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)-Negative Response in the Bone Marrow (PCR)) was 87% (13/15) at month 1 after AUTO3 infusion. Two patients did not respond to the treatment. As of the data cut-off (29-Jul-2020), 9 patients ultimately had morphological relapse. The majority of the relapses (6 of 9 patients) were CD19-positive/CD22-positive disease associated with a lack of long-term CAR T cell persistence. The median morphological EFS was 4.9 months (95% CI: 1.64, 12.42). The most common cause of relapse was due to the absence of CAR T cell persistence. Three of the 9 disease relapses were CD19-negative (including 1 patient with CD22-positive disease relapse, 1 patient with low expression of CD22, and 1 patient with both antigens lost: CD19-negative/CD22-negative disease relapse). The 1 case with CD22-negative disease relapse and the 1 disease relapse with downregulation of CD22 expression confirms the activity of the CD22 CAR in the AUTO3 construct. Based on this small number of 15 patients, 1-year OS is 60%, in the pediatric and young adult relapsed/refractory B-cell ALL setting.

Development Strategy for Pediatric ALL

In September 2019, we reported that we would not be continuing development of AUTO3 in pediatric B-cell ALL but instead will continue development in a pediatric setting with AUTO1 in the form a Pediatric Investigational Program, required by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and with AUTO1/22, a next generation version of AUTO1, which incorporates the CD19 CAR of AUTO1 and a novel CD22 CAR. We initiated clinical development of AUTO1/22 in 2020.

Background of DLBCL

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or NHL, consists of a diverse group of malignant neoplasms. According to the American Cancer Society, DLBCL is the most common subtype of NHL, accounting for approximately one-third of the approximately 72,000 adult NHL patients diagnosed in 2017 in the United States. DLBCL arises from a mature B cell that generally express CD19 and CD22 antigens on the surface. DLBCL is classified as an aggressive lymphoma, in which survival is measured in months rather than years.

First-line therapy usually consists of a chemotherapy regimen known as R-CHOP, which combines the monoclonal antibody rituximab with the drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone. Approximately 50% to 60% of DLBCL patients are cured with first-line therapy and do not have recurrence of their lymphoma.

For patients who relapse or are refractory to first-line therapy, the current standard of care for second-line therapy consists of a platinum-based chemotherapy regimen with rituximab. These second-line chemotherapy regimens are either R-ICE, consisting of rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide, or R-DHAP, consisting of rituximab, dexamethasone, cytarabine and cisplatin. Patients who respond to second-line therapy may go on to receive autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT. Patients who are not candidates for HSCT or those who do not respond to second-line therapy or who relapse after HSCT are typically treated with a third-line salvage chemotherapy. These patients have a poor prognosis, and treatment is generally palliative to try to prevent further cancer growth without the intent to cure.

Indolent lymphomas account for 40% of all NHL cases. The subtypes of indolent lymphoma, including follicular lymphoma and others, initially respond well to chemotherapy or antibody therapy, or a combination of both. However, in patients with progressive disease or relapse after CR, there is no defined standard of care, and such patients are generally encouraged to participate in clinical trials whenever possible. Relapsed patients who are symptomatic or need treatment are usually treated with chemotherapy, which is unfortunately not curative. Additionally, a minority of these patients are eligible to receive HSCT, which provides long-term disease free survival in some cases.

AUTO3 Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Adult DLBCL (ALEXANDER Trial)

We have designed AUTO3 to address limitations of current therapies for DLBCL. Simultaneous targeting of both CD19 and CD22 antigens is designed to reduce CD19 antigen negative disease relapses observed in one-third of the patients relapsing after treatment with Yescarta. Our clinical trial design also includes the administration of three doses of an anti-checkpoint inhibitor, designed to address tumor relapse due to upregulation of checkpoints in DLBCL patients treated with CAR T cell therapy. We are initially developing AUTO3 as a third-line therapy for DLBCL.

In September 2017, we initiated a single-arm, open label, multi-center Phase 1/2 clinical trial of AUTO3, which included a cohort of patients receiving AUTO3 followed by limited duration of consolidation with the anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab in adult DLBCL patients who have chemotherapy-refractory disease or with relapsed disease after two lines of prior therapy. We refer to this trial as the ALEXANDER Trial. We have completed the Phase 1 dose escalation portion of the trial and have declared a RP2D along with feasibility of use in the outpatient setting.

As of the October 30, 2020 data cut-off date, 49 patients in the ALEXANDER trial have been treated and were evaluable for safety. Across all dose levels, 43 patients were evaluable for efficacy, with an objective response rate (ORR) of 65% and a CR rate of 51%. Of the 29 evaluable patients receiving the recommended Phase 2 dose (a dose of ≥ 150 x 106 cells) and pre-conditioning with pembrolizumab at Day -1, the ORR was 66% and the CR rate was 55%. A subsequent analysis of these data suggested a superior response rate at higher dose levels, with 15 evaluable patients treated at 450 x 106 cells achieving an ORR of 87% and a CRR of 73%. Across all cohorts in the trial, 73% (16/22) of patients achieving a CR were without disease progression at a median follow up of 4 months (1 – 24 months). AUTO3 was observed to be well tolerated, with low rates of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity (NT). Across all 49 patients, there was only one case of Grade 3 CRS with primary infusion, and only three cases of NT were reported, with two being ≥ Grade 3. None of the patients achieving a complete response (CR) experienced any NT and all cases of NT were observed in a setting of disease progression and with confounding factors and minimal or undetectable CAR T cells in peripheral blood. No prophylactic measures of any kind have been used to manage CRS or NT in this study. Two patients had death possibly related to AUTO3. One in the setting of disease progression and multiorgan failure and other due to infection in a patient with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

The majority of patients receiving AUTO3 in the outpatient setting did not require hospital admission. Those patients admitted were managed, without requiring ICU care. Combined with the overall favorable tolerability data across the Phase 1 trial, the profile of AUTO3 supports administration in an outpatient setting.

Development Strategy for Adult DLBCL

We have completed enrollment of patients in the Phase 1 part of this trial and plan to seek a partner for the before committing to further development of this program.

AUTO4: Our Programmed T-Cell Lymphoma Program

Introduction to AUTO4

We are developing a programmed T cell product candidate, AUTO4, as a potential treatment for T-cell lymphomas. We are developing this product candidate with a unique targeting approach that is designed to avoid the severe immunosuppression typically associated with the current investigational CAR T-cell therapies which uses a pan t-cell antigen. for this disease.

T cells have one of two functionally identical genes, known as TRBC1 and TRBC2. A normal/healthy T cell population contains a mix of cells expressing either TRBC1 or TRBC2. Both forms are active and provide the body with natural immunity, including antiviral immunity. Because T-cell lymphomas are clonal tumors that develop from a single T cell, they are either entirely TRBC1-positive or entirely TRBC2-positive. Currently available products for the treatment of T-cell lymphoma indiscriminately target all T cells, leading to the severe immunosuppression associated with these treatments.

We have designed AUTO4 as a programmed T cell to specifically target and deplete cells expressing TRBC1, while preserving healthy T cells that express TRBC2. A normal T cell population consists of varying amounts of TRBC1-positive and TRBC2-positive T cells. Based on the typical distribution of TRBC1-positive and TRBC2-positive T cells, we believe that patients treated with AUTO4 should be left with a population of healthy, functional polyclonal T cells, which provides the immune system of these patients the ability to respond to bacterial and viral infections and other pathogens. In addition, this product candidate will have a built-in safety switch designed to eliminate the programmed CAR T cells in the event a patient suffers certain serious adverse events related to the CAR T cell therapy, such as CRS or neurotoxicity.

Companion Diagnostic for AUTO4

We are developing a proprietary diagnostic test to distinguish the T-cell lymphoma which express the clonal TRBC1-positive T cells versus the clonal TRBC2-positive T cells. When a patient presents with T-cell lymphoma, this diagnostic is designed to test the patient’s tumor to assess whether the tumor is TRBC1-positive or TRBC2-positive, which will determine whether the patient is potentially a candidate to receive AUTO4.

Background of T-Cell Lymphoma

Mature T cell lymphomas are aggressive, treatment resistant malignancies that are associated with poor prognosis. Clinical application of immunotherapeutic approaches has been limited by a lack of target antigens that discriminate malignant from healthy/polyclonal T cells. T-cell lymphoma is a rare and heterogeneous form of NHL, representing approximately 10 to 20% of NHL cases and 3 to 4% of all hematological malignancies. Most T-cell lymphomas are peripheral T-cell lymphomas, (PTCL), the initial indication for which we are developing AUTO4. We estimate that PTCL affects approximately 2,900 patients in the United States each year. PTCL generally involves high-grade tumors and occurs at a similar age as aggressive B cell lymphomas, with a relatively high proportion of patients becoming rapidly unwell. For the majority the PTCL subtypes, the five-year survival rate may range from 18% to 24%. The three most common subtypes of PTCL are peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified, or PTCL-NOS, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, or ALCL, and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, or AITL, together accounting for approximately 70% of all PTCLs in the United States.

The first-line treatment for PTCL consists of the combination chemotherapy (e.g CHOP, consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisolone). However, CHOP chemotherapy, complete response rates are low and disease relapse is common. In many treatment centers, CHOP chemotherapy may be consolidated with autologous or allogenic stem cell transplantation in selected patients.

Little is understood in terms of treatment guidance for the other PTCL subtypes and these lymphomas lack clear treatment guidelines. A large proportion of T-cell lymphoma patients are refractory to or relapse following treatment with standard therapies and there remains a need to develop an effective therapy for this currently unmet medical need.

Unlike B cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas have not benefited from advances in immunotherapeutic approaches. This is mainly due to the lack of therapeutic development in T-cell lymphomas to identify suitable target antigens to distinguish malignant T cells from normal/polyclonal T cells. While a similar problem exists with B cell lymphomas, targeting a pan B cell antigen is an acceptable strategy, as the concomitant depletion of the normal B cell compartment is well tolerated, and some targeted approaches may be ameliorated by the administration of immunoglobulin. In contrast, targeting a pan T cell antigen would result in severe immunosuppression, where there is currently no available rescue medication. Some competitors that are pursuing this approach are planning to use CAR T-cells therapy as a bridging to SCT. However, this approach would only benefit the transplant eligible patients who may not be the majority of the T-cell lymphoma patients. There is currently no programmed T cell therapy that is being developed as a standalone treatment.

Clinical Development of AUTO4

Because AUTO4 represent a novel approach to treating T-cell lymphomas, our development strategy for these product candidates is based on initially commencing a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of AUTO4 for the treatment of TRBC1-positive T-cell lymphoma.

Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial of AUTO4

In the fourth quarter of 2018, we began enrolling patients in a single-arm, open label, multi-center Phase 1/2 clinical trial, Libra T1, in patients with TRBC1 positive PTCL-NOS, AITL and ALCL, the three most common subtypes of PTCL, for which patients have failed, or have relapsed disease following, at least one prior therapy. We have received approval from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (2018) and Spanish health authority (2020), to begin enrollment and we are in the process of enrolling patients. We refer to this trial as the LibrA-T1 trial, which will initially be conducted at sites in the United Kingdom and Spain. Patients are screened for TRBC status of tumor cells using a CE-marked next-generation sequencing (NGS) method prior to full enrollment in the trial. Provided that data from the initial patients in the UK and Spain in the trial is satisfactory, we intend to submit an IND and initiate additional sites for this trial in the United States.

The main objective of the Phase 1 portion of the trial is to evaluate the safety of AUTO4 and to determine a recommended dose for the Phase 2 portion of the trial. The main objective of the Phase 2 portion will be to further evaluate the safety of the treatment and evaluate efficacy endpoints, such as overall response rate and complete response rate.

We have designed the trial to evaluate up to three dose levels of AUTO4, beginning with a low dose of 25 million AUTO4 cells in cohorts of three to six patients. Assuming that we do not observe any DLT, the dose escalation phase of the trial will continue to higher doses of 75 million AUTO4 cells and 225 million AUTO4 cells/. We expect that we will enroll a total of up to 25 patients in the Phase 1 portion of the trial. Once a recommended phase 2 dose has been identified in the Phase 1 portion of the trial, we intend to treat up to 30 patients in the Phase 2 portion of the trial. In parallel with clinical development, the companion diagnostic will be developed to enable use within a potential pivotal trial and commercialization.

Development Strategy for AUTO4

Based on our expected enrollment rates for the trial, we anticipate generating clinical proof of concept data in 2021. If the preliminary efficacy data is positive, we intend to convert the Phase 2 portion to a potential registrational trial, subject to discussions with regulatory authorities. The final number of patients to be enrolled in the trial, specific endpoints and other aspects of the design of the trial will be determined based on feedback from regulatory authorities. If the safety and efficacy data from the Phase 2 portion of the trial are positive, we plan to submit a BLA forAUTO4 as a second-line therapy for TRBC1-positive T-cell lymphoma patients.

Our Solid Tumor Programs

Solid tumors present a particular challenge to CAR T cell therapies, since solid tumors tend to fend off T cells with upregulation of checkpoint inhibition and a hostile microenvironment. In addition, contrary to hematological cancer cells that are readily accessible to programmed T cells in the circulating blood of a patient, solid tumors are more difficult for programmed T cells to track down in sufficient numbers to impact the disease. In addition, the persistence of programmed T cells tends to be limited, which also leads to a reduced effect on solid tumor cells. In addition to the programs we are currently pursuing described below, we intend to continue to evaluate other possible solid tumor indications.

AUTO6: Our Neuroblastoma Program

Introduction to AUTO6 and AUTO6NG

We have been granted an exclusive, worldwide license under our license agreement with UCLB to AUTO6 (1RG-CART), a programmed T cell product candidate targeting the glycosphingolipid GD2. CRUK has completed an exploratory Phase 1 clinical trial of AUTO6 in pediatric patients with neuroblastoma. We are developing a next-generation product candidate, which we refer to as AUTO6NG, incorporating additional programming modules designed to improve efficacy, safety and persistence of AUTO6. We expect to initiate two Phase 1/2 clinical trials of AUTO6NG, with the first clinical trial expected to commence in 2021.

Background of Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells found in several areas of the body, and most commonly arises in and around the adrenal glands, which have similar origins to nerve cells and sit atop the kidneys. However, neuroblastoma can also develop in other areas of the abdomen and in the chest, neck and near the spine, where groups of nerve cells exist. Neuroblastoma most commonly affects children age five or younger, though it may rarely occur in older children. According to the American Cancer Society, there are approximately 700 new cases of neuroblastoma each year in the United States.

Preclinical Studies of AUTO6

In preclinical in vitro studies, AUTO6 selectively, effectively and efficiently killed GD2-expressing tumor cells while sparing cells that did not express GD2. In addition, the RQR8 safety switch activation by rituximab was tested in vitro, where the addition of rituximab was shown to activate the safety switch and eliminate the programmed T cells from the culture, and residual cells did not possess any intrinsic anti-GD2 activity. This safety switch activation was also observed in vivo in a mouse model, where the murine analogue of rituximab was able to deplete the GD2-targeting programmed T cell product candidate from the bone marrow, blood, lymph node and spleen of animals that had previously been engrafted with programmed T cells.

In November 2019, we reported preclinical data of AUTO6NG. AUTO6 had previously shown clinical responses in two of our patients treated at the highest dose without inducing neurotoxicity in pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma. Building on AUTO6, in AUTO6NG we introduced additional programming modules in order to help the programmed T cells persist in and withstand the hostile tumor microenvironment. AUTO6NG is a programmed T cell therapy incorporating the GD2-targeted CAR T and RQR8 safety switch from AUTO6 but also incorporating three additional programming modules: (i) an IL7 chimeric cytokine receptor designed to increase persistence, (ii) a dominant negative TGFbRII protein designed to block inhibitor signals from TGFb and (iii) a truncated SHP2 protein designed to block inhibitor signals from PD1. These modules are delivered, or transduced, into the T cells via two viral vectors. Both single- and dual-transduced CAR T cells were evaluated in vitro for anti-tumor

activity, cytokine secretion, T cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to immunosuppressive pathways. The addition of these three modules in the AUTO6NG product candidate significantly augmented its function by extending T cell persistence and rendering modified T cells resistant to TGFb- and PD1/PDL1-driven immune inhibition when compared to AUTO6 in vitro. Additionally, intravenous delivery of AUTO6NG in mice with established tumor burden exhibited potent anti-tumor activity and extended survival, whereas AUTO6 showed no activity in that model.

We presented new preclinical data for AUTO6NG in June 2020 at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Virtual Annual Meeting. GD2 was evaluated as a therapeutic CAR-T target antigen in Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). AUTO6 alone has demonstrated efficacy in an in vitro SCLC model, but successful tumor targeting alone was not sufficient to drive meaningful in vivo efficacy in the same SCLC model. Autolus has presented new preclinical data demonstrating the ability to target GD2 in SCLC cell line models in vitro, and the requirement for enhancing modules, designed to overcome TME suppressive mechanisms, to drive superior in vivo efficacy in a SCLC mouse model. The data suggests that AUTO6NG can overcome the immune suppressive mechanisms in the TME

We believe these data support the continued development of AUTO6NG, and we expect to initiate the first of two planned Phase 1/2 clinical trials of AUTO6NG in the first half of 2021.

Phase 1 Dose Escalation Trial of AUTO6 by CRUK in Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma

In the first quarter of 2016, CRUK initiated a single-arm Phase 1 dose escalation trial of AUTO6 in relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma at two pediatric cancer centers in the United Kingdom. The trial evaluated the safety profile of AUTO6. The Phase 1 trial is also evaluating escalating intensity of the pre-conditioning regimen along with AUTO6 dose escalation. CRUK plans to enroll 15 to 27 patients in this trial.

As presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research in April 2018, twelve patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma with measurable disease in bone (n=11), bone marrow (n=7) or soft tissue sites (n=9) have been enrolled in the trial. Ten patients have been treated, with the first six patients receiving a dose of 10 million AUTO6 cells/m2, four without preconditioning, one with cyclophosphamide alone and one with a combination of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine, or cy/flu. A further three patients were treated with a dose of 100 million AUTO6 cells/m2 with cy/flu preconditioning. In the next cohort, a further patient was treated with a dose of one billion AUTO6 cells/m2 with cy/flu preconditioning. The trial is continuing to enroll patients at the dose of one billion AUTO6 cells/m2.

Updated findings published in Science Translational Medicine suggest that AUTO6 can induce rapid regression of bulky disease in a solid tumor setting without inducing on-target off-tumor toxicity, despite dose dependent CAR T expansion. CAR T cell expansion has been observed in all six patients treated at the higher cell dose cohorts in this Phase 1 study. Three of these six patients demonstrated evidence of transient CAR T cell activity, including cytokine release syndrome, and regression of soft tissue and bone marrow disease activity. The GD2 binder used in AUTO6 has been designed to minimize on-target off-tumor neurotoxicity associated with GD2 expression at low levels in pain fibers and the brain. Despite the presence of clear CAR T cell activity, no neurotoxicity was observed. The publication also suggests that, whilst AUTO6 is a valid and safe strategy for targeting neuroblastoma, further modifications are required to promote CAR T cell persistence and induce deeper and more durable responses for these patients.

Clinical Development Strategy of AUTO6NG

Based on preliminary data from proof-of-concept in CRUK’s ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial, we believe it is possible to safely target GD2-expressing cancers or tumors with a CAR. We are currently developing a next-generation T cell product candidate, which we refer to as AUTO6NG, which builds on AUTO6 by incorporating additional programming modules intended to enhance the efficacy, safety and persistence of AUTO6.

Because GD2 is expressed in numerous pediatric and adult tumors including neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, melanoma, astrocytoma and small cell lung cancer, or SCLC, our clinical development strategy is to develop AUTO6NG in parallel in neuroblastoma and in additional indications. To that end, we are planning to initiate two Phase 1/2 clinical trials of AUTO6NG. The first trial will be in adult patients and is expected to commence in the first half of 2021, and the second trial will be in pediatric patients and is expected to commence in the second half of 2021.

In the first planned Phase 1/2 clinical trial, we plan to enroll pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer in children and teens, with approximately 800 to 900 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States, the majority of which will be GD2 positive. Following evaluation of safety and selection of the recommended Phase 2 dose, we plan to initiate the three-arm Phase 2 portion of the clinical trial, which will enroll patients with neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma and other GD2-positive tumors, respectively, in each individual arm of the trial. If the preliminary efficacy data from the Phase 2 portion of the trial based on appropriate criteria for individual tumor types is positive in one or more arms, we intend to discuss with the FDA the possibility of converting the Phase 2 portion into a registrational trial, with separate arms

for each indication. The final number of patients to be enrolled in the trial and endpoints for each individual indication will be determined based on feedback from regulatory authorities.

In our second planned Phase 1/2 trial, we intend to enroll adult patients with metastatic melanoma, SCLC and other GD2-positive malignancies and who have received at least one prior therapy. The timing of this trial will be staggered with the first Phase 1/2 clinical trial in order to incorporate learnings from the early dose cohorts of pediatric patients. We anticipate that prior to initiation of this second Phase 1/2 clinical trial, a diagnostic assay for GD2 assessment may be needed. Melanoma is one of the most common types of cancer, with approximately 90,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. SCLC accounts for about 10-15% of all lung cancer cases, with 30,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. It has been reported that approximately half of the patients are positive for the GD2 antigen. Following selection of the recommended Phase 2 dose, we plan to initiate the three-arm Phase 2 portion of the clinical trial, which will enroll patients with melanoma, SCLC and other GD2-positive tumors, respectively, in each individual arm of the trial. If the preliminary efficacy data such as overall response rate from the Phase 2 portion of the trial is promising in one or more arms, we intend to discuss with the FDA the possibility of converting the Phase 2 portion into a registrational trial, with separate arms for each indication. The final number of patients to be enrolled in the trial and endpoints for each individual indication will be determined based on feedback from regulatory authorities.

AUTO7—Our Prostate Cancer Program

We are in preclinical development of AUTO7, a programmed T cell product candidate designed to target and treat prostate cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, other than skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men, with approximately 165,000 new cases diagnosed each year. This program incorporates enhanced safety modules including our small molecule mediated safety switch and enhanced T cell activity modules that we are developing to overcome the immuno-suppressive effects of the tumor micro-environment and enhance T cell persistence. We have incorporated a technology in AUTO7 that is designed to deliver a cytokine signal directly inside our programmed T cells. This cytokine persistence signal is further enhanced by engagement with antigens secreted by the tumor.

We presented new preclinical data for AUTO7 in June 2020 at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Virtual Annual Meeting. The preclinical data demonstrate that AUTO7 is highly potent in cytotoxicity assays against cells expressing PSMA, even at low levels, and demonstrate the feasibility of this multi-modular cell programming approach in overcoming the immunotherapeutic challenges presented by advanced prostate cancer, which is typically otherwise an immunologically cold tumor.

We intend to initiate our clinical development of AUTO7 in H1 2022. We anticipate starting a Phase 1/2 trial in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer to evaluate the safety and identify the optimum Phase 2 dose of AUTO7 in the Phase 1 part of the trial and preliminary efficacy in the Phase 2 portion of the trial.

Partnerable Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Project

Our research team has developed a potentially universal SARS-CoV2 decoy receptor with virus neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV2 and its variants, and also active against SARS-CoV1.

Manufacture and Delivery of Programmed T Cell Therapies to Patients

We are devoting significant resources to process development and manufacturing in order to optimize the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, as well as to reduce our per unit manufacturing costs and time to market if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our programmed T cell product candidates.

The manufacture and delivery of programmed T cell therapies to patients involves complex, integrated processes, including harvesting T cells from patients, manufacturing viral vectors with nucleic acid content encoded with our programming modules, manufacturing programmed T cells using the viral vectors ex vivo, multiplying the T cells to obtain the desired dose, and ultimately infusing the T cells back into a patient’s body.

Commercial success in T cell therapies requires a manufacturing process that is reliable, scalable and economical. We have established a manufacturing process that is scalable and serves as a manufacturing platform designed to support rapid development of our programmed T cell therapy product candidates through clinical trial phases and regulatory approval processes. We are using a semi-automated, fully enclosed system for cell manufacturing, which is designed to provide a common platform suitable for manufacturing all of our product candidates. This platform allows for parallel processing having the ability to scale for commercial supply in a controlled environment at an economical cost. We have improved our viral vector production and viral transduction process to reduce process variability.

Our manufacturing and logistics process is designed to ensure that product integrity is maintained during shipment along with accurate tracking and tracing of shipments. We are expanding internal manufacturing and supply capabilities as well as the use of expert service providers on maturing our vein-to-vein logistics and our gradual capacity expansion.

Our manufacturing and commercialization strategy requires a fully integrated vein-to-vein product delivery cycle. We believe having established manufacturing processes suitable for commercialization early in the development of our T cell therapies will allow us to focus on expanding manufacturing capacity during our clinical trials and early commercial launch needs. Over time, we expect to establish regional manufacturing hubs to meet projected product requirements for commercialization. We believe that anticipated future commercial requirements can be met. Our plan is to establish our manufacturing infrastructure in a manner that would ameliorate logistics complexities and costs for all regions on initial commercial launch.

We believe our scalable closed-system manufacturing process, along with our proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies, would be challenging and costly for potential competitors to replicate.

Manufacturing Agreements

We have manufacturing agreements with King’s College London for early phase vector manufacturing. Autolus also has an internal capability to produce vector for early and late-stage trials. Additionally, we have also established an agreement with AGC Bio for late stage clinical and commercial supply of vector. All vector manufacturing is done in accordance with Current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, in compliant manufacturing facilities. The manufacturing agreements governing the external supply arrangements also provide for access to services including quality management systems, qualified persons for product release, office space, frozen storage and warehousing services.

We have established our cell and vector manufacturing capacity at the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult in Stevenage, United Kingdom. We have 2 cell manufacturing suites capable of supporting clinical and early stage commercial launch. We also have a vector production suite capable of supplying clinical supplies. The Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult provides for access to architecturally and operationally segregated manufacturing suites. This facility approach has been reviewed and approved by the MHRA. This operational approach has also been reviewed with the FDA.

In March 2018, we entered into a strategic, long-term supply agreement with Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, or Miltenyi, for the supply of Miltenyi’s CliniMACS Prodigy instruments, reagents and disposables for the manufacture of our programmed T cell therapies for preclinical and clinical use and, if approved, for commercial use, as well as support services. The supply agreement sets forth procedures to ensure continuity of supply to us of Miltenyi’s products, both during the clinical phase and any future commercial phase of our product candidates. After the initial ten-year term of the agreement, we have two separate options to renew the agreement, each for an additional five-year term. The supply agreement contains customary termination provisions, allowing for termination by a party upon the other party’s uncured material breach, upon the other party’s bankruptcy or insolvency or upon the other party being subject to an extended period of force majeure events. We may also terminate the supply agreement upon advance written notice, if we decide to suspend or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates. The supply agreement is governed under the laws of Germany.

Commercialization

Given our stage of development, we have not yet established a commercial infrastructure or distribution capabilities. We are developing our clinical-stage programs for the treatment of patients with late-stage or rare hematological cancers and solid tumors, most of whom are treated in specialized treatment centers or hospitals. With our experience in gene therapy, transplantation and oncology, we aim to provide high levels of service and scientific engagement at these treatment centers, and to pilot and establish systems necessary for product delivery by the time of launch. We believe this approach will require less investment in commercial infrastructure compared to the current standard of care. By focusing on these centers, we can begin to build our commercialization capabilities with limited resources.

We have retained worldwide commercial rights for our product candidates. We currently plan to build our global commercialization capabilities internally over time such that we are able to commercialize any product candidate for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We may selectively pursue strategic collaborations with third parties in order to maximize the commercial potential of our product candidates. We generally expect to launch any of our products that receive regulatory approval in the United States first, followed by the European Union and subsequently in other major markets. For AUTO1, we may look to commercialize first in markets outside the United States, if any, where we receive regulatory approvals, with a launch following regulatory approval in the United States occurring after the earlier of either the expected expiration of any applicable third-party patents covering AUTO1 that expire between 2023 and 2025, the invalidation of such patents or the receipt of a license to such patents on commercially reasonable terms. See “Risk Factors–Risks Related to our Intellectual Property–Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could significantly harm our business.”

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property is of vital importance in our field and in biotechnology generally. We seek to protect and enhance proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business by seeking, maintaining and defending patent rights, whether developed internally or licensed from third parties. We will also seek to rely on regulatory protection afforded through orphan drug designations, data exclusivity, market exclusivity and patent term extensions where available.

Our intellectual property estate, which includes in-licensed intellectual property and intellectual property that we own, is designed to provide multiple layers of protection. For example, we are pursuing patent protection for core constructs used in our product candidates, various methods of treatment for particular therapeutic indications using our approach, specific product candidates, innovative manufacturing processes, and constructs that may be used in future product candidates to improve the ability of our programmed T cells to better recognize and kill cancer cells. A portion of our patent portfolio is directed to certain current product candidates or technologies deployed in certain product candidates, and the remainder of the portfolio is directed to alternative approaches, technologies or modules that are not currently deployed in our current product candidates.

As of December 31, 2020, our patent portfolio is comprised of 96 patent families, of which 25 patent families originated from UCLB, the technology-transfer company of UCL, 3 patent families are in-licensed from Noile-Immune Biotech, Inc., and 68 patent families we own and have originated from our own research. Of the 25 patent families that were originally in-licensed from UCLB, 24 have now been assigned to Autolus under a Deed of Assignment dated 15 October 2020. We believe that our current patent portfolio, together with our ongoing efforts to develop and patent new technologies, will provide us with substantial intellectual property protection for our product candidates and other technologies that are not currently deployed in our product candidates.

Commercially or strategically important non-U.S. jurisdictions in which certain patent applications that we have in-licensed are currently pending include: Europe, Australia, Canada, Japan, China, Brazil, Chile, Israel, India, Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Mexico, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines.

Our strategy is to develop and obtain additional intellectual property covering innovative manufacturing processes and methods for genetically engineering T cells expressing new constructs with properties that are designed to improve the ability of our programmed T cells to recognize and kill cancer cells. To support this effort, we have established expertise and development capabilities focused in the areas of T cell programming, preclinical and clinical research and development, and manufacturing and manufacturing process scale-up, and we expect that our ongoing research and development activities will yield additional patentable inventions and patent applications that will expand our intellectual property portfolio.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the date of filing of the first non-provisional application to which priority is claimed. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in granting a patent or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over an earlier-filed patent. The term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug may also be eligible for a patent term restoration of up to five years under the Hatch-Waxman Act, which is designed to compensate for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The length of the patent term restoration is calculated based on the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. A patent term restoration under the Hatch-Waxman Act cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be restored. Moreover, a patent can only be restored once, and thus, if a single patent is applicable to multiple products, it can only be extended based on one product. Similar provisions are available in Europe and certain other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. If and when possible, we expect to apply for patent term extensions for patents covering our product candidates or their methods of use.

Our commercial success may depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business, defend and enforce our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets, and operate without infringing the valid enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our products may depend on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities. With respect to both licensed and company-owned intellectual property, we cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any patents, if granted, will be commercially useful in protecting our commercial products and methods of manufacturing the same. Development and commercialization of products can be subject to substantial delays and it is possible that, at the time of commercialization, any patent covering the product has expired or will be in force for only a short period of time following commercialization. Numerous third-party

U.S. and non-U.S. issued patents exist in the area of programmed T cell therapies, including patents held by our competitors. We cannot predict with any certainty if any third-party U.S. or foreign patent rights, or other proprietary rights, will be deemed infringed by the use of our technology. Nor can we predict with certainty which, if any, of these rights will or may be asserted against us by third parties. Should we need to defend ourselves against any such claims, substantial costs may be incurred. Furthermore, parties making such claims may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to develop or commercialize some or all our products in the United States, European Union and other major markets.

We may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our consultants, contractors or collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Our License Agreement with UCL Business Ltd.

In September 2014, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with UCLB, the technology-transfer company of UCL, for the development and commercialization rights to certain T cell programming modules. The license agreement was amended and restated in March 2016 to also include certain development and commercialization rights to improvements and new T cell programming modules. The license agreement was further amended and restated in March 2018 to include a license to AUTO1, for which UCL is conducting Phase 1 clinical trials in pediatric and adult ALL patients. The license agreement was further amended and restated in October 2020 to reflect our election to have various patent rights assigned to us, and to include a license to new technology and further licenses to AUTO1 for which UCL is conducting Phase 1 clinical trials in primary CNS Lymphoma patients. Under the license agreement, subject to certain limitations, exceptions and retained rights of UCLB, we received an exclusive license of certain patent rights and know-how owned by UCLB covering T cell programming modules. The licensed rights cover our AUTO1, AUTO3, AUTO4/5 and AUTO6 targeting modules, as well as additional T cell programming modules and technologies, including dual-targeting technology, pattern recognition technology, safety switches (including RQR8), tunable T cells, manufacturing processes as well as certain technology for evading tumor micro-environments. We also have option rights and rights of first negotiation to obtain an exclusive license for development and commercialization rights to certain new T cell programming modules.

In exchange for the rights under the original license agreement, we granted UCLB 4,769,994 B ordinary shares of Autolus Limited, which, in connection with our corporate reorganization in June 2018, were converted to 1,497,643 ordinary shares of Autolus Therapeutics plc. We also agreed to pay a management fee, milestone payments and royalties upon future net sales of any products that use the in-licensed rights. The management fee of £120,000 was payable in equal installments on the first four anniversaries of our entry into the original license agreement. In exchange for the additional rights we received in March 2016 when the license agreement was amended, we issued UCLB an additional 1,000,000 B ordinary shares, which, in connection with our corporate reorganization in June 2018, were converted to 313,971 ordinary shares of Autolus Therapeutics plc, and made a one-time payment of £150,000. In exchange for the additional rights we received in March 2018 when the license agreement was further amended, we made an initial payment of £1.5 million and paid the additional £0.35 million in connection with UCLB's transfer of clinical data to the Company in December 2020.

Under the license agreement, as amended, we are obligated to pay UCLB milestone payments upon the initiation of certain clinical activities in an aggregate amount of £0.18 million, the receipt of specified regulatory approvals in an aggregate amount of £37.5 million, the start of commercialization in an aggregate amount of £18 million, and the achievement of net sales levels in an aggregate amount of £51 million. On a per-product basis, these milestone payments range from £1 million to £18.5 million, depending on which T cell programming modules are used in the product achieving the milestone. Under the terms of the license, we have the right to grant sub-licenses to third parties, subject to certain restrictions. If we receive any income in connection with such sublicenses, we must pay UCLB a percentage of the income allocable to the value of the sublicensed intellectual property rights ranging from low twenties to mid-single digits, decreasing based on the development expenses incurred by us and the passage of time. UCLB has retained the right to use the licensed T cell programming modules for academic research purposes at UCL and with other academic institutions, subject to certain restrictions.

Upon commercialization of any of our products that use the in-licensed patent rights, we are obligated to pay UCLB a flat royalty for each licensed product ranging from the low- to mid-single digits, depending on which technologies are deployed in the licensed product, based on worldwide annual net sales of each licensed product, subject to certain reductions, including for the market entry of competing products and for loss of patent coverage of licensed products. We may deduct from the royalties payable to UCLB half of any payments made to a third party to obtain a license to such third party’s intellectual property that is necessary to exploit any licensed products. Once net sales of a licensed product have reached a certain specified threshold, we may exercise an option to buy

out UCLB’s rights to the remaining milestone payments, royalty payments, and sublicensing revenue payments for such licensed product, on terms to be negotiated at the time.

As mentioned above, we acquired ownership of the majority of the licensed patent rights under the license agreement (with the exception of the RQR8 patent rights) by virtue of a Deed of Assignment from UCLB which was executed on 15 October 2020. Our payment and diligence obligations remain unaffected by the assignment of the licensed patent rights to us.

Under the license agreement, we are solely responsible, at our expense, for developing the products that use the in-licensed patent rights and obtaining all regulatory approvals for such products worldwide. We are also solely responsible, at our expense, for commercializing the products worldwide after receiving regulatory approval. Further, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop certain products using the patent rights pertaining to the T cell programming modules we have licensed from UCLB. Failure to achieve diligence obligations may result in loss of exclusivity or termination of the license on a program-by-program basis.

The license agreement expires on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis upon the expiration of the royalty term with respect to each product in each country. We may unilaterally terminate the license agreement for any reason upon advance notice to UCLB. Either party may terminate the license agreement for the uncured material breach by the other party or for the insolvency of the other party. If UCLB terminates the license agreement following our insolvency or our material breach of the agreement, or if we terminate the agreement unilaterally, all rights and licenses granted to us will terminate, and all patent rights and know-how transferred, licensed or assigned to us pursuant to the agreement will revert back to UCLB. In addition, UCLB has the right to negotiate with us for the grant of an exclusive license to our improvements to the T cell programming modules we have licensed on terms to be agreed upon at the time.

Competition

Presently, the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries put significant resources in developing novel and proprietary therapies for the treatment of cancer. While we believe that our differentiated product candidates and scientific expertise in the field of cellular immunotherapy provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from various sources, including larger and better-funded pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as from academic institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new drugs and therapies enter the market and advanced technologies become available. Due to their promising clinical therapeutic effect in clinical exploratory trials, advanced T cell therapies, redirected T cell therapies in general and antibody-drug conjugates are being pursued by multiple biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including Novartis AG, or Novartis, Gilead Sciences, Inc., or Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, or BMS, Janssen Biotech Inc., bluebird bio, Inc., or bluebird bio, Roche Holding AG, Seattle Genetics, and Amgen Inc. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing technologies and products that are more effective, more effectively marketed and sold or less costly than any product candidates that we may develop, which could render our product candidates non-competitive and obsolete.

Currently there are now four approved anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapies, including Tecartus from Kite/Gilead and Breynazi from BMS, which were approved in February 2021.These companies and products will compete directly with AUTO3, our dual-targeting CD19/CD22 programmed T cell product candidate and AUTO1, our CD19 targeting programmed T cell product candidate in some indications.

The BCMA space continues to be highly competitive with the first CAR T cell therapy in this indication anticipated to come to market in the near future. Bluebird bio, Inc., in collaboration with BMS, is developing a BCMA CAR T cell therapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Nanjing Legend Biotech and Janssen Biotech, Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, are collaborating on the development of a similar therapy. In addition, some companies, such as Gilead, BMS and Poseida Therapeutics Inc. are also developing BCMA CAR T cell therapies for the treatment of multiple myeloma. The BCMA landscape continues to evolve, with BMS deciding to abandon a second BCMA CAR-T candidate in February 2021. Some companies like Amgen, BMS and Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group, are developing BCMA-targeting T cell engagers for the treatment of multiple myeloma, which are expected to compete directly with CAR-T approaches. All of these therapies will compete directly with our AUTO8 product candidate.

While we believe that other known types of immunotherapies may potentially be used in conjunction with CAR T cell therapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, to enhance efficacy, we do not currently expect substantial direct competition from these other types of immunotherapies. However, we cannot predict whether other types of immunotherapies may be enhanced and show greater efficacy, and we may have direct and substantial competition from such immunotherapies in the future.

In addition, more effective small molecules, cancer vaccines and other approaches may be developed and used as first line or second line treatments, which would reduce the market opportunity for our programmed T cell therapies.

Many of our competitors, either alone or with their strategic collaborators, have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than we are in obtaining approval for treatments and achieving widespread market acceptance and may render our treatments obsolete or non-competitive. Mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical study sites and patient registration for clinical studies, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new products and therapies enter the market and advanced technologies become available. We expect any treatments that we develop and commercialize to compete on the basis of, among other things, efficacy, safety, delivery, price and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors.

Government Regulation and Product Approval

As a biopharmaceutical company, we are subject to extensive regulation. Our programmed T cell product candidates, if approved, will be regulated as biological medicines. With this classification, commercial production of our products will need to occur in registered and licensed facilities in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMPs, for biologics.

Human immunotherapy products are a new category of therapeutics. The FDA categorizes human cell- or tissue-based products as either minimally manipulated or more than minimally manipulated and has determined that more than minimally manipulated products require clinical trials to demonstrate product safety and efficacy and the submission of a Biologics License Application, or BLA, for marketing authorization.

Government authorities in the United States (at the federal, state and local level) and in other countries and jurisdictions, including the European Union, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacturing, quality control, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, sale, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of biopharmaceutical products such as those we are developing. Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA before they may be legally marketed in the United States and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agency before they may be legally marketed in foreign countries. Generally, our activities in other countries will be subject to regulation that is similar in nature and scope as that imposed in the United States, although there can be important differences. Additionally, some significant aspects of regulation in Europe are addressed in a centralized way, but country-specific regulation remains essential in many respects. The process for obtaining regulatory marketing approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

U.S. Product Development Process

In the United States, the FDA regulates biological products under the Public Health Service Act, or PHSA, and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and implementing regulations. Products are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. FDA sanctions could include, among other actions, refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, warning letters and similar public notice of alleged non-compliance with laws, product recalls or withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement of profits, or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us. The process required by the FDA before a biological product may be approved for marketing in the United States generally involves the following:

•completion of preclinical laboratory tests and animal studies according to Good Laboratory Practices, or GLPs, and applicable requirements for the humane use of laboratory animals or other applicable regulations;

•submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug Application, or IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;

•performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials according to the FDA’s regulations commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, or GCPs, and any additional requirements for the protection of human research subjects and their health information, to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed biological product for its intended use;

•preparation and submission to the FDA of a Biologics License Application, or BLA, for marketing approval that includes substantive evidence of safety, purity, and potency from results of nonclinical testing and clinical trials;

•satisfactory completion of one or more FDA inspections of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the biological product is produced to assess compliance with cGMP to assure that the facilities, methods and controls used in product manufacture are adequate to preserve the biological product’s identity, strength, quality and purity and, if applicable, the FDA’s current Good Tissue Practices, or GTPs, for the use of human cellular and tissue products;

•potential FDA audit of the nonclinical study and clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the BLA;

•payment of user fees for FDA review of the BLA; and

•FDA acceptance, review and approval, or licensure, of the BLA, which might include review by an advisory committee, a panel typically consisting of independent clinicians and other experts who provide recommendations as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions.

Before testing any biological product candidate, including our product candidates, in humans, the product candidate must undergo rigorous the preclinical testing. Preclinical tests, also referred to as nonclinical studies, include laboratory evaluations as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess the potential safety and efficacy of the product candidate. After sufficient preclinical testing has been conducted, the conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including GLPs. The clinical trial sponsor must submit an IND to the FDA before clinical testing can begin in the United States. An IND must contain the results of the preclinical tests, manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature, a proposed clinical protocol, an investigator’s brochure, a sample informed consent form, and other materials. Clinical trial protocols detail, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety, including stopping rules that assure a clinical trial will be stopped if certain adverse events should occur. Each protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Some preclinical testing, such as toxicity studies, may continue even after the IND is submitted.

The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions regarding the proposed clinical trials or places the trial on a clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a biological product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, trials may not recommence without FDA authorization and then only under terms authorized by the FDA. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that suspend or terminate such trials.

Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the form and content of the informed consent that must be signed by each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. Clinical trials involving recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules also must be reviewed by an institutional biosafety committee, or IBC, a local institutional committee that reviews and oversees basic and clinical research conducted at that institution. The IBC assesses the safety of the research and identifies any potential risk to public health or the environment.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the biological product candidate to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control. Clinical trials must be conducted and monitored in accordance with the FDA’s regulations comprising the GCP requirements, including the requirement that all research patients provide informed consent.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

•Phase 1. The biological product is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety. In the case of some products for severe or life-threatening diseases, especially when the product may be too inherently toxic to ethically administer to healthy volunteers, the initial human testing is often conducted in patients with the target disease or condition.

•Phase 2. The biological product is evaluated in a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance, optimal dosage and dosing schedule.

•Phase 3. Clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy, potency, and safety in an expanded patient population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. These clinical trials are intended to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk to benefit profile of the product and to provide an adequate basis for product labeling.

Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all.

Post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These clinical trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication, particularly for long-term safety follow-up.

During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all clinical activities, clinical data, and clinical trial investigators. Annual progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted to the FDA. Written IND safety reports must be promptly submitted to the FDA, and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events, any findings from other studies, tests in laboratory animals or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human patients, or any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The sponsor must submit an IND safety report within 15 calendar days after the sponsor determines that the information qualifies for reporting. The sponsor also must notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction within seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt of the information. The FDA or the sponsor or its data safety monitoring board, an independent group of experts that evaluates study data for safety and makes recommendations concerning continuation, modification, or termination of clinical trials, may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk, including risks inferred from other unrelated immunotherapy trials. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the biological product has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

Because this is a relatively new and expanding area of novel therapeutic interventions, there can be no assurance as to the length of the trial period, the number of patients the FDA will require to be enrolled in the trials in order to establish the safety, efficacy, purity and potency of immunotherapy products, or that the data generated in these trials will be acceptable to the FDA to support marketing approval.

Concurrently with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional nonclinical studies and must also develop additional information about the physical characteristics of the biological product as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. To help reduce the risk of the introduction of adventitious agents with use of biological products, the PHSA emphasizes the importance of manufacturing control for products whose attributes cannot be precisely defined. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, the sponsor must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, potency and purity of the final biological product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the biological product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

U.S. Review and Approval Processes

After the completion of clinical trials of a biological product, FDA approval of a BLA must be obtained before commercial marketing of the biological product. The BLA must include results of product development, laboratory and animal studies, human trials, information on the manufacture and composition of the product, proposed labeling and other relevant information. The testing and approval processes require substantial time and effort and there can be no assurance that the FDA will accept the BLA for filing and, even if filed, that any approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all as the FDA has significant discretion to approve or reject the BLA and to require additional preclinical or clinical studies.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, as amended, each BLA must be accompanied by a significant user fee. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. PDUFA also imposes an annual program fee for approved biological products. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business. Additionally, no user fees are assessed on BLAs for products designated as orphan drugs, unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication.

Within 60 days following submission of the application, the FDA reviews a BLA submitted to determine if it is substantially complete before the agency accepts it for filing. The FDA may refuse to file any BLA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable at the time of submission and may request additional information. In this event, the BLA must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application also is subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review of the BLA. The FDA reviews the BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe, potent, and/or effective for its intended use, and has an acceptable purity profile, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP to assure and preserve the product’s identity, safety, strength, quality, potency and purity. The FDA may refer applications for novel biological products or biological products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. During the biological product approval process, the FDA also will determine whether a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, is necessary to ensure that the benefits of the product outweigh its risks and to assure the safe use of the biological product, which could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. FDA determines the requirement for a REMS, as well as the specific REMS provisions, on a case-by-case basis. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the BLA must submit a proposed REMS. The FDA will not approve a BLA without a REMS, if required.

Before approving a BLA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. For immunotherapy products, the FDA also will not approve the product if the manufacturer is not in compliance with the GTPs, to the extent applicable. These are FDA regulations and guidance documents that govern the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the manufacture of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue based products, or HCT/Ps, which are human cells or tissue intended for implantation, transplant, infusion, or transfer into a human recipient. The primary intent of the GTP requirements is to ensure that cell and tissue based products are manufactured in a manner designed to prevent the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable disease. FDA GTP regulations also require tissue establishments to register and list their HCT/Ps with the FDA and, when applicable, to evaluate donors through screening and testing. Additionally, before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure that the clinical trials were conducted in compliance with IND trial requirements and GCP requirements.

To assure cGMP, GTP and GCP compliance, an applicant must incur significant expenditure of time, money and effort in the areas of training, recordkeeping, production, and quality control.

Notwithstanding the submission of relevant data and information, the FDA may ultimately decide that the BLA does not satisfy its regulatory criteria for approval and deny approval. If the agency decides not to approve the BLA in its present form, the FDA will issue a Complete Response Letter, which generally outlines the specific deficiencies in the BLA identified by the FDA and may require additional clinical or other data or impose other conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the application. The deficiencies identified may be minor, for example, requiring labeling changes, or major, for example, requiring additional clinical trials. Even with the submission of additional information, the FDA may ultimately decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application.

If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval is limited to the conditions of use (e.g., patient population, indication) described in the application.

Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, or otherwise limit the scope of any approval. In addition, the FDA may require post marketing clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, designed to further assess a biological product’s safety and effectiveness, and testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized. After approval, many types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval.

In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, a BLA or supplement to a BLA must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers.

Post-Approval Requirements

Any products for which we receive FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved uses (known as “off-label use”), limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and requirements that important safety information and material facts related to the product be disclosed. Although physicians may prescribe legally available products for off-label uses, if the physicians deem to be appropriate in their professional medical judgment, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative liability.

In addition, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to applicable manufacturing requirements after approval to ensure the long-term stability of the product. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our products in accordance with cGMP regulations. cGMP regulations require among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved products are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. Discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer, or holder of an approved BLA, including, among other things, recall or withdrawal of the product from the market.

The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, with manufacturing processes, or the failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or administrative enforcement, complete withdrawal from the market, product recalls, warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, product seizure or detention, injunctions, and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development.

U.S. Marketing Exclusivity

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act amended the PHSA to authorize the FDA to approve similar versions of innovative biologics, commonly known as biosimilars. Biosimilars are approved pursuant to an abbreviated pathway whereby applicants need not submit the full slate of preclinical and clinical data, and approval is based in part on the FDA’s findings of safety, purity, and potency for the original biologic (i.e., the reference product). Original BLAs are eligible to receive 12 years of exclusivity from the time of first licensure of the product, which prevents the FDA from approving any biosimilars to the reference product through the abbreviated pathway, but does not prevent approval of BLAs that are accompanied by a full data package and that do not rely on the reference product. A biosimilar may be approved if the product is highly similar to the reference product notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components and there are no clinically meaningful differences with the reference product in terms of the safety, purity, and potency.

Pediatric exclusivity is another type of regulatory market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent term, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric trial in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a trial.

Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement

Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. In the United States and markets in other countries, sales of any products for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale will depend, in significant part, on the extent to which third-party payors provide coverage, and establish adequate reimbursement levels for such products. In the United States, third-party payers include federal and state healthcare programs, private managed care organizations, health insurers and other organizations. The process for determining whether a third-party payer will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process of establishing the reimbursement rate that such a

payor will pay for the product. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved products for a particular indication. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price, examining the medical necessity of and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical products, therapies and services, in addition to questioning their safety and efficacy.

Reimbursement may impact the demand for, and/or the price of, any product candidate which obtains marketing approval. Even if coverage and reimbursement is obtained for a given product candidate by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients who are prescribed medications for the treatment of their conditions, and their prescribing physicians, generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with those medications. Patients are unlikely to use a product, and physicians may be less likely to prescribe a product, unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover all or a significant portion of the cost of the product. Therefore, coverage and adequate reimbursement is critical to new drug product acceptance.

Additionally, we are developing a proprietary diagnostic test for use with certain of our product candidates. The diagnostic test will require separate regulatory approval in addition to the regulatory approval of AUTO4 and AUTO5. Failure to obtain marketing approval for the diagnostic test could prevent us from commercializing either AUTO4 or AUTO5 unless another similar diagnostic test for distinguishing TRBC1-positive and TRBC2-positive T cell lymphomas is commercially available.

Different pricing and reimbursement schemes exist in other countries. In the EU, governments influence the price of pharmaceutical products through their pricing and reimbursement rules and control of national healthcare systems that fund a large part of the cost of those products to consumers. Some jurisdictions operate positive and negative list systems under which products may only be marketed once a reimbursement price has been agreed. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of additional clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines, but monitor and control company profits. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert a commercial pressure on pricing within a country.

The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription drugs and biologics, has become very intense. Governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. The marketability of any product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale may suffer if the government and third-party payors fail to provide coverage and adequate reimbursement. In addition, emphasis on managed care in the United States has increased and we expect will continue to increase the pressure on healthcare pricing. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

Healthcare Laws Governing Interactions with Healthcare Providers

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state and federal laws restrict our business activities, including certain marketing practices. These laws include, without limitation, anti-kickback laws, false claims laws, data privacy and security laws, as well as transparency laws regarding payments or other items of value provided to healthcare providers.

The U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item, good, facility or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term ‘‘remuneration’’ has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other hand. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration that are alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all its facts and circumstances. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been violated. Additionally, the intent standard under the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute was amended by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, collectively the Affordable Care Act, or ACA, to a stricter standard such that a person or entity no longer

needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the ACA codified case law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the U.S. federal False Claims Act.

Federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalties laws, including the U.S. federal False Claims Act, , which can be enforced through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, prohibit any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to have a false claim paid. Pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for, among other things, allegedly inflating drug prices they report to pricing services, which in turn were used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. Further, pharmaceutical manufacturers can be held liable under the U.S. federal False Claims Act even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims.

The U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third- party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Like the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the ACA amended the intent standard for certain healthcare fraud under HIPAA such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their implementing regulations, impose certain requirements on “covered entities,” including certain healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, as well as their respective “business associates” that create, receive, maintain or transmit individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of a covered entity, and their covered subcontractors, relating to the privacy, security, transmission and breach of individually identifiable health information. Further, HITECH also created four new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in U.S. federal courts to enforce HIPAA and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.

Additionally, the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under the ACA, and its implementing regulations, require certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to annually report to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to certain payments or other transfers of value provided to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, the physicians and teaching hospitals as well as certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Beginning in 2022, applicable manufacturers also will be required to report information regarding payments and transfers of value provided to physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologist assistants, and certified nurse-midwives.

Additionally, similar healthcare laws and regulations in the European Union and other jurisdictions, including reporting requirements detailing interactions with and payments to healthcare providers and laws governing the privacy and security of certain protected information, such as GDPR, which imposes obligations and restrictions on the collection and use of personal data relating to individuals located in the European Union (including health data).

Finally, the majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the aforementioned federal laws, some of which are broader in scope and apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to clinicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures. Some states and local jurisdictions require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives. State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of their exceptions and safe harbors, it is possible that business activities can be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and

regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry.

Ensuring that business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations is costly and time consuming. If business operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other applicable governmental regulations a pharmaceutical manufacturer may be subject to penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from governmental funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting obligations and oversight if subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and curtailment or restructuring of operations, any of which could adversely affect a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s ability to operate its business and the results of its operations.

Healthcare Reform Efforts

A primary trend in the United States healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Over the last several years, there have been federal and state proposals and legislation enacted regarding the pricing of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products, limiting coverage and reimbursement for drugs and other medical products, and making changes to healthcare financing and the delivery of care in the United States. We do not expect this trend to dissipate with the advent of a new administration; but may take an initial back seat to its work on COVID 19 vaccination and prevention efforts.

During his 2020 campaign, President Biden stressed his desire to expand and strengthen the Affordable Care Act, in which he played a large role to help pass through Congress in 2010. Specifically, this includes lowering the age of Medicare eligibility to 60, expanding coverage to those who are caught in the gap between Medicaid eligibility and qualifying for ACA subsidies, and potentially creating a “public option” to cover those who have systemically been uninsured. We also expect the Biden administration will overturn several of the last minute regulations and waivers approved by the Trump administration including Medicaid work requirements. In fact, the administration on Day 1 issued a regulatory freeze to all federal agencies and requested agencies delay the effective date of new regulations until the new appointed agency head has reviewed those regulations.

We expect the Biden Administration may ramp up its efforts on drug pricing as it explores ways to pay for its various efforts to combat COVID 19, health equity, insurance coverage, and other priorities. One area we anticipate increased interest is direct Medicare price negotiation with drug manufacturers, however, it will remain challenging for Democrats to pass partisan legislation despite having control of the White House and Congress. The current 50-50 split in the Senate (with the Vice President breaking any tie votes) means that Democrats will need to either pursue legislation that will get some Republican votes or use the budget reconciliation mechanism to pass a more limited set of proposals with only 51 votes. We also anticipate the new administration will continue to use executive orders and Medicare demonstration authority to control drug costs. While the courts have essentially deemed the Trump administration’s Most Favored Nations model—which would have benchmarked Medicare payment rates on international reference prices for drugs—dead in the water, some of the proposals within the model may resurface under a new name. Other areas of reform like copay accumulators and Part D reform may also have impact on drug pricing.

Further, there remains heightened Congressional scrutiny in the United States of pharmaceutical pricing practices designed to, among other things, bring more transparency in product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. We expect both the Biden Administration’s first budget proposal and Congressional actors to begin hearings in earnest once relief measures for COVID 19 and other “first 100 day” issues like immigration, rejoining various International accords, and staffing at federal agencies, has taken place. US states are also not immune to such discussions. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly enacted legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. It is also possible that additional governmental action is taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In addition, other federal health reform measures have been proposed and adopted in the United States that could impact cell therapy. Most notably, the previous administration supported and promulgated a rule related to value based payment alternatives in the Medicaid program. Medicaid is a jointly run federal and state program that provides health benefits coverage for low-income residents and children. In exchange for broad coverage in Medicaid, drug manufacturers are required to sign a Medicare Drug Rebate agreement which requires them to offer Medicaid programs the “best price” available for a particular product. This “best price” takes into consideration any rebates or concessions manufacturers offer, with some exceptions. The final rule would exempt value-based or outcomes-based payment arrangements from the definition of “best price” which provides manufacturers more flexibility to work with

commercial payers and states on innovate payment mechanisms for high-cost cell and gene therapies. While Medicaid is not a significant driver of cell therapy sales it is a bellwether program and one we watch closely.

FCPA, the Bribery Act and Other Laws

The FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations. Activities that violate the FCPA, even if they occur wholly outside the United States, can result in criminal and civil fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, oversight, and debarment from government contracts.

Our operations are also subject to non-U.S. anti-corruption laws such as the Bribery Act. As with the FCPA, these laws generally prohibit us and our employees and intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper or prohibited payments, or anything else of value, to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. Under the Bribery Act, we may also be liable for failing to prevent a person associated with us from committing a bribery offense.

We are also subject to other laws and regulations governing our international operations, including regulations administered by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States and authorities in the European Union, including applicable export control regulations, economic sanctions and embargoes on certain countries and persons, anti-money laundering laws, import and customs requirements and currency exchange regulations, collectively referred to as trade control laws.

Failure to comply with the Bribery Act, the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws and trade control laws could subject us to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses.

Review and Approval of New Drug Products in the European Union

In the European Union, medicinal products, including advanced therapy medicinal products, or ATMPs, are subject to extensive pre- and post-market regulation by regulatory authorities at both the European Union and national levels. ATMPs comprise gene therapy products, somatic-cell therapy products and tissue engineered products, which are cells or tissues that have undergone substantial manipulation and that are administered to human beings in order to regenerate, repair or replace a human tissue. We anticipate that our T cell therapy products will be regulated as ATMPs in the European Union. There is legislation at a European Union level relating to the standards of quality and safety for the collection and testing of human blood and blood components for use in cell-based therapies, which could apply to our products. Additionally, there may be local legislation in various European Union Member States, which may be more restrictive than the European Union legislation, and we would need to comply with such legislation to the extent it applies.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials of medicinal products in the European Union must be conducted in accordance with European Union and national regulations and the International Conference on Harmonization, or ICH, guidelines on Good Clinical Practices, or GCP. Additional GCP guidelines from the European Commission, focusing in particular on traceability, apply to clinical trials of ATMPs. The sponsor must take out a clinical trial insurance policy, and in most European Union countries, the sponsor is liable to provide “no fault” compensation to any study subject injured in the clinical trial.

Prior to commencing a clinical trial, the sponsor must obtain a clinical trial authorization from the competent authority, and a positive opinion from an independent ethics committee. The application for a clinical trial authorization must include, among other things, a copy of the trial protocol and an investigational medicinal product dossier containing information about the manufacture and quality of the medicinal product under investigation. Currently, clinical trial authorization applications must be submitted to the competent authority in each EU Member State in which the trial will be conducted. Under the new Regulation on Clinical Trials, which is expected to take effect in December 2021, there will be a centralized application procedure where one national authority takes the lead in reviewing the application and the other national authorities have only a limited involvement. Any substantial changes to the trial protocol or other information submitted with the clinical trial applications must be notified to or approved by the relevant competent authorities and ethics committees. Medicines used in clinical trials must be manufactured in accordance with cGMP. Other national and European Union-wide regulatory requirements also apply.

During the development of a medicinal product, the EMA and national medicines regulators within the European Union provide the opportunity for dialogue and guidance on the development program. At the EMA level, this is usually done in the form of scientific advice, which is given by the Scientific Advice Working Party of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP. A fee is incurred with each scientific advice procedure. Advice from the EMA is typically provided based on questions concerning, for example, quality (chemistry, manufacturing and controls testing), nonclinical testing and clinical studies, and pharmacovigilance plans and risk-management programs. In accordance with the EMA’s policy, scientific advice will not be legally binding with regard to any future marketing authorization application of the product concerned.

Marketing Authorizations

In order to market a new medicinal product in the European Union, a company must submit and obtain approval from regulators of a marketing authorization application, or MAA. The process for doing this depends, among other things, on the nature of the medicinal product.

The centralized procedure results in a single marketing authorization, or MA, granted by the European Commission that is valid across the EEA (i.e., the European Union as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). The centralized procedure is compulsory for human drugs that are: (i) derived from biotechnology processes, such as genetic engineering, (ii) contain a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases, (iii) officially designated orphan medicines and (iv) advanced-therapy medicines, such as gene therapy, somatic cell therapy or tissue-engineered medicines. The centralized procedure may at the request of the applicant also be used in certain other cases. Therefore, the centralized procedure would be mandatory for the products we are developing.

The Committee for Advanced Therapies, or CAT, is responsible in conjunction with the CHMP for the evaluation of ATMPs. The CAT is primarily responsible for the scientific evaluation of ATMPs and prepares a draft opinion on the quality, safety and efficacy of each ATMP for which a marketing authorization application is submitted. The CAT’s opinion is then taken into account by the CHMP when giving its final recommendation regarding the authorization of a product in view of the balance of benefits and risks identified. Although the CAT’s draft opinion is submitted to the CHMP for final approval, the CHMP may depart from the draft opinion, if it provides detailed scientific justification. The CHMP and CAT are also responsible for providing guidelines on ATMPs and have published numerous guidelines, including specific guidelines on gene therapies and cell therapies. These guidelines provide additional guidance on the factors that the EMA will consider in relation to the development and evaluation of ATMPs and include, among other things, the preclinical studies required to characterize ATMPs; the manufacturing and control information that should be submitted in a marketing authorization application; and post-approval measures required to monitor patients and evaluate the long term efficacy and potential adverse reactions of ATMPs. Although these guidelines are not legally binding, we believe that our compliance with them is likely necessary to gain and maintain approval for any of our product candidates.

Under the centralized procedure in the European Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA by the EMA is 210 days. This excludes so-called clock stops, during which additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the CHMP. At the end of the review period, the CHMP provides an opinion to the European Commission. If this is opinion favorable, the Commission may then adopt a decision to grant an MA. In exceptional cases, the CHMP might perform an accelerated review of an MAA in no more than 150 days. This is usually when the product is of major interest from the point of view of public health and, in particular, from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation.

The European Commission may grant a so-called “marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances”. Such authorization is intended for products for which the applicant can demonstrate that it is unable to provide comprehensive data on the efficacy and safety under normal conditions of use, because the indications for which the product in question is intended are encountered so rarely that the applicant cannot reasonably be expected to provide comprehensive evidence, or in the present state of scientific knowledge, comprehensive information cannot be provided, or it would be contrary to generally accepted principles of medical ethics to collect such information. Consequently, marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances may be granted subject to certain specific obligations, which may include the following:

•the applicant must complete an identified program of studies within a time period specified by the competent authority, the results of which form the basis of a reassessment of the benefit/risk profile;

•the medicinal product in question may be supplied on medical prescription only and may in certain cases be administered only under strict medical supervision, possibly in a hospital and in the case of a radiopharmaceutical, by an authorized person; and

•the package leaflet and any medical information must draw the attention of the medical practitioner to the fact that the particulars available concerning the medicinal product in question are as yet inadequate in certain specified respects.

A marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances is subject to annual review to reassess the risk-benefit balance in an annual reassessment procedure. Continuation of the authorization is linked to the annual reassessment and a negative assessment could potentially result in the marketing authorization being suspended or revoked. The renewal of a marketing authorization of a medicinal product under exceptional circumstances, however, follows the same rules as a “normal” marketing authorization. Thus, a marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances is granted for an initial five years, after which the authorization will become valid indefinitely, unless the EMA decides that safety grounds merit one additional five-year renewal.

The European Commission may also grant a so-called “conditional marketing authorization” prior to obtaining the comprehensive clinical data required for an application for a full marketing authorization. Such conditional marketing authorizations may be granted for product candidates (including medicines designated as orphan medicinal products), if (i) the risk-benefit balance of the product candidate is positive, (ii) it is likely that the applicant will be in a position to provide the required comprehensive clinical trial data, (iii) the product fulfills an unmet medical need and (iv) the benefit to public health of the immediate availability on the market of the medicinal product concerned outweighs the risk inherent in the fact that additional data are still required. A conditional marketing authorization may contain specific obligations to be fulfilled by the marketing authorization holder, including obligations with respect to the completion of ongoing or new studies, and with respect to the collection of pharmacovigilance data. Conditional marketing authorizations are valid for one year, and may be renewed annually, if the risk-benefit balance remains positive, and after an assessment of the need for additional or modified conditions and/or specific obligations. The timelines for the centralized procedure described above also apply with respect to the review by the CHMP of applications for a conditional marketing authorization.

The European Union medicines rules expressly permit the EU Member States to adopt national legislation prohibiting or restricting the sale, supply or use of any medicinal product containing, consisting of or derived from a specific type of human or animal cell, such as embryonic stem cells. While the products we have in development do not make use of embryonic stem cells, it is possible that the national laws in certain EU Member States may prohibit or restrict us from commercializing our products, even if they have been granted an EU marketing authorization.

Data Exclusivity

Marketing authorization applications for generic medicinal products do not need to include the results of preclinical and clinical trials, but instead can refer to the data included in the marketing authorization of a reference product for which regulatory data exclusivity has expired. If a marketing authorization is granted for a medicinal product containing a new active substance, that product benefits from eight years of data exclusivity, during which generic marketing authorization applications referring to the data of that product may not be accepted by the regulatory authorities, and a further two years of market exclusivity, during which such generic products may not be placed on the market. The two-year period may be extended to three years if during the first eight years a new therapeutic indication with significant clinical benefit over existing therapies is approved.

There is a special regime for biosimilars, or biological medicinal products that are similar to a reference medicinal product but that do not meet the definition of a generic medicinal product, for example, because of differences in raw materials or manufacturing processes. For such products, the results of appropriate preclinical or clinical trials must be provided, and guidelines from the EMA detail the type of quantity of supplementary data to be provided for different types of biological product. There are no such guidelines for complex biological products, such as gene or cell therapy medicinal products, and so it is unlikely that biosimilars of those products will currently be approved in the European Union. However, guidance from the EMA states that they will be considered in the future in light of the scientific knowledge and regulatory experience gained at the time.

Pediatric Development

In the European Union, companies developing a new medicinal product must agree to a Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP, with the EMA and must conduct pediatric clinical trials in accordance with that PIP, unless a deferral or waiver applies, (e.g., because the relevant disease or condition occurs only in adults). The marketing authorization application for the product must include the results of pediatric clinical trials conducted in accordance with the PIP, unless a waiver applies, or a deferral has been granted, in which case the pediatric clinical trials must be completed at a later date. Products that are granted a marketing authorization on the basis of the pediatric clinical trials conducted in accordance with the PIP are eligible for a six month extension of the protection under a supplementary protection certificate (if any is in effect at the time of approval) or, in the case of orphan medicinal products, a two year extension of the orphan market exclusivity. This pediatric reward is subject to specific conditions and is not automatically available when data in compliance with the PIP are developed and submitted.

Post-Approval Controls

The holder of a marketing authorization must establish and maintain a pharmacovigilance system and appoint an individual qualified person for pharmacovigilance, or QPPV, who is responsible for oversight of that system. Key obligations include expedited reporting of suspected serious adverse reactions and submission of periodic safety update reports, or PSURs.

All new marketing authorization applications must include a risk management plan, or RMP, describing the risk management system that the company will put in place and documenting measures to prevent or minimize the risks associated with the product. The

regulatory authorities may also impose specific obligations as a condition of the marketing authorization. Such risk-minimization measures or post-authorization obligations may include additional safety monitoring, more frequent submission of PSURs, or the conduct of additional clinical trials or post-authorization safety studies. RMPs and PSURs are routinely available to third parties requesting access, subject to limited redactions. All advertising and promotional activities for the product must be consistent with the approved summary of product characteristics, and therefore all off-label promotion is prohibited. Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines is also prohibited in the European Union. Although general requirements for advertising and promotion of medicinal products are established under EU directives, the details are governed by regulations in each EU Member State and can differ from one country to another.

Pricing and Reimbursement in the European Union

Governments influence the price of medicinal products in the European Union through their pricing and reimbursement rules and control of national healthcare systems that fund a large part of the cost of those products to consumers. Some jurisdictions operate positive and negative list systems under which products may only be marketed once a reimbursement price has been agreed. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. Other EU Member States allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription medicines, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products.

Brexit and the Regulatory Framework in the United Kingdom

On June 23, 2016, the electorate in the United Kingdom voted in favor of leaving the European Union (commonly referred to as ‘‘Brexit’’) and the United Kingdom officially withdrew from the European Union on January 31, 2020. Pursuant to the formal withdrawal arrangements agreed between the United Kingdom and the European Union, the United Kingdom was subject to a transition period until December 31, 2020, or the Transition Period, during which European Union rules continued to apply. A trade and cooperation agreement, or the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, that outlines the future trading relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union was agreed in December 2020.

Brexit may influence the attractiveness of the United Kingdom as a place to conduct clinical trials. The European Union’s regulatory environment for clinical trials is being harmonized as part of the Clinical Trial Regulations, which are due to enter into full effect at the end of 2021, but it is currently unclear as to what extent the United Kingdom will seek to align its regulations with the European Union. Failure of the United Kingdom to closely align its regulations with the EU may have an effect on the cost of conducting clinical trials in the United Kingdom as opposed to other countries and/or make it harder to seek a marketing authorization for our product candidates on the basis of clinical trials conducted in the United Kingdom.

In the short term there will be few changes to clinical trials that only have sites in the United Kingdom. The MHRA have confirmed that the sponsor of a clinical trial can be based in the EEA for an initial period following Brexit. Further investigational medicinal products can be supplied directly from the EU/EEA to a trial site in Great Britain without further oversight until 1 January 2022, and to Northern Ireland beyond such date. The United Kingdom is now a “third country” for the purpose of clinical trials that have sites in the EEA. For such trials the sponsor/legal representative must be based in the EEA, and the trial must be registered on the EU Clinical Trials Register (including data on sites outside of the EEA).

The data exclusivity periods in the United Kingdom are currently in line with those in the European Union, but the Trade and Cooperation Agreement provides that the periods for both data and market exclusivity are to be determined by domestic law, and so there could be divergence in the future. It is currently unclear whether the MHRA in the United Kingdom is sufficiently prepared to handle the increased volume of marketing authorization applications that it is likely to receive.

Orphan designation in Great Britain following Brexit is based on the prevalence of the condition in Great Britain as opposed to the current position where prevalence in the European Union is the determinant. It is therefore possible that conditions that are currently designated as orphan conditions in Great Britain will no longer be and that conditions that are not currently designated as orphan conditions in the European Union will be designated as such in Great Britain.

Business Update: COVID-19 Response, Program Prioritization and Corporate Adjustments

With the global spread of the ongoing coronavirus 2019, or COVID-19, pandemic, we established a cross-functional task force and have implemented business continuity plans designed to address and mitigate its impact on our employees and business. While we have not experienced any significant financial impact to date, the overall disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on global healthcare systems, and the other risks and uncertainties associated with the pandemic, could cause our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects to be materially adversely affected.

In March 2020, our global workforce transitioned to working remotely with the exception of clinical trial related activities that required laboratory-based activity or manufacturing. We implemented protocols and procedures to ensure the safety of our employees working on site, including requirement to wear personal protective equipment, temperature checks at entry and offered COVID-19 testing for any employee with symptoms or at suspected risk of exposure to virus. In June 2020, we began the implementation of our workplace re-entry plan, based on a phased approach that is principles-based and local in design, with a focus on continuity of patient treatment and working to bring its workforce back on-site safely. We have also implemented policies to control and limit office and lab access in line with social distancing guidelines and for contact tracing if needed.

We continue to track COVID-19 developments in Europe and the United States closely for their potential impact on our clinical trial sites, logistics and supply chain to ensure we can continue to maintain clinical trial conduct and data integrity. As the patients in our clinical trials are severely immune suppressed as a consequence of their underlying disease and the treatment they receive in the trials, we are also monitoring other transmissible infectious diseases, including influenza.

In January 2021, we announced the prioritization of the AUTO1 program and our intention to seek a partner for the AUTO3 program before progressing AUTO3 into its next phase of development. We also announced an adjustment of our workforce and infrastructure footprint during the first quarter of 2021, which will involve an overall reduction in headcount of approximately 20%.

C. Organizational structure.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure:

https://cdn.kscope.io/e0307e37adb934324983a493a96613e5-autl-20201231_g3.jpg

In December 2020, Autolus Limited transferred, by way of an interim distribution in kind to its immediate parent, Autolus Holdings (UK) Limited, the entire issued share capital of its wholly owned subsidiary, Autolus Inc., our U.S. subsidiary which was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in October 2017. In anticipation of Brexit, Autolus Limited transferred all of its German assets to Autolus GmbH in December 2020.

D. Property, plant and equipment.

Our corporate headquarters are located at 58 Wood Lane, White City, London W12 7RZ, United Kingdom, where we lease approximately 14,908 square feet of office space. The lease is non-cancellable and is scheduled to terminate in September 2025. We have a one-time right, upon six months' notice, to terminate the lease effective in September 2020. In addition, from September 2020 onward, the landlord has the option to terminate the lease on 12 months' notice. The landlord exercised its option to give notice in September 2020 to terminate the Forest House lease and pay the Company a break-lease payment fee in September 2021.

We also sublease a manufacturing suite, consisting of approximately 8,750 square feet of manufacturing space, at the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult manufacturing center in Stevenage, United Kingdom. The lease is non-cancellable and is scheduled to terminate in September 2023, with the option to renew or terminate the lease in May 2021.

In September 2018, we entered into a binding arrangement for a lease for a manufacturing facility, consisting of approximately 39,558 square feet, in Enfield, United Kingdom. The lease term is 15 years, commenced in February 2019, with an

option to terminate the lease in February 2029. We initially planned on initiating manufacturing activities at this facility in 2020; however, following a strategic review of our manufacturing plan, we chose to discontinue the fit-out of manufacturing capability at the Enfield facility in December 2019.

In October 2018, we entered into a sublease for 27,502 square feet of office space in Rockville, Maryland. On February 27, 2020, we terminated the sublease of this office space and concurrently entered into a direct lease with the building owner for the same premises. The lease is non-cancellable and is scheduled to terminate in March 2025.

In November 2018, we entered into a lease for approximately 32,673 square feet of office space in White City Place, London, due to our increased headcount. This new space will serve as our new corporate headquarters; we took occupancy in January 2019. The lease term expires in 2026.

In January 2019 we entered into a lease for 84,264 square feet of office and manufacturing space in Rockville, Maryland, under which the lease term commenced in August 2020 and expires in June 2036.The lease agreement required us to enter into a lease provided that the landlord completed the required leasehold improvements described in the agreement; the improvements were completed in August 2020.

In May 2020, we executed an arrangement with Catapult Limited to lease a manufacturing suite at the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult manufacturing center in Stevenage, United Kingdom for a term through April 2024.

We anticipate leasing additional office and manufacturing space as we add employees, and we believe that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate any such expansion of our operations.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those set forth in the Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by these forward-looking statements. Please also see the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

We maintain our books and records in pounds sterling, our results are subsequently converted to U.S. dollars and we prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All references in this Annual Report to “$” are to U.S. dollars and all references to “£” are to pounds sterling. Our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 have been translated from pounds sterling into U.S. dollars at the rate of £1.00 to $1.3663 and £1.00 to $1.3268. Our consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018 have been translated from pounds sterling to U.S. dollars at the rate of £1.00 to $1.2862, £1.00 to $1.2738, £1.00 to $1.2870, and £1.00 to $1.3459. These translations should not be considered representations that any such amounts have been, could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars at that or any other exchange rate as of that or any other date.

We have historically conducted our business through Autolus Limited, and therefore our historical consolidated financial statements previously presented the consolidated results of operations of Autolus Limited. Following the completion of our IPO in June 2018, our consolidated financial statements present the consolidated results of operations of Autolus Therapeutics plc.

We have adopted the amendments to Item 5.A, effective as of February 10, 2021 for the year ended December 31, 2020.

A. Operating results.

Overview

Since our inception in July 2014, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital and establishing our intellectual property portfolio. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We have funded our operations to date primarily with sales of our equity securities, including American Depositary Shares, or ADSs. As of December 31, 2020, we had received net proceeds of $516.1 million from sales of our equity securities. In September 2020, we entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM, or the Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, where we may offer and sell ADSs having an aggregate offering price of up to $100 million from time to time through Jefferies, acting as sales agent. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have sold an aggregate of 1.7 million of our ADSs resulting in net proceeds of $15.3 million. Further, in February 2021, we closed an underwritten public offering of 16,428,572 ADSs, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional 2,142,857 ADSs, at a public offering price of $7.00 per ADS. We received net proceeds of $108.1 million after underwriting discounts. We do not expect to generate significant revenue unless and until we obtain marketing approval for and commercialize one of our product candidates.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018, we incurred net losses of $142.1 million, $123.8 million, $20.6 million, and $44.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $379.2 million.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses for the foreseeable future as we advance our product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, seek regulatory approval and pursue commercialization of any approved product candidates. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. In addition, we may incur expenses in connection with the in-license or acquisition of additional product candidates. Furthermore, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur, additional costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, accounting, investor relations and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company.

As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as, and when, needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our drug candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions.

Based on our current clinical development plans, we believe our existing cash of $153.3 million at December 31, 2020, along with the additional net proceeds of $123.4 million from sale of our ADSs under our at-the market facility program in January 2021 and our follow-on capital raise in February 2021 will be able to fund our current and planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least the next 12 months from the date of this Annual Report. The forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and the actual amount of our expenses could vary materially and adversely as a result of a number of factors. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our expenses could prove to be significantly higher than we currently anticipate. Management does not know whether additional financing will be on terms favorable or acceptable to us when needed, if at all. If adequate additional funds are not available when required, or if we are unsuccessful in entering into partnership agreements for further development of our product candidates, management may need to curtail its development efforts and planned operations.

We announced an adjustment of our workforce and infrastructure footprint during the first quarter of 2021, which will involve an overall reduction in headcount of approximately 20%. We expect to realize cash savings, on an annualized basis, of approximately $15 million per annum once the operational changes are fully implemented. In the short-term, we expect there to be an increase in the first half of 2021 to both research and development expenses and selling, general, and administrative expenses due to restructuring charges of approximately $2.5 million, combined.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Grant Income

Grant income consists of proceeds from government research grants used to perform specific research and development activities. We recognize grant income over the period in which we recognize the related costs covered under the terms and conditions

of the grant. We have received grants from the U.K. government, which are repayable under certain circumstances, including breach or noncompliance with the terms of the grant. For grants with refund provisions, we review the grant to determine the likelihood of repayment. If the likelihood of repayment of the grant is determined to be remote, then the grant is recognized as grant income.

License Revenue

We account for our revenue pursuant to the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC Topic 606.

We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales to date. The total revenue to date has been generated from a license agreement with an investee company of Syncona, our principal shareholder. The terms of the agreement includes a non-refundable license fee, payments based upon achievement of clinical development and regulatory objectives, and royalties on product sales.

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as we fulfill our obligations under our agreements, we perform the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the we satisfy each performance obligation.

License Fees and Multiple Element Arrangements

If a license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license at such time as the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use, and benefit from, the license. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligations to determine whether the combined performance obligations are satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees. We evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Appropriate methods of measuring progress include output methods and input methods. In determining the appropriate method for measuring progress, we consider the nature of service that we promise to transfer to the customer. When we decide on a method of measurement, we will apply that single method of measuring progress for each performance obligation satisfied over time and will apply that method consistently to similar performance obligations and in similar circumstances.

Contingent Research Milestone Payments

ASC Topic 606 constrains the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price in that either all, or a portion, of an amount of variable consideration should be included in the transaction price. The variable consideration amount should be included only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The assessment of whether variable consideration should be constrained is largely a qualitative one that has two elements: the likelihood of a change in estimate, and the magnitude thereof. Variable consideration is not constrained if the potential reversal of cumulative revenue recognized is not significant, for example.

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, we will estimate the amount of consideration in exchange for transfer of promised goods or services. The consideration also can vary if our entitlement to the consideration is contingent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event. We consider contingent research milestone payments to fall under the scope of variable consideration, which should be estimated for revenue recognition purposes at the inception of the contract and reassessed ongoing at the end of each reporting period.

We assess whether contingent research milestones should be considered variable consideration that should be constrained and thus not part of the transaction price. This includes an assessment of the probability that all or some of the milestone revenue could be reversed when the uncertainty around whether or not the achievement of each milestone is resolved, and the amount of reversal could be significant.

GAAP provides factors to consider when assessing whether variable consideration should be constrained. All of the factors should be considered, and no factor is determinate. We consider all relevant factors.

Royalty Revenue

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in connection with the research and development of our product candidates, which are partially offset by research and development expenditure tax credits provided by Her Majesty’s Revenue & Customs, or HMRC. We expense research and development costs as incurred. These expenses include:

•expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, or CROs, as well as investigative sites and consultants that conduct our clinical trials, preclinical studies and other scientific development services;

•manufacturing scale-up expenses and the cost of acquiring and manufacturing preclinical and clinical trial materials;

•employee-related expenses, including salaries, related benefits, travel and share-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development functions;

•expenses incurred for outsourced professional scientific development services;

•costs for laboratory materials and supplies used to support our research activities;

•allocated facilities costs, depreciation and other expenses, which include rent and utilities; and

•upfront, milestone and management fees for maintaining licenses under our third-party licensing agreements.

We recognize external development costs based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our service providers.

Our direct research and development expenses are tracked on a program-by-program basis for our product candidates and consist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to outside consultants and CROs in connection with our preclinical development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. Our direct research and development expenses by program also include fees incurred under license agreements. We do not allocate employee costs or facility expenses, including depreciation or other indirect costs, to specific programs because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We use internal resources primarily to oversee research and development as well as for managing our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses incurred by program:


	Year Ended December 31,						2020-2019		2019-2018
					(unaudited)
	2020		2019		2018		Change		Change
	(in thousands)
Direct research and development expenses
B cell malignancies (AUTO1 & AUTO3)	$	29,335	$	15,346	$	5,436	$	13,989	$	9,910
Other projects (AUTO 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8)	3,366		4,368		3,998		(1,002)		370
Total direct research and development expense	32,701		19,714		9,434		12,987		10,280

Research and discovery expense and unallocated costs:
Personnel related (including share-based compensation)	58,171		54,187		21,453		3,984		32,734
Indirect research and development expense	44,016		31,517		17,412		12,499		14,105
Total research and development expenses	$	134,888	$	105,418	$	48,299	$	29,470	$	57,119

Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially over the next few years as we increase personnel costs, initiate and conduct additional clinical trials and prepare regulatory filings related to our product candidates. We also expect to incur additional expenses related to milestone, royalty payments and maintenance fees payable to third parties with whom we have entered into license agreements to acquire the rights related to our product candidates.

The successful development and commercialization of our product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the clinical development of any of our product candidates or when, if ever, material net cash inflows may commence from sales of any of our product candidates. This uncertainty is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with development and commercialization activities, including the uncertainty of:

•the scope, progress, outcome and costs of our clinical trials and other research and development activities, including establishing an appropriate safety profile with IND-directed studies;

•successful patient enrollment in, and the initiation and completion of, clinical trials;

•the timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•establishing commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers;

•development and timely delivery of commercial-grade drug formulations that can be used in our clinical trials and for commercial manufacturing;

•obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

•significant and changing government regulation;

•launching commercial sales of our product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

•maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of the product candidates following approval; and

•significant competition and rapidly changing technologies within the biopharmaceutical industry.

We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. We may obtain unexpected results from our clinical trials. We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify clinical trials of some product candidates or focus on others. Any changes in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates in clinical development could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of these product candidates. For example, if the EMA, the FDA, or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate. Commercialization of our product candidates will take several years and millions of dollars in development costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, related benefits, travel and share-based compensation expense for personnel in executive, finance, legal and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include allocated facility-related costs, patent filing and prosecution costs and professional fees for marketing, insurance, legal, consulting, accounting and audit services.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support the planned development of our product candidates. Additionally, if we believe a regulatory approval of one of our product candidates appears likely, we would anticipate an increase in payroll and expense as a result of our preparation for commercial operations, especially as it relates to the sales and marketing of our product candidate.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, increased expense with being a public company, including increased accounting, audit, legal, regulatory and compliance costs associated with maintaining compliance with Nasdaq listing rules and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance premiums, as well as higher investor and public relations costs.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash balances held at a commercial bank and foreign currency transaction gains. Other expense consists primarily of foreign currency transaction losses.

Income Tax Benefit

We are subject to corporate taxation in the United Kingdom and in the United States. Due to the nature of our business, we have generated losses since inception. Our income tax credit recognized represents the sum of the research and development tax credits recoverable in the United Kingdom and income tax payable in the United States.

As a company that carries out extensive research and development activities, we benefit from the U.K. research and development tax credit regime under the scheme for small or medium-sized enterprises, or SMEs, and also claim a Research and Development Expenditure Credit, or RDEC, to the extent that our projects are grant funded. Under the SME regime, we are able to surrender some of our trading losses that arise from our qualifying research and development activities for a cash rebate ranging from 21.67% to 33.35% of such qualifying research and development expenditure. The net tax benefit of the RDEC is expected to be 10.5% in 2021 and future periods. We meet the conditions of the SME regime, but also can make claims under the RDEC regime to the extent that our projects are grant funded. Qualifying expenditures largely comprise employment costs for research staff, consumables, outsourced CRO costs and utilities costs incurred as part of research projects. Certain subcontracted qualifying research and development expenditures are eligible for a cash rebate of up to 21.67%. A large portion of costs relating to our research and development, clinical trials and manufacturing activities are eligible for inclusion within these tax credit cash rebate claims.

We may not be able to continue to claim research and development tax credits under the SME regime in the future because we may no longer qualify as a small or medium-sized company. However, we should continue to be able to make claims under the RDEC regime.

Un-surrendered U.K. losses may be carried forward indefinitely to be offset against future taxable profits, subject to numerous utilization criteria and restrictions. The amount that can be offset each year is limited to £5.0 million plus an incremental 50% of U.K. taxable profits. After accounting for tax credits receivable, there were accumulated tax losses for carry forward in the United Kingdom of $211.7 million as of December 31, 2020. We currently do not recognize a deferred tax asset from our accumulated losses and record a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset as the recoverability due to future taxable profits is unknown.

In the event we generate revenues in the future, we may benefit from the U.K. “patent box” regime that allows profits attributable to revenues from patents or patented products to be taxed at effective rate of 10%.

Value Added Tax, or VAT, is broadly charged on all taxable supplies of goods and services by VAT-registered businesses. Under current rates, an amount of 20% of the value, as determined for VAT purposes, of the goods or services supplied is added to all sales invoices and is payable to HMRC. Similarly, VAT paid on purchase invoices is generally reclaimable from HMRC.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.


	Year Ended December 31,

	2020		2019		Change
Grant income	$	1,473	$	2,908	$	(1,435)
License revenue	242		—		242
Operating expenses:
Research and development	(134,888)		(105,418)		(29,470)
General and administrative	(34,972)		(39,452)		4,480
Loss on impairment of leasehold improvements	—		(4,102)		4,102
Total operating expenses, net	(168,145)		(146,064)		(22,081)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	536		2,542		(2,006)
Other income (expense)	1,352		4,514		(3,162)
Total other income, net	1,888		7,056		(5,168)
Net loss before income tax	(166,257)		(139,008)		(27,249)
Income tax benefit	24,163		15,159		9,004
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	$	(142,094)	$	(123,849)	$	(18,245)

Grant Income

Grant income decreased to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in grant income of $1.4 million was related to a one-time grant completed in the year ended December 31, 2019 submitted to the U.K. government as part of the reimbursement terms of government research grants used to perform specific research and development activities.

License Revenue

The $0.2 million of license revenue relates to the grant of a license to an investee company of Syncona, our principal shareholder, in the year ended December 31, 2020.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased to $134.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $105.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Cash costs, which exclude depreciation and amortization as well as share-based compensation, increased to $116.9 million from $83.4 million. The increase in research and development cash costs of $33.5 million consisted primarily of (i) an increase of $8.8 million in compensation and employment related costs, net of lower travel costs, due to an increase in employee headcount to support the advancement of our product candidates in clinical development, (ii) an increase of $14.4 million in project expenses as a consequence of the advancement of our clinical portfolio which includes research and process development and manufacturing activities necessary to prepare, activate, and monitor clinical trial programs, (iii) an increase of $6.0 million in facilities costs related to the commencement of a lease for an additional manufacturing suite and the continued scaling of manufacturing operations, (iv) an increase of $4.0 million in IT infrastructure and support for information systems related to the conduct of clinical trials and manufacturing operations, (v) an increase of $0.5 million related to legal fees, and (vi) an increase of $1.7 million related to cell logistics, which is offset by a reduction in materials purchases of $0.7 million and license fees of $1.1 million.

Non-cash costs decreased to $18.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $22.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $3.9 million decrease is related to a decrease of $4.8 million share-based compensation expense as a result of a lower fair value of options recognized in the period, offset by a $0.9 million increase in depreciation.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased to $35.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $39.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Cash costs, which exclude depreciation as well as share-based compensation increased to $27.4 million from $26.6 million. There were increases of $1.3 million of costs related to D&O insurance and intellectual property costs and $0.1 million of facilities cost, offset by decreases of $0.5 million of compensation and other employment related costs and $0.1 million in general office expense.

Non-cash costs decreased to $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of $5.3 million is mainly attributed to lower share-based compensation expenses as a result of the lower fair value of stock options recognized during the period.

Loss on Impairment of Leasehold Improvements

There was no loss on impairment of leasehold improvements for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 which related to the discontinuation of the fit-out of our manufacturing capacity at the Enfield, U.K. facility.

Interest Income

Interest income decreased to $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease is due to the lower cash balances held during the year combined with lower interest rates for cash held on deposit.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income decreased to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due to a weakening of the U.S. dollar exchange rate relative to the pound sterling. The decrease of $4.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 was offset by lease termination gains of $1.5 million.

Income Tax Benefits

Income tax benefit increased to $24.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $15.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 due to additional U.K. research and development tax credits receivable from HMRC. Research and development credits are obtained at a maximum rate of 33.35% of our qualifying research and development expenses, and the increase in the net credit was primarily attributable to an increase in our eligible research and development expenses.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The unaudited information for the year ended December 31, 2018 has been calculated by adding (i) our results for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, derived from our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2018 included in our Annual Report on Form 20-F with the SEC on November 23, 2018 and (ii) our results for the three month transition period ended December 31, 2018, derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in our Transition Report on Form 20-F with the SEC on February 25, 2019.


	Year Ended December 31,
			(unaudited)
	2019		2018		Change
Grant income	$	2,908	$	1,472	$	1,436
Operating expenses:
Research and development	(105,418)		(48,299)		(57,119)
General and administrative	(39,452)		(27,299)		(12,153)
Loss on impairment of leasehold improvements	(4,102)		—		(4,102)
Total operating expenses, net	(146,064)		(74,126)		(71,938)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	2,542		2,011		531
Other income (expense)	4,514		5,752		(1,238)
Total other income, net	7,056		7,763		(707)
Net loss before income tax	(139,008)		(66,363)		(72,645)
Income tax benefit	15,159		8,488		6,671
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	$	(123,849)	$	(57,875)	$	(65,974)

Grant Income

Grant income increased to $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in grant income of $1.4 million was related to an increase in reimbursable expenditures submitted in 2019 to the UK government.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased to $105.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $48.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Cash costs, which exclude depreciation as well as share-based compensation, increased to $83.4 million from $41.5 million. The increase in research and development cash costs of $41.9 million consisted primarily of an increase in compensation-related costs of $20.0 million primarily due to an increase in headcount to support the advancement of our product candidates in clinical development and investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment, an increase of $4.1 million in research and manufacturing consumables, in part due to the migration and expansion of our research and process development laboratories from Forest House to our new location in the Media Works facility, preparations in advance of any potential disruption to supply arrangements that may occur due to Brexit, as well as validation and training costs as part of the start-up at the Catapult facility, an increase of $10.2 million in facility costs primarily related to the increased leased facilities, an increase of $3.8 million in project expenses related to the activities necessary to prepare, activate, and monitor clinical trial programs, an increase of $1.5 million in legal and professional fees that includes a decrease in milestone payments of $0.5 million consisting of a milestone payment payable to UCL Business plc in 2018 and a milestone payment payable to Noile-Immune Biotech Inc. in 2019, and an increase in IT and general office expenses of $2.3 million.

Non-cash costs increased to $22.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The $15.3 million increase is related to an increase of $12.7 million share-based compensation expense as a result of an increase in headcount, and consequent increase in the number of options granted, and an increase in the fair value of stock for options expensed during the year ended December 31, 2019, and an increase of $2.6 million of depreciation related to the purchase of equipment to support our clinical trials and research activities and leasehold improvements.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased to $39.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $27.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Cash costs, which exclude depreciation as well as share-based compensation increased to $26.6 million from $21.4 million. The increase of $5.2 million consisted primarily of an increase in compensation-related costs of $2.6 million due to an overall increase in headcount, an increase of $1.9 million in commercial costs, an increase in legal and professional fees of $1.0 million, and an increase of $0.7 million in facility costs related to lease and maintenance costs, offset in part by a decrease of $1.0 million in IT charges, project expenses, and other office expenses.

Non-cash costs increased to $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase is primarily due to an increase of $7.3 million share-based compensation expense as a result of an

increase in headcount, and consequent increase in the number of options granted, and an increase in the fair value of stock for options expensed during the period, an increase of $0.1 million of depreciation, offset in part by impairment expense of $0.4 million related to discontinued software that occurred in 2018.

Loss on Impairment of Leasehold Improvements

Loss on impairment of leasehold improvements of $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 related to the impairment of leasehold improvements as we discontinued the fit-out of our manufacturing capacity at the Enfield, U.K. facility. No such loss of leasehold improvements occurred in 2018.

Interest Income

Interest income increased to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to a higher cash balance related to our capital raise activity in 2018 and 2019.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income decreased to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to foreign currency gains related to the U.S dollar strength relative to the British pound during 2019 as compared to 2018.

Income Tax Benefits

Income tax benefits increased to $15.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 due to additional U.K. research and development tax credits receivable from HMRC. Research and development credits are obtained at a maximum rate of 33.35% of our qualifying research and development expenses, and the increase in the net credit was primarily attributable to an increase in our eligible research and development expenses.

B. Liquidity and capital resources.

Since our inception, we have not generated any product revenue and have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we advance our product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, seek regulatory approval and pursue commercialization of any approved product candidates. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative costs will increase in connection with our planned research activities. As a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales.

We do not currently have any approved products and have never generated any revenue from product sales. We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from government grants and sales of our preferred and ordinary shares. Through December 31, 2020, we have received aggregate net cash proceeds of $516.1 million from sales of our equity securities. As of December 31, 2020, we had cash of $153.3 million. We raised additional net proceeds of $123.4 million from the sale of ADSs under our at-the-market facility in January 2021 and our follow-on capital raise in February 2021.

We currently have no ongoing material financing commitments, such as lines of credit or guarantees, that are expected to affect our liquidity over the next five years, other than our lease obligations and supplier purchase commitments described below. We also do not currently have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

ATM Facility

In September 2020, we entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM, or the Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, under which we may, at our option, offer and sell ADSs having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million from time to time through Jefferies, acting as sales agent. Any such sales, made through our sales agent can be made by any method that is deemed an “at-the-market offering” as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act, or in other transactions pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form F-3. We agreed to pay Jefferies a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any sales of ADSs sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not sell any ADSs under the Sales Agreement.

As of the date of this Annual Report, we have sold an aggregate of 1,718,506 ADSs under the Sales Agreement, for net proceeds of $15.3 million.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented:


	Year Ended December 31,
			(unaudited)
	2020	2019	2018
	(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$(117,758)	$(101,484)	$(42,525)
Net cash used in investing activities	(14,681)	(18,668)	(13,189)
Net cash provided by financing activities	74,415	108,863	156,487
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	679	5,164	(12,202)
Net (decrease) increase in cash	$(57,345)	$(6,125)	$88,571

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2020, operating activities used $117.8 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $142.1 million, offset by net cash used resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.4 million and by non-cash charges of $22.9 million. The non-cash charges primarily related to share based compensation of $20.1 million and depreciation of $5.7 million, offset by a gain on lease incentive of $1.3 million and a gain on lease termination of $0.2 million. Net cash used resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2020 consisted primarily of a $5.3 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, current and non-current and $0.5 million increase in long term deposits, offset in part by a $7.0 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, operating activities used $101.5 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $123.8 million, and net cash used resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $16.2 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $38.6 million, primarily related to share based compensation of $30.2 million and leasehold improvement impairment of $4.1 million. Net cash used resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2019 consisted primarily of a $21.0 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, current and non-current offset in part by a $3.5 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, operating activities used $42.5 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $57.9 million, offset in part by net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.7 million and non-cash charges of $11.7 million. Net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2018 consisted primarily of a $9.3 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, current and non-current and a $1.3 million increase in long-term deposits, partially offset by a $12.9 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities and a $1.3 million increase in accounts payable.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we used $14.7 million and $18.7 million, respectively, of cash in investing activities, which consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment.

During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we used $18.7 million and $13.2 million, respectively, of cash in investing activities, all of which consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, net cash provided by financing activities was $74.4 million and $108.9 million, respectively, consisting of net cash proceeds from our January 2020 and April 2019 follow-on capital raises.

During the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $108.9 million and $156.5 million, respectively, consisting of net cash proceeds from our April 2019 follow-on capital raise and June 2018 IPO.

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Cash Denomination

The following table reflects cash denominations in U.S. dollars and pound sterling as of:


	December 31,
	2020		2019
	(in thousands)
Total cash held	$	153,299	$	210,643

U.S. dollars	$	62,200	$	29,800
British sterling*	£	66,700	£	136,900
* British sterling amount disclosed include immaterial amounts of Swiss franc and Euro account balances.

Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance the preclinical activities and clinical trials of our product candidates. Our expenses will increase as we:

•seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete preclinical and clinical trials;

•establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure in anticipation of commercializing of any product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own or jointly;

•hire additional clinical, medical, and development personnel;

•expand our infrastructure and facilities to accommodate our growing employee base; and

•maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio.

Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, compensation and related expenses, clinical costs, external research and development services, laboratory and related supplies, legal and other regulatory expenses, and administrative and overhead costs. Our future funding requirements will be heavily determined by the resources needed to support development of our product candidates.

Based on our current clinical development plans, we believe our existing cash of $153.3 million at December 31, 2020, along with the net proceeds from sale of our ADSs in January and February 2021 of $123.4 million, will enable us to fund our current and planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect. If we receive regulatory approval for our other product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution, depending on where we choose to commercialize. We may also require additional capital to pursue in-licenses or acquisitions of other product candidates.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of many factors, including:

•the scope, progress, outcome and costs of our clinical trials and other research and development activities;

•the costs, timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•the costs of future activities, including product sales, medical affairs, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

•the revenue, if any, received from commercial sale of our products, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval;

•the costs and timing of hiring new employees to support our continued growth;

•the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; and

•the extent to which we in-license or acquire additional product candidates or technologies.

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Until such time, if ever, that we can generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity, your ownership interest will be diluted. If we raise additional funds through other third-party funding, collaborations agreements, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements or marketing and distribution arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market products or product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Lease, Purchase, and Other Obligations

We have operating lease obligations related to our property, plant and equipment. The details of these leases are disclosed in Item 4D. "Property, Plant and Equipment." within this annual report. The obligations related to the leases arrangements both short- and long-term is given in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, specifically, Note 11, "Commitment and Contingencies."

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs and other third parties for clinical trials and preclinical research studies and testing. These contracts are generally cancellable by us upon prior notice. Payments due upon cancellation consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including noncancellable obligations of our service providers, up to the date of cancellation.

We have contingent payment obligations that we may incur upon achievement of clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones, as applicable, or royalty payments that we may be required to make under our license agreements with UCLB and Noile-Immune Biotech; however, the amount, timing and likelihood of such payments are not known as of December 31, 2020.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our financial statements appearing at the end of this Annual Report, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Share-Based Compensation

We issue ordinary shares as well as options and other securities exercisable for or convertible into ordinary shares or ADSs, as incentives to our employees and directors, and employees and consultants of our subsidiaries. To the extent such incentives are in the form of share options, the options are granted pursuant to the terms of our 2017 Share Option Plan, or the 2017 Plan, or pursuant to the terms of our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2018 Plan. Options granted under the 2017 Plan and 2018 Plan, as well as shares granted as employee incentives, typically vest over a four-year service period with 25% of the award vesting on the first anniversary of the commencement date and the balance vesting monthly over the remaining three years, unless the awards contain specific performance vesting provisions. For equity awards issued that have both a performance vesting condition and a services condition, or performance awards, once the performance criteria is achieved, the performance awards are then subject to a four-year service vesting with 25% of the performance award vesting on the first anniversary of the performance condition being achieved, with the balance vesting monthly over the remaining three years. For certain members of senior management and directors, the board has approved an alternative vesting schedule for the equity awards. The options granted under the 2017 Plan and 2018 Plan generally expire ten years from the date of grant. We expect our share-based compensation expense for awards granted to employees, directors and other service providers to increase in future periods due to the planned increases in our headcount, particularly as we move toward commercialization of our product candidates.

We recognize compensation expense for equity awards based on the grant date fair value of the award. For equity awards that vest based on a service condition, the share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For equity awards that contain both performance and service conditions, we recognize share-based compensation expense ratably over the requisite service period when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable based on the

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relative satisfaction of the performance condition as of the reporting date. We use the fair value of our ordinary shares to determine the fair value of restricted share awards.

Share-based compensation is recognized as an expense in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value over the requisite service period. For awards granted to our employees and directors that vest based on service conditions, we use the accelerated method to allocate compensation expense to reporting periods. We do not adjust share-based compensation for estimated forfeitures and account for forfeitures when they occur.

We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of share options. This option-pricing model requires the input of various subjective assumptions, including the option’s expected life and the price volatility of the security.

The fair value of each share option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and applying assumptions used in connection with option grants made during the periods covered by these financial statements. Assumptions used in the option pricing model include the following:

Expected volatility. We lack company-specific historical and implied volatility information for our ADSs for expected terms greater than 2.5 years. Therefore, we use a combination of the historical volatility of our ADSs and also the expected share volatility based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies and expect to continue to do so until such time as we have adequate historical data regarding the volatility of our own traded security price.

Expected term. The expected term of options granted represents the weighted average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding giving consideration to vesting schedules and our historical exercise patterns. The expected term of our share options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options.

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods that are approximately equal to the expected term of the award.

Expected dividend. Expected dividend yield of zero is based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends on ordinary shares and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Fair value of ordinary shares. Options granted after our IPO are issued at the fair market value of our ADSs at the date the grant is approved by the Board.

Prior to the IPO, we calculated the fair value of our ordinary shares in accordance with the guidelines in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. The valuations of ordinary shares were prepared using a market approach, based on precedent transactions in the shares, to estimate our total equity value using the option-pricing method, or OPM, which used a combination of market approaches and an income approach to estimate our enterprise value.

The OPM derives an equity value such that the value indicated is consistent with the investment price, and it provides an allocation of this equity value to each class of our securities. The OPM treats the various classes of shares as call options on the total equity value of a company, with exercise prices based on the value thresholds at which the allocation among the various holders of a company’s securities changes. Under this method, each class of shares has value only if the funds available for distribution to shareholders exceed the value of the share liquidation preferences of the class or classes of shares with senior preferences at the time of the liquidity event. Key inputs and assumptions used in the OPM calculation include the following:

Expected volatility. We applied re-levered equity volatility based on the historical unlevered and re-levered equity volatility of publicly traded peer companies.

Expected dividend. Expected dividend yield of zero is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends on ordinary shares and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Expected term. The expected term of the option or the estimated time until a liquidation event.

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the period commensurate with the expected of the exit event.

When considering the fair value of options granted in the period prior to the IPO, management considered probability-weighted scenarios based on the relative likelihoods of completing the IPO and remaining a privately-held company. In the IPO scenarios, the fair value was calculated by dividing our total estimated equity value by the number of fully diluted ordinary shares outstanding, and then discounting the implied per-share value at a rate intended to approximate our cost of equity between the share option grant date and the expected IPO date. The stay-private scenario utilized an OPM "Backsolve" calculation to estimate our equity value implied by the purchase price of the series A preference shares in September 2017.

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Accrued Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate accruals for research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing and identifying services which have been performed by third parties on the Company’s behalf and determining the value of these services. In addition, the Company makes estimates of costs incurred to date but not yet invoiced, in relation to external Clinical Research Organizations and clinical site costs. The Company analyzes the progress of clinical trials, including levels of patient enrollment; invoices received and contracted costs, when evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities for research and development. The Company makes judgments and estimates in determining the accrued balance in any accounting period.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method which includes the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in our financial statements. Under this approach, deferred taxes are recorded for the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus deferred taxes. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial statements and tax bases of our assets and liabilities, and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. The effects of future changes in income tax laws or rates are not anticipated.

We are subject to corporation taxes in the United Kingdom and the United States. The calculation of our tax provision involves the application of U.K. tax law and requires judgment and estimates.

We evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets at each reporting date. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income of the same character and in the same jurisdiction. We consider all available positive and negative evidence in making this assessment, including, but not limited to, the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies. In circumstances where there is sufficient negative evidence indicating that our deferred tax assets are not more likely than not realizable, we establish a valuation allowance.

We use a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by assessing whether they are more likely than not sustainable, based solely on their technical merits, upon examination, and including resolution of any related appeals or litigation process. The second step is to measure the associated tax benefit of each position as the largest amount that we believe is more likely than not realizable. Differences between the amount of tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in our income tax returns and the amount of tax benefits recognized in our financial statements represent our unrecognized income tax benefits, which we either record as a liability or as a reduction of deferred tax assets.

Deferred Tax and Current Tax Credits

Tax on the profit or loss for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in the statement of operations, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in equity. Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income or loss for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Tax credits are accrued for the year based on calculations that conform to the U.K. research and development tax credit regime, under both the SME and large company regimes. We meet the conditions of the SME regime, but also can make claims under the RDEC regime to the extent that our projects are grant funded.

Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. The amount of deferred tax is based on the expected manner of realization or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date. A deferred tax asset is recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the asset can be utilized. No deferred tax assets are recognized on our losses carried forward and other attributes because there is currently no indication that we will make sufficient profits to utilize these attributes.

JOBS Act

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transition period afforded by the JOBS Act for implementation of new or revised accounting standards and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth public companies.

In addition, we intend to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, we are entitled to rely on certain exemptions as an “emerging growth company,” we are not required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b), (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions will apply for a period of five years following the completion of our IPO or until we no longer meet the requirements of being an emerging growth company, whichever is earlier.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

C.Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.

Full details of our research and development activities and expenditures are given in Item 4.B. "Information on the Company – Business Overview” and Item 5.A. "Operating Results” within this Annual Report.

D. Trend information.

See Item 5.A. "Operating Results” and Item 5.B. "Liquidity and Capital Resources” within this Annual Report.

E. Off-balance sheet arrangements.

We have elected to voluntarily comply with Item 5.E of the Instructions to Form 20-F, as effective February 10, 2021 and are omitting this disclosure in reliance thereon.

F. Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations.

We have elected to voluntarily comply with Item 5.F of the Instructions to Form 20-F, as effective February 10, 2021 and are omitting this disclosure in reliance thereon. These disclosures are now incorporated into Item 5.B. "Liquidity and Capital Resources” within this Annual Report.

G. Safe harbor.

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act and as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Annual Report.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

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A.Directors and senior management.

The following table sets forth information regarding members of our senior management and our directors, including their ages as of March 1, 2021.

NAME

AGE

POSITION(S)

Senior Management:

Christian Itin, Ph.D.

Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors

Andrew Oakley

Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Martin Pulé, MBBS

Senior Vice President, Founder, Chief Scientific Officer

Muhammad Al-Hajj, Ph.D.

Senior Vice President, Translational Sciences

Christopher Vann

Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer

Matthias Alder

Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer and Company Secretary

David Brochu

Senior Vice President, Chief Technical Officer

Non-Executive Directors:

Joseph Anderson, Ph.D.

Director

Jay Backstrom, M.D., MPH

Director

Linda Bain

Director

John Berriman

Director

Cynthia Butitta

Director

Kapil Dhingra, M.D.

Director

Martin Murphy, Ph.D.

Director

Senior Management

Christian Itin, Ph.D. has served as our Chief Executive Officer since March 2016 and as Chairman of our board of directors since October 2014. Prior to joining us, Dr. Itin served as chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors at Cytos Biotechnology Ltd, a biotechnology company, from November 2012 until it merged with Kuros Biosurgery Holding Ltd in January 2016. From January 2016 until June 2018, he served as chairman, and from June 2018 to May 2019 as non-executive director, of Kuros Biosciences Ltd. Prior to that, Dr. Itin served as president, chief executive officer and director of Micromet, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from 2006 until it was acquired by Amgen Inc. in 2012. From 1999 until 2006, he served in a number of capacities with Micromet, Inc.’s subsidiary, Micromet AG, including head of IP and licensing, vice president of business and corporate development, chief business officer and ultimately as its chief executive officer. Before joining Micromet, Dr. Itin was a co-founder of Zyomyx, a protein chip company. Dr. Itin also serves as a non-executive director of Kymab Ltd., a privately held biopharmaceutical company. Dr. Itin received a Diploma in Biology and a Ph.D. in Cell Biology from the University of Basel, Switzerland. In addition, he also performed post-doctoral research at the Biocenter of University of Basel and at the Stanford University School of Medicine. We believe that Dr. Itin is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his deep knowledge of our company and his extensive experience serving in executive and non-executive leadership positions at other public and private biotechnology companies.

Andrew Oakley has served as our Chief Financial Officer since June 2018. Prior to joining Autolus, Mr. Oakley served as the chief financial officer for Sosei Group from February 2017 until June 2018 and as its executive vice president from August 2017 to June 2018. From January 2015 until June 2016, Mr. Oakley served as chief financial officer, company secretary and executive board member of Vectura group plc. From January 2003 until August 2013, Mr. Oakley served as the chief financial officer for Actelion Ltd. He also previously served in a senior finance capacity for the global holding companies of Accenture, held executive positions in major multinational building material companies and spent several years as an equity analyst with banks in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Mr. Oakley holds a Bachelor of Economics Degree from Macquarie University and an M.B.A. from London Business School. Mr. Oakley is a member of the Australian Institute of Chartered Accountants.

Martin Pulé, MBBS has served as our Senior Vice President, Founder and Chief Scientific Officer since August 2014. He also served as a member of our board of directors from August 2014 to June 2018. Dr. Pulé has served as a clinical senior lecturer in the Department of Haematology at University College London Cancer Institute since 2010 and as an Honorary Consultant in Haematology at University College London Hospital since 2010. He entered the T cell engineering field in 2001 as a travelling

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Fulbright Scholar at the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Dr. Pulé holds a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) from University College Dublin and is a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists.

Muhammad Al-Hajj, Ph.D. has served as our Senior Vice President, Translational Sciences since July 2017. Prior to joining us, he served as vice president, discovery and translational medicine at Sanford Burnham Medical Institute from July 2015 to July 2017. Prior to that, he served as senior director, biology and translational medicine in oncology research and development at GlaxoSmithKline plc from 2009 to June 2015. His other experience at large pharmaceutical companies includes serving as group leader in oncology research and development at AstraZeneca AB from 2007 to 2009 and as lab head and group leader in oncology research and development at Novartis from 2003 to 2007. Dr. Al-Hajj earned his B.S. in mathematics and biology from the American University of Beirut. He holds a Ph.D. in molecular genetics from the Wayne State University and completed a postdoctoral fellowship in cancer and stem cell biology at the University of Michigan Medical School.

Christopher Vann has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer since October 2016. Prior to joining us, he worked at Hoffmann-La Roche’s Swiss headquarters from February 1994 to September 2016, most recently serving as its commercial director from December 2011 to September 2016 where he was primarily responsible for leading the lung cancer commercial team and general management of the Tarceva brand. Mr. Vann has significant experience of global lifecycle management of oncology products as well as implementing marketing strategy at a regional and national level. This includes launching several oncology, immunology and transplant products in the United States, United Kingdom, Romania, Russia, South Africa and countries in Asia, including Japan. Mr. Vann holds a B.S. in Toxicology and Pharmacology from the School of Pharmacy, University of London.

Matthias Alder has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer and Company Secretary since July 2017, and as our General Counsel between July 2017 and August 2018. Prior to joining us, he served as executive vice president for business development and licensing from October 2014 to March 2017 and as general counsel and corporate secretary from May 2015 to July 2017 at Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company which was subsequently acquired by Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. Prior to this, Mr. Alder served as executive vice president of corporate development and legal affairs and corporate secretary at Cytos Biotechnology AG, a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of targeted immunotherapies, from 2013 to October 2014. From 2006 to 2012, Mr. Alder held various executive management roles at Micromet, Inc., serving as senior vice president for administration, general counsel and secretary at the time of the acquisition of Micromet by Amgen Inc. in 2012. He was also a partner in the Life Sciences Transactions Practice at Cooley LLP from 1997 to 2006, where he represented biotech companies in strategic transactions with pharmaceutical companies. Earlier in his career, Mr. Alder was in-house counsel at Ciba-Geigy and Novartis. Mr. Alder holds law degrees from the University of Basel and the University of Miami and is qualified to practice law in Switzerland and the United States.

David Brochu has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Technical Officer since January 2021, our Senior Vice President, Head of Product Delivery between October 2019 and his promotion, and our Vice President of Technical Operations between March and October 2019. David previously served at Kedrion USA as vice president of technical operations and program head for Kedrion SpA’s next generation IVIG development and industrialization effort. In this position, David also established various operations functions for the company, including manufacturing, supply chain, engineering, quality, regulatory, program management, and development in support of this effort. Prior to this, he was the vice president of plasma collection operations for Talecris Biotherapeutics (formerly Bayer HealthCare LLC), where he led the operations buildout in the Western United States. Earlier in his career, David was the senior director of process development and technology at Talecris leading the preparation and implementation of the technology, process development, and facilities investment strategy for the plasma products business. In this role he led teams of scientists, engineers and technicians in the development of new protein therapeutics from research to commercial launch. Prior to Talecris, he held engineering and technical operations leadership roles at Bayer and Warner Lambert in the US, EU and South America. David has over 30 years of operational and development experience. He received a B.S. in chemical engineering from Northeastern University.

Non-Executive Directors

Joseph Anderson, Ph.D. has served on our board of directors since February 2016. He is a Partner in the Sofinnova Crossover Fund, which he joined in October 2020. Previously, he was the chief executive officer and a member of the board of directors of Arix Bioscience plc, a global life sciences company, where he held similar positions since January 2016. He has founded and managed public equity funds and been a member of the following boards of directors: Algeta ASA (acquired by Bayer AG) from 2009 to 2013, Amarin plc from October 2009 to 2013, Cytos Biotechnology Ltd, a biotechnology company, from 2012 until it merged with Kuros Biosurgery Holding Ltd in January 2016 and Epigenomics AG from 2012 to 2014. He was a partner at Abingworth LLP, an international investment group dedicated to the life sciences and healthcare sectors, from January 2004 through December 2015. From October 1999 through December 2003, Dr. Anderson was previously at First State Investments in London, part of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, where he was head of global healthcare equities and portfolio manager. Prior to this, he was a pharmaceuticals analyst at investment bank, Dresdner Kleinwort Benson from June 1998 through October 1999. From 1990 to 1998, Dr. Anderson

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established and was head of the strategy unit at The Wellcome Trust, one of the world’s largest medical foundations. Dr. Anderson holds a Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry from the University of Aston and a Bachelor of Science in Biological Science from Queen Mary College, University of London. He was originally nominated to our board of directors by Arix Bioscience Holdings Limited pursuant to our March 2016 Subscription and Shareholders’ Agreement, which granted Arix the right to appoint one individual as a director, and re-elected to a three-year term at our 2019 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. We believe that Dr. Anderson is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive experience serving on boards of directors of life science companies.

Jay T. Backstrom, MD, MPH has served on our board of directors since August 2020. Dr. Backstrom has served as Executive Vice President, Research and Development, at Acceleron Pharma since December 2019. He previously served as the Chief Medical Officer for the Celgene Corporation since April 2016. Dr. Backstrom joined Celgene in March 2008 as vice president of clinical research and development for the MDS and AML therapeutic area. He subsequently served as senior vice president of clinical research and development for hematology and oncology and the head of global regulatory affairs before being appointed the Chief Medical Officer, a position he held up through the completion of the Bristol Myers Squibb-Celgene merger in December 2019. After earning his medical degree at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University in Philadelphia, he completed his medical training including serving as Chief Medical Resident in the Department of Medicine at Temple University Hospital. Dr, Backstrom received a master’s degree in public health from Saint Louis University. We believe that Dr. Backstrom is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive experience as a pharmaceutical company executive and in the clinical development and regulation of pharmaceuticals, including CAR T therapies.

Linda Bain has served on our board of directors since June 2018. She currently serves as the chief financial officer of Codiak BioSciences, Inc., a position she has held since December 2015. She has also served as a non-executive director of Arvinas, Inc. since June 2020. Prior to joining Codiak, Ms. Bain served as the chief financial officer and treasurer of Avalanche Biotechnologies, Inc. from April 2014 until November 2015. Previously, Ms. Bain served at bluebird bio, Inc., a gene therapy biotechnology company, as vice president of finance and business operations from October 2011 to March 2014, and chief accounting officer and treasurer from June 2013 to March 2014. From September 2008 to September 2011, Ms. Bain served as vice president of finance at Genzyme Corporation. From September 2007 to September 2008, she served as vice president at Fidelity Investments, and from May 2000 to September 2007, she held a number of positions at AstraZeneca plc. She received her B.S. degree in Accounting and Business Administration and an Honors Degree in Accounting and Business Administration from the University of the Free State in South Africa. Ms. Bain is a certified public accountant. We believe that Ms. Bain is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of her extensive experience in our industry, her background in accounting and finance and her leadership skills.

John Berriman has served on our board of directors since August 2014. He has served as chairman of the boards of directors of Confo Therapeutics NV since December 2016, Depixus SAS since December 2015, and Autifony Therapeutics Ltd since 2011. He previously served as chairman of the board of directors of ReNeuron Group plc between April 2015 and September 2020; as chairman of the board of directors of Heptares Therapeutics Ltd from 2007 until it was sold to Sosei Group in February 2015; as chairman of the board of directors of Algeta ASA from 2004 through its listing on the Oslo Stock Exchange in 2007 and subsequently served as deputy chairman from 2008 until it was sold to Bayer AG in 2014; and as a director of Micromet, Inc. from May 2006 until it was sold to Amgen Inc. in 2012. Prior to this, from 1997 to 2004, he was a director of Abingworth Management, an international healthcare venture capital firm, where he was involved in founding, financing and serving as a director of several biotechnology companies in Europe and the United States, many of which obtained listings on public stock exchanges. Prior to that, Mr. Berriman spent 14 years with Celltech Group plc and was a member of its board when it listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1994. He holds a Master’s degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Cambridge and an M.B.A. from the London Business School. We believe that Mr. Berriman is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive experience in our industry, including his strategic management and operational experience, his experience serving on public company boards and his experience with public offerings, private investments and mergers.

Cynthia Butitta has served on our board of directors since March 2018. Ms. Butitta served as the executive vice president and chief financial officer of Kite Pharma Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from January 2014 to May 2016 and as its chief operating officer from March 2014 to September 2017. From May 2011 to December 2012, she was senior vice president and chief financial officer at NextWave Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company. Prior to that, Ms. Butitta served as chief operating officer of Telik, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from March 2001 to December 2010 and as its chief financial officer from August 1998 to December 2010. Ms. Butitta also served as principal accounting officer of Telik, Inc. until December 2010. She has served as a director of publicly held biopharmaceutical companies UroGen Pharma Ltd. since October 2017, and Olema Pharmaceuticals Inc. since August 2020. Ms. Butitta holds a B.S. degree with honors in Business and Accounting from Edgewood College in Madison, Wisconsin and an M.B.A. in Finance from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. We believe that Ms. Butitta is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of her extensive financial and operational experience within the biotechnology and high-technology industries, as well as her leadership skills.

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Kapil Dhingra, M.D. has served on our board of directors since August 2014. Dr. Dhingra currently serves as the managing member of KAPital Consulting, LLC, a healthcare consulting firm that he founded in June 2008. Dr. Dhingra has over 25 years of experience in oncology clinical research and drug development. From 1999 to 2008, Dr. Dhingra worked at Hoffmann-La Roche,where he served in roles of increasing responsibility, most recently as vice president, head of the oncology disease biology leadership team and head of oncology clinical development. From 2000 to 2008, he held a clinical affiliate appointment at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. From 1996 to 1999, Dr. Dhingra worked at Eli Lilly and Company where he served in roles of increasing responsibility, most recently as senior clinical research physician. Dr. Dhingra also served as a clinical associate professor of medicine at the Indiana University School of Medicine from 1997 to 1999. Prior to Eli Lilly and Company, Dr. Dhingra was a member of the faculty of the MD Anderson Cancer Center of the University of Texas from 1989 to 1996. Dr. Dhingra has served on the boards of directors of Replimune Limited, a biotechnology company, since July 2017, Median Technologies, a medical imaging software company, since June 2017, Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc., a biotechnology company, since December 2015, and Black Diamond Therapeutics, Inc. since January 2021. Dr. Dhingra previously served as a member of the boards of directors of BioVex from 2009 until its acquisition by Amgen Inc. in 2011, Micromet, Inc. from February 2009 until its acquisition by Amgen Inc. in 2012, YM Biosciences Inc. from 2012 until its acquisition by Gilead Sciences, Inc. in February 2013, Algeta ASA from 2010 until its acquisition by Bayer in March 2014 and EpiTherapeutics ApS from January 2014 until its acquisition by Gilead in May 2015, Advanced Accelerator Applications S.A., a pharmaceutical company, from April 2014 until its acquisition by Novartis in January 2018, and Exosome Diagnostics from 2012 until its acquisition by Bio-Techne Corporation in August 2018. Dr. Dhingra holds an M.D. from the All India Institute of Medical Services in New Delhi, India and has performed postgraduate work at the All India Institute of Medical Services, the Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center of New York Medical College and Emory University School of Medicine. We believe that Dr. Dhingra is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive experience in executive positions with several pharmaceutical companies and in the clinical development of pharmaceuticals in several therapeutic areas, including in oncology, and his experience serving on the boards of several publicly traded life science companies.

Martin Murphy, Ph.D. has served on our board of directors since September 2014. He has served as the chief executive officer of Syncona Investment Management Limited, part of the global life science company Syncona Ltd, since December 2016 and previously founded Syncona Partners LLP and served as its chief executive officer from May 2012 to December 2016. Previously, he was a partner at MVM Life Science Partners LLP, a venture capital company focused on life science and healthcare investments, from 2003 to 2012. During his time at MVM, Dr. Murphy was a member of the management and investment committees and led MVM’s European operations. Before MVM, Dr. Murphy worked at 3i Group plc and McKinsey & Company. He has a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Cambridge. Dr. Murphy was originally nominated to our board of directors by Syncona Portfolio Limited pursuant to our September 2014 Subscription and Shareholders’ Agreement, which granted Syncona the right to appoint two individuals as directors, and was re-elected to a three-year term at our 2019 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. We believe that Dr. Murphy is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive experience as an investor, particularly in the life sciences industry.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our senior management or our directors.

B. Compensation.

The following discussion provides the amount of compensation paid, and benefits in-kind granted, by us and our subsidiaries to our directors, members of our senior management and non-employee directors for services in all capacities to us and our subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2020, as well as the amount contributed by us or our subsidiaries into money purchase plans for the year ended December 31, 2020 to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits to, our directors, members of our senior management and non-employee directors.

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Director Compensation

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the table below sets forth the compensation paid to our directors. In the case of Dr. Itin, our chief executive officer, the table below sets forth the compensation paid to him for services as a member of our senior management. He does not receive any compensation for serving as an executive director. All such amounts are established and paid in pounds sterling.


Name	Salary/Fees		Annual Bonus		Pension Benefit		All Other Compensation		Total
Christian Itin, Ph.D. Executive Director	£	381,615	£	191,344	£	—	£	2,543,717	£	3,116,676
Joseph Anderson, Ph.D. Non-Executive Director	£	37,050	£	—	£	—	£	86,766	£	123,816
Jay Backstrom, M.D, MPH Non-Executive Director	£	16,500	£	—	£	—	£	73,139	£	89,639
Linda Bain Non-Executive Director	£	42,750	£	—	£	—	£	133,006	£	175,756
John Berriman Non-Executive Director	£	48,450	£	—	£	—	£	104,653	£	153,103
Cynthia Butitta Non-Executive Director	£	38,475	£	—	£	—	£	117,873	£	156,348
Kapil Dhingra, M.D. Non-Executive Director	£	45,600	£	—	£	—	£	104,653	£	150,253
Martin Murphy, Ph.D. Non-Executive Director	£	32,775	£	—	£	—	£	86,766	£	119,541

Non-Executive Letters of Appointment

Non-executive directors are engaged on letters of appointment that set out their duties and responsibilities. The non-executive directors do not receive benefits upon termination or resignation from their respective positions as directors.

Non-Executive Director Compensation Policy

In January 2020, following market research and advice from its compensation consultant, our board of directors amended our non-executive director compensation policy.

Under this policy, we pay each of our non-executive directors a cash retainer for service on our board of directors and committees of our board of directors. Our lead independent director also receives an additional cash retainer. These retainers are payable in arrears in twelve equal monthly installments at the end of each calendar month, provided that the amount of such payment will be prorated for any portion of such month that the director is not serving on our board. Non-executive directors residing outside the United Kingdom will be paid the applicable amounts converted from pounds sterling into a currency of their request at the time of payment. We will also reimburse our directors for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses in connection with attending board and committee meetings.

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Non-executive directors are eligible to receive cash compensation as follows:


			Annual Cash Retainer (£)
Annual retainer			30,000
Additional retainer for lead independent director			12,000
Additional retainer for audit committee chair			12,000
Additional retainer for audit committee member			6,000
Additional retainer for compensation committee chair			9,000
Additional retainer for compensation committee member			4,500
Additional retainer for nominating and governance committee chair			6,000
Additional retainer for nominating and governance committee member			3,000
Additional retainer for research and development committee chair			12,000
Additional retainer for research and development committee member			6,000

Equity Compensation

In addition to cash compensation, each non-executive director is eligible to receive share options under our equity incentive plans. Any share options granted under this policy shall have a term of ten years from the date of grant, subject to earlier termination in connection with a termination of service. Vesting schedules for equity awards are subject to the non-executive director’s continuous service on each applicable vesting date.

Notwithstanding any vesting schedule, for each non-executive director who remains in continuous service with us until immediately prior to the closing of a change in control (as such term is defined in our 2018 Plan), the shares subject to his or her then-outstanding initial or annual equity awards that were granted pursuant to this policy will become fully vested immediately prior to the closing of such change in control.

Upon the termination of the membership of the non-executive director on the board for any reason, his or her options granted under this policy shall remain exercisable for three months following his or her date of termination (or such longer period as the board may determine in its discretion on or after the date of grant of such options).

Initial Award

Each new non-executive director elected to our board of directors will be granted an initial, one-time equity award of options to purchase 25,000 of our ADSs or ordinary shares on the date of such director’s initial election or appointment to the board of directors, which will vest in equal monthly installments through the third anniversary of the grant date.

Annual Awards

On the date of each of our annual meeting of shareholders, each non-executive director that continues to serve will be granted an option to purchase 12,500 of our ADSs or ordinary shares, which will vest in equal monthly installments through the first anniversary of the grant date.

Senior Management Compensation

The compensation for each member of our executive management comprises the following elements: base salary, annual bonus, personal benefits, pension or 401(k) plan and long-term incentives. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the aggregate compensation accrued or paid to the members of our senior management for services, whether or not a director, in all capacities was $10.6 million. The amount set aside or accrued by us to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits to members of senior management amounted to a total of $8,100 in the year ended December 31, 2020.

Bonus Plan

Management Incentive Compensation Plan

On May 17, 2016, the board of directors adopted the Management Incentive Compensation Plan. The Management Incentive Compensation Plan is designed to offer annual incentive compensation to our members of senior management and managers by

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rewarding the achievement of corporate goals and specifically measured personal goals that are consistent with and support the achievement of the corporate goals. The key terms of the Management Incentive Compensation Plan are summarized below.

Administration and Eligibility

Our Chief Executive Officer is responsible for the administration of the Management Incentive Compensation Plan; however, the compensation committee of the board of directors is responsible for approving any incentive awards to our Chief Executive Officer and other members of our senior management.

In order to be eligible to receive an incentive award under the Management Incentive Compensation Plan, an individual must have been employed with us for at least three consecutive months during a plan year, which runs from January 1 to December 31, and must achieve a rating of at least 75% of his or her personal goal.

Form and Determination of Incentive Awards

Incentive award payments may be made in cash, or, at the discretion of the compensation committee and subject to the approval of our board of directors, through the issuance of equity.

An individual’s potential incentive award is calculated by multiplying his or her base salary as of the end of the plan year by the participant’s “target award multiplier,” which is a percentage ranging from 10% to 50%. The resulting amount is then divided between a corporate component and an individual component based on the weighting assigned for the individual’s management level. After the end of the plan year, the actual achievement of the corporate and individual goals is determined, each expressed as a percentage of complete achievement, resulting in the calculation of the individual’s total incentive award.

Annual performance reviews for participants in the Management Incentive Compensation Plan are completed following the end of the applicable plan year, with payment of incentive awards made as soon as practicable thereafter.

Termination of Employment

If a participant in the Management Incentive Compensation Plan gives or receives notice of termination or his or her employment is terminated prior to the payment of an incentive award under the Management Incentive Compensation Plan, our board of directors has discretion as to whether or not to pay an incentive award and whether to pay the full amount of the incentive award or a portion thereof.

Amendment

Our board of directors may abolish or alter the Management Incentive Compensation Plan at any time before, during or after a plan year is completed.

Senior Management Employment Arrangements

We have entered into arrangements with members of our senior management to grant restricted shares that are subject to vesting and a repurchase right in favor of us in the event the individual terminates his or her employment prior to the vesting date.

In order to align the interests of our executive management with our shareholders, members of our executive management are eligible to receive share-based awards pursuant to our equity incentive plans. The amount of the awards will generally be subject to the discretion of our board of directors and our compensation committee.

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Outstanding Equity Awards, Grants and Option Exercise

The following table summarizes the options that we granted to members of our board of directors and senior management pursuant to the terms of the 2017 Plan or 2018 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Name

Ordinary Share Underlying Option

Exercise Price

Grant

Date

Expiration

Date

Senior Management

Nushmia Khokhar, M.D.*

20,000

13.97

8/3/2020

8/3/2030

Non-Executive Directors

Joseph Anderson, Ph.D.

12,500

13.25

6/18/2020

6/18/2030

Jay Backstrom, M.D, MPH

25,000

13.97

8/3/2020

8/3/2030

Linda Bain

12,500

13.25

6/18/2020

6/18/2030

John Berriman

12,500

13.25

6/18/2020

6/18/2030

Cynthia Butitta

12,500

13.25

6/18/2020

6/18/2030

Kapil Dhingra, M.D.

12,500

13.25

6/18/2020

6/18/2030

Martin Murphy, Ph.D.

12,500

13.25

6/18/2020

6/18/2030

* Dr. Khokhar, our Senior Vice President, Clinical Development since August 2020, has resigned from the Company effective mid-March 2021.

As of December 31, 2020, members of our board of directors and senior management held options to purchase an aggregate of 3,247,041 ordinary shares and restricted share awards covering an aggregate of 1,610,946 ordinary shares. No options were exercised by any members of our board of directors and senior management during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Equity Incentive Plans

We have granted equity securities under a share option plan and an equity incentive plan, which are summarized in this section.

2017 Share Option Plan

In 2017, our board of directors and shareholders approved the 2017 Plan to provide equity incentives to certain eligible employees and directors, consultants and advisors. The 2017 Plan provided for the grant of potentially tax-favored Enterprise Management Incentives, or EMI, options to our U.K. employees and for the grant of options to our U.S. employees. The 2017 Plan terminated in connection with our IPO; accordingly, as of September 30, 2018, there were no shares available for future grants under the 2017 Plan. Options previously granted pursuant to the 2017 Plan and that are currently outstanding remain subject to the terms of the 2017 Plan.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

The 2018 Plan was approved by our board of directors and shareholders in June 2018 and became effective as of our IPO. The 2018 Plan allows for the grant of equity-based incentive awards to our employees and directors, including directors who are also our employees. Except where the context indicates otherwise, references hereunder to our ordinary shares shall be deemed to include a number of ADSs equal to the number of ordinary shares. The material terms of the 2018 Plan are summarized below:

Eligibility and Administration

Our employees and directors, and employees and consultants of our subsidiaries, referred to as service providers are eligible to receive awards under the 2018 Plan. The 2018 Plan is administered by our board of directors, which may delegate its duties and responsibilities to one or more committees of our directors and/or officers (referred to as the plan administrator below), subject to certain limitations imposed under the 2018 Plan, and other applicable laws and stock exchange rules. Our board of directors has delegated concurrent authority to administer the 2018 Plan to the compensation committee. The plan administrator has the authority to take all actions and make all determinations under the 2018 Plan, to interpret the 2018 Plan and award agreements and to adopt, amend and repeal rules for the administration of the 2018 Plan as it deems advisable. The plan administrator also has the authority to determine which eligible service providers receive awards, grant awards, set the terms and conditions of all awards under the 2018 Plan, including any vesting and vesting acceleration provisions, and designate whether such awards will cover our ordinary shares or ADSs, subject to the conditions and limitations in the 2018 Plan.

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Shares Available for Awards

The maximum number of ordinary shares that may be issued under our 2018 Plan was initially 3,281,622 shares, which consists of 3,025,548 ordinary shares under the 2018 Plan at the time of its adoption and 256,074 ordinary shares that remained available for future grants under the 2017 Plan at the time of its termination. Additionally, the number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan will automatically increase on October 1st of each year, for a period of not more than ten years, commencing on October 1, 2018 and ending on (and including) October 1, 2027, by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 4% of the total number of ordinary shares outstanding on September 30 of the same calendar year or (ii) such fewer number of ordinary shares as the board of directors may designate prior to the applicable October 1st date. As of December 31, 2020, an updated maximum of 8,778,719 ordinary shares may be issued under the 2018 Plan, of which 4,071,011 were available for future grant as of that date. No more than 14,000,000 shares may be issued under the 2018 Plan upon the exercise of incentive share options.

If an award under the 2018 Plan, or any prior equity incentive plan, expires, lapses or is terminated, exchanged for cash, surrendered, repurchased, canceled without having been fully exercised or forfeited, any unused shares subject to the award will, as applicable, become or again be available for new grants under the 2018 Plan. Awards granted under the 2018 Plan in substitution for any options or other equity or equity-based awards granted by an entity before the entity’s merger or consolidation with us or our acquisition of the entity’s property or stock will not reduce the shares available for grant under the 2018 Plan, but will count against the maximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of incentive options.

Awards

The 2018 Plan provides for the grant of options, share appreciation rights, or SARs, restricted shares, dividend equivalents, restricted share units, or RSUs, and other share-based awards. All awards under the 2018 Plan will be set forth in award agreements, which will detail the terms and conditions of awards, including any applicable vesting and payment terms, change of control provisions and post-termination exercise limitations. A brief description of each award type follows.

Options and SARs. Options provide for the purchase of our ordinary shares in the future at an exercise price set on the grant date. SARs entitle their holder, upon exercise, to receive from us an amount equal to the appreciation of the shares subject to the award between the grant date and the exercise date. The plan administrator will determine the number of shares covered by each option and SAR, the exercise price of each option and SAR and the conditions and limitations applicable to the exercise of each option and SAR.

Restricted Shares and RSUs. Restricted shares are an award of nontransferable ordinary shares that remain forfeitable unless and until specified conditions are met and which may be subject to a purchase price. RSUs are contractual promises to deliver our ordinary shares in the future, which may also remain forfeitable unless and until specified conditions are met and may be accompanied by the right to receive the equivalent value of dividends paid on our ordinary shares prior to the delivery of the underlying shares. The plan administrator may provide that the delivery of the shares underlying RSUs will be deferred on a mandatory basis or at the election of the participant. The terms and conditions applicable to restricted shares and RSUs will be determined by the plan administrator, subject to the conditions and limitations contained in the 2018 Plan.

Other Share-Based Awards. Other share-based awards are awards of fully vested ordinary shares and other awards valued wholly or partially by referring to, or otherwise based on, our ordinary shares or other property. Other share-based awards may be granted to participants and may also be available as a payment form in the settlement of other awards, as standalone payments and as payment in lieu of compensation to which a participant is otherwise entitled. The plan administrator will determine the terms and conditions of other share-based awards, which may include any purchase price, performance goal, transfer restrictions and vesting conditions.

Performance Criteria

The plan administrator may select performance criteria for an award to establish performance goals for a performance period.

Certain Transactions

In connection with certain corporate transactions and events affecting our ordinary shares, including a change of control, another similar corporate transaction or event, another unusual or nonrecurring transaction or event affecting us or our financial statements or a change in any applicable laws or accounting principles, the plan administrator has broad discretion to take action under the 2018 Plan to prevent the dilution or enlargement of intended benefits, facilitate the transaction or event or give effect to the change in applicable laws or accounting principles. This includes canceling awards for cash or property, accelerating the vesting of awards, providing for the assumption or substitution of awards by a successor entity, adjusting the number and type of shares subject to outstanding awards and/or with respect to which awards may be granted under the 2018 Plan and replacing or terminating awards

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under the 2018 Plan. In addition, in the event of certain non-reciprocal transactions with our shareholders, the plan administrator will make equitable adjustments to the 2018 Plan and outstanding awards as it deems appropriate to reflect the transaction.

Plan Amendment and Termination

Our board of directors may amend or terminate the 2018 Plan at any time; however, no amendment, other than an amendment that increases the number of shares available under the 2018 Plan, may materially and adversely affect an award outstanding under the 2018 Plan without the consent of the affected participant and shareholder approval will be obtained for any amendment to the extent necessary to comply with applicable laws. Further, the plan administrator cannot, without the approval of our shareholders, amend any outstanding option or SAR to reduce its price per share or cancel any outstanding option or SAR in exchange for cash or another award under the 2018 Plan with an exercise price per share that is less than the exercise price per share of the original option or SAR. The 2018 Plan will remain in effect until the tenth anniversary of its effective date unless earlier terminated by our board of directors. No awards may be granted under the 2018 Plan after its termination.

Transferability and Participant Payments

Except as the plan administrator may determine or provide in an award agreement, awards under the 2018 Plan are generally non-transferrable, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution, or, subject to the plan administrator’s consent, pursuant to a domestic relations order, and are generally exercisable only by the participant. With regard to tax withholding obligations arising in connection with awards under the 2018 Plan, and exercise price obligations arising in connection with the exercise of options under the 2018 Plan, the plan administrator may, in its discretion, accept cash, wire transfer or cheque, our ordinary shares that meet specified conditions, a promissory note, a “market sell order,” such other consideration as the plan administrator deems suitable or any combination of the foregoing.

Non-U.S. Participants

The plan administrator may modify awards granted to participants who are non-U.S. nationals or employed outside the United States or establish sub-plans or procedures to address differences in laws, rules, regulations or customs of such foreign jurisdictions.

U.S. Taxpayers

Awards may be granted under the 2018 Plan to U.S. taxpayers.

2018 Non-Employee Sub Plan

The 2018 Non-Employee Sub Plan will govern equity awards granted to our non-executive directors and our service providers. The 2018 Non-Employee Sub Plan was adopted under the 2018 Plan and provides for equity- and cash-based awards to be made on identical terms to awards made under our 2018 Plan. If all or any part of an award granted under the 2018 Non-Employee Sub Plan expires, lapses or is terminated, exchanged for cash, surrendered, repurchased, canceled without having been fully exercised or forfeited, any unused shares covered by the award will become or again be available for new grants under the 2018 Non-Employee Sub Plan.

C. Board practices.

Composition of Our Board of Directors

Our board of directors presently has eight members. As a foreign private issuer, under the listing requirements and rules of Nasdaq, we are not required to have independent directors on our board of directors, except that our audit committee is required to consist fully of independent directors, subject to certain phase-in schedules. However, our board of directors has determined that Drs. Anderson, Backstrom, Dhingra and Murphy, Mses. Butitta and Bain and Mr. Berriman, representing seven of our eight directors, do not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of director and that each of these directors is “independent” as that term is defined under Nasdaq rules.

In accordance with our Articles of Association, our board of directors are divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting of shareholders, the directors whose terms expire will retire and are eligible for re-appointment by ordinary resolution at such annual general meeting. At each annual general meeting, the successors to directors whose terms then expire or the directors who have been re-appointed will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following election. Our directors are divided among the three classes as follows:

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•Class I, which consists of Joseph Anderson, Jay Backstrom and Martin Murphy, whose terms will expire at our 2022 annual general meeting;

•Class II, which consists of John Berriman and Kapil Dhingra, whose terms will expire at our 2023 annual general meeting; and

•Class III, which consists of Christian Itin, Cynthia Butitta and Linda Bain, whose terms will expire at our 2021 annual general meeting.

Each director shall serve until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.

Committees of Our Board of Directors

Our board of directors has four standing committees: an audit committee, a compensation committee, a nominating and corporate governance committee, and a research and development committee. The board has adopted a written charter for each of the committees below that is available to shareholders on our website at http://www.autolus.com/investor-relations/corporate-governance/documents-charters.

Audit Committee

The audit committee is composed of Ms. Bain (chair), Dr. Anderson and Ms. Butitta, and assists the board of directors in overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes. The audit committee consists exclusively of members of our board who are financially literate, and our board of directors has determined that Ms. Bain is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by applicable SEC rules and has the requisite financial sophistication as defined under the applicable Nasdaq rules and regulations. Our board of directors has determined that each member of the audit committee is an independent director under Nasdaq listing rules and under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our audit committee meets at least four times per year and oversees and reviews our internal controls, accounting policies and financial reporting, and provides a forum through which our independent registered public accounting firm reports. Our audit committee meets regularly with our independent registered public accounting firm without management present.

The primary functions of the audit committee include:

•recommending the appointment of the independent auditor to shareholders for approval at the general meeting of shareholders;

•the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of any accounting firm engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing other audit services;

•pre-approving the audit services and non-audit services to be provided by our independent auditor before the auditor is engaged to render such services;

•evaluating the independent auditor’s qualifications, performance and independence, and presenting its conclusions to the full board of directors on at least an annual basis;

•reviewing and discussing with management and our independent registered public accounting firm our financial statements and our financial reporting process; and

•reviewing, approving or ratifying any related party transactions.

Compensation Committee

The compensation committee is composed of Mr. Berriman (chairman), Ms. Butitta and Dr. Murphy. Under SEC and Nasdaq rules, there are heightened independence standards for members of the compensation committee, including a prohibition against the receipt of any compensation from us other than standard board member fees. Although foreign private issuers are not required to meet this heightened standard, all of our compensation committee members meet this heightened standard.

The primary functions of the compensation committee include:

•identifying, reviewing, overseeing and proposing policies relevant to the compensation and benefits of our directors and senior management;

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•evaluating the performance of senior management in light of such policies and reporting to the board; and

•overseeing and administering our share option plan, equity incentive plan and other benefit plans in operation from time to time.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

The nominating and corporate governance committee is composed of Dr. Dhingra (chairman), Dr. Anderson and Ms. Bain.

The primary functions of the nominating and corporate governance committee include:

•drawing up selection criteria and appointment procedures for directors;

•recommending nominees for appointment to our board of directors and its corresponding committees; and

•assessing the functioning of individual members of our board of directors and management and reporting the results of such assessment to the full board of directors.

Research and Development Committee

The research and development committee is composed of Drs. Dhingra (chairman), Backstrom, Itin and Murphy.

The primary functions of the research and development committee include:

•overseeing the Company's scientific, technical, research and development strategy, and the implementation thereof;

•advising our board of directors and management regarding program prioritization, clinical development strategy, regulatory strategy and interactions, intellectual property, product manufacture and supply, and related matters; and

•reviewing and assessing business development opportunities related to research collaborations, licensing or strategic transactions.

D. Employees.

As of December 31, 2020, we had 376 full-time employees, 88 of whom hold Ph.D. or M.D. degrees. Of these 376 employees, 317 are engaged in research and development activities and 59 are engaged in business development, finance, information systems, facilities, human resources or administrative support. None of our employees is subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.


	At December 31,
	2020	2019	2018
Function:
Administrative	59	43	38
Research and development	317	247	162
Total	376	290	200
Geography:
United Kingdom	340	251	177
Germany and Switzerland	2	6	3
United States	34	33	20

E. Share ownership.

For information regarding the share ownership of our directors and members senior management, see Item 6.B—"Compensation” and Item 7.A—"Major Shareholders.”

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A.Major shareholders.

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The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of February 12, 2021 by:

•each beneficial owner of 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares;

•each of our current directors and each member of our senior management; and

•all of our directors and senior management as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and include ordinary shares that can be acquired within 60 days of February 12, 2021. These ordinary shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person. Percentage ownership calculations are based on 70,507,309 ordinary shares outstanding (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) as of February 12, 2021.

Except as otherwise indicated, all of the shares reflected in the table are ordinary shares and all persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose.

Except as otherwise indicated, the addresses of the persons listed in the table is c/o Autolus Therapeutics plc, 58 Wood Lane, White City, London W12 7RZ, United Kingdom.


NAME OF BENEFICIAL OWNER	Number of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned (#)	Percent of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned (%)
5% or Greater Shareholders:
Syncona Portfolio Limited (1)	19,527,162	27.7	%
PPF Capital Partners Fund B.V. (2)	14,251,020	20.2	%

Senior Management and Directors:
Christian Itin, Ph.D. (3)	1,450,403	2.0	%
Andrew Oakley (4)	256,657	*
Martin Pulé, MBBS (5)	808,332	1.1	%
Muhammad Al-Hajj, Ph.D. (6)	178,481	*
Christopher Vann (7)	290,549	*
Matthias Alder (8)	297,260	*
David Brochu (9)	71,664	*
Nushmia Khokhar (10)	94,054	*
Joseph Anderson, Ph.D. (11)	34,374	*
Jay Backstrom, M.D., MPH (12)	5,555	*
Linda Bain (13)	55,959	*
John Berriman (14)	182,805	*
Cynthia Butitta (15)	80,676	*
Kapil Dhingra, M.D. (16)	120,011	*
Martin Murphy, Ph.D. (17)	19,561,536	27.7	%

All directors and senior management as a group (15 persons) (18)	23,488,316	32.5	%

* Represents beneficial ownership of less than one percent.
(1)The information shown is based, in part, upon disclosures filed on a Schedule 13G/A on February 12, 2020 by Syncona Portfolio Limited. The number reported consists of (i) 12,180,333 ordinary shares and (ii) 3,775,401 ADSs. In addition, 3,571,428 ADS were purchased from the Company's February 2021 offering. Syncona Portfolio Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of Syncona Holdings Limited, which, in turn, is a wholly controlled subsidiary of Syncona Limited, a publicly-listed company. Each of Syncona Holdings Limited and Syncona Limited may be deemed to have voting and dispositive power over the securities held by Syncona Portfolio Limited. Investment and voting decisions with respect to these securities are made by Syncona Portfolio Limited acting upon the recommendation of an investment committee of Syncona Investment Management Limited, also a subsidiary of Syncona Holdings Limited. The members of this investment committee consist of Nigel Keen, Martin Murphy and Chris Hollowood. The address for Syncona Portfolio Limited is Arnold House, St Julian's Avenue, St Peter Port, Guernsey GY1 3RD, Channel Islands.
(2) The information shown is based, in part, upon disclosures filed on a Schedule 13D/A on August 13, 2020 by PPF Capital Partners Fund B.V., PPF Group N.V. and Petr Kellner. The number reported consists of 14,251,020 ADSs. The principal shareholder of PPF Capital Partners Fund B.V. is PPF Group N.V., which is ultimately beneficially owned by Petr Kellner. The address of the principal office of each of PPF Group and PPF Capital is Strawinskylaan 933, 1077XX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The address of the principal office of Petr Kellner is c/o PPF a.s., Evropská 2690/17, P.O. Box 177, 160 41 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
(3) Consists of (i) 1,066,009 ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of restricted ordinary shares and (ii) 384,394 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.
(4) Consists of ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.
(5) Consists of (i) 538,677 ordinary shares, (ii) 160,064 ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of restricted ordinary shares, and (iii) 109,591 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

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(6) Consists of ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(7) Consists of (i) 112,211 ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of restricted ordinary shares and (ii) 178,338 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(8) Consists of (i) 125,588 ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of restricted ordinary shares and (ii) 171,672 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(9) Consists of ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(10) Consists of ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(11) Consists of ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(12) Consists of ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(13) Consists of ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(14) Consists of (i) 62,794 ordinary shares and (ii) 73,537 ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of restricted ordinary shares, and (iii) 46,474 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(15) Consists of (i) 10,000 ADSs and (ii) 70,676 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021

(16) Consists of (i) 73,537 ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of restricted ordinary shares and (ii) 46,474 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(17) Consists of (i) the shares set forth in footnote (1) above. Dr. Murphy is the chief executive officer of Syncona Investment Management Limited (both Syncona Investment Management Limited and Syncona Portfolio Limited are subsidiaries of Syncona Limited) and (ii) and 34,374 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

(18) Consists of (i) 20,138,633 ordinary shares, (ii) 1,610,946 ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of restricted ordinary shares and (ii) 1,738,737 ordinary shares underlying options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of February 12, 2021.

The significant changes in the beneficial ownership percentage held by our major shareholders during the past three years result from our June 2018 initial public offering of ADSs, and our April 2019, January 2020, and February 2021 follow-on offerings of ADSs and the dilution resulting from these offerings.

As of February 12, 2021, assuming that all of our ordinary shares represented by ADSs are held by residents of the United States other than ADSs held by the entities set forth in the table above and certain other holders that we know to be non-residents of the United States, we estimate that approximately 27.5% of our outstanding ordinary shares (including ordinary shares underlying ADSs) were held in the United States by 82 holders of record. The actual number of holders is greater than these numbers of record holders, and includes beneficial owners whose ordinary shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include holders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

B. Related party transactions.

Policies and Procedures for Related Person Transactions

We have adopted a related person transaction policy that sets forth our procedures for the identification, review, consideration and approval or ratification of related person transactions. For purposes of our policy only, a related person transaction is a transaction, arrangement or relationship, or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships, in which we or any of our subsidiaries and any related person are, were or will be participants in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000 or which is unusual in its nature or conditions. Transactions involving compensation for services provided to us as an employee or director are not covered by this policy. A related person is any executive officer, director or beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities, including any of their immediate family members and any entity owned or controlled by such persons.

For so long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, a related person will be any:

•enterprise that directly or indirectly controls or is controlled by or is under common control with us;

•enterprise over which we have a significant influence or which has significant influence over us;

•individual owning, directly or indirectly, an interest in our voting power that gives them significant influence over us, and close members of any such individual’s family;

•persons having authority or responsibility for planning, directing or controlling our activities, including directors and senior management and close members of such individuals’ families; or

•enterprise in which a substantial interest in our voting power is owned, directly or indirectly, by any person described above or over which such a person is able to exercise significant influence, including enterprises owned by our directors or major shareholders and enterprises that have a member of key management in common with us.

If we cease to be a foreign private issuer, then, under our policy, a related person will be any:

•person who is, or at any time since the beginning of our last fiscal year was, a director or member of senior management of us or a nominee to become a director of us;

•security holder known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities;

•immediate family member of any of the foregoing; and

•firm, corporation or other entity in which any of the foregoing persons is an executive, partner or principal or similar control position or in which such person has a 5% or greater beneficial ownership interest.

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Under the policy, if a transaction has been identified as a related person transaction, including any transaction that was not a related person transaction when originally consummated or any transaction that was not initially identified as a related person transaction prior to consummation, our management must present information regarding the related person transaction to our audit committee, or, if audit committee approval would be inappropriate, to another independent body of our board of directors for review, consideration and approval or ratification. The presentation must include a description of, among other things, the material facts, the interests, direct and indirect, of the related persons, the benefits to us of the transaction and whether the transaction is on terms that are comparable to the terms available to or from, as the case may be, an unrelated third party or to or from employees generally. Under the policy, we will collect information that we deem reasonably necessary from each director, member of senior management and, to the extent feasible, significant shareholder to enable us to identify any existing or potential related person transactions and to effectuate the terms of the policy. In addition, under our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, our employees, members of senior management and directors have an affirmative responsibility to disclose any transaction or relationship that reasonably could be expected to give rise to a conflict of interest.

Transactions with Our Principal Shareholders, Directors and Members of our Senior Management

The following is a description of related party transactions we have entered into since January 1, 2018 with our directors, members of our senior management and holders of more than 5% of our outstanding voting securities and their affiliates, whom we refer to as our related persons, in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000 and that are material to us, other than the compensation arrangements we describe in Item 6.B. “Management - Compensation of Senior Management and Directors.”

Participation in April 2019 Public Offering

In our April 2019 public offering, Syncona Portfolio Limited and Arix Bioscience Holdings Limited purchased 1,000,000 ADSs and 208,333 ADSs, respectively. This purchase was made through the underwriters at the public offering price.

Participation in January 2020 Public Offering

In our January 2020 public offering, Syncona Portfolio Limited purchased 1,363,636 ADSs. This purchase was made through the underwriters at the public offering price.

Participation in February 2021 Public Offering

In our February 2021 public offering, Syncona Portfolio Limited purchased 3,571,428 ADSs. This purchase was made through the underwriters at the public offering price.

Entities affiliated with Syncona

In September 2020, we entered into a license agreement with an investee company of Syncona Portfolio Limited, a holder of more than 5% of our share capital. This agreement generated $242,000 of license revenue which is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Agreements with Our Senior Management and Directors

We have entered into service agreements with the members of our senior management and non-executive directors. See Item 6.B. “Management—Compensation of Senior Management and Directors.” These agreements contain customary provisions and representations, including confidentiality, non-competition, non-solicitation and inventions assignment undertakings by the members of our senior management. However, the enforceability of the non-competition provisions may be limited under applicable law.

Indemnification Agreements

We entered into a deed of indemnity with each of our directors and members of our senior management. These agreements and our Articles of Association require us to indemnify our directors and senior management to the fullest extent permitted by law.

Registration Rights Agreement

We have entered into a registration rights agreement with certain of our existing shareholders pursuant to which we have granted them customary registration rights for the resale of the ordinary shares held by certain of our existing shareholders.

C. Interests of experts and counsel.

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Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Information.

A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.

Our consolidated financial statements are appended at the end of this Annual Report, starting on page F-1.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid a dividend, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business.

Under English law, among other things, we may only pay dividends if we have sufficient distributable reserves (on a non-consolidated basis), which are our accumulated realized profits that have not been previously distributed or capitalized less our accumulated realized losses, so far as such losses have not been previously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital.

Legal Proceedings

We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be a party to litigation or subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we currently believe that the final outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a significant effect on our financial position or profitability. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

B. Significant Changes.

Not applicable.

Item 9. The Offer and Listing.

A.Offer and listing details.

Our ADS began trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “AUTL” since June 22, 2018. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for ADSs or our ordinary shares.

B. Plan of distribution.

Not applicable.

C. Markets.

Our ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “AUTL” since June 22, 2018. Our ordinary shares are not listed.

D. Selling shareholders.

Not applicable.

E. Dilution.

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the issue.

Not applicable.

Item 10. Additional Information.

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A. Share capital.

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and articles of association.

General

We are registered with the Registrar of Companies in England and Wales under number 11185179, and our registered office is at Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, White City, London W12 7RZ, United Kingdom.

Certain resolutions were passed by our shareholders in connection with our initial public offering, including a special resolution approving the adoption of new articles of association that became effective upon the admission of our ADSs to trading on Nasdaq. Our articles of association authorize our directors, for the purposes of section 551 of the U.K. Companies Act 2006, or the Companies Act, to issue shares in the company and grant rights to subscribe for or convert any securities into shares in the company up to a maximum aggregate nominal amount of $8,400 for a period of five years. See “Key Provisions of Our Articles of Association” below for further information.

Issued Share Capital

Effective from June 26, 2018, the board of directors has the authority to allot new ordinary shares or to grant rights to subscribe for or to convert any security into ordinary shares in the Company up to a maximum aggregate nominal amount of $8,400. This authority runs for five years and will expire on June 26, 2023. Effective from June 26, 2018, the board also has the authority to allot ordinary shares for cash or to grant rights to subscribe for or to convert any security into ordinary shares in the Company without first offering them to existing shareholders in proportion to their existing holdings up to an aggregate maximum nominal amount of $8,400. This authority runs for five years and will expire on June 26, 2023.

As of February 12. 2021, our issued capital share consisted of 70,507,309 ordinary shares, with a nominal value of $0.000042 per share, (ii) 34,425 deferred shares, with a nominal value of £0.00001 per share, (iii) 88,893,548 B deferred shares, with a nominal value of £0.00099 per share and (iv) 1 C deferred share, with a nominal value of £0.000008. Each issued share has been fully paid.

Ordinary Shares

Our ordinary shares have the rights and restrictions described in “Key Provisions of Our Articles of Association” below. The following summarizes the rights of holders of our ordinary shares:

•each holder of our ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per ordinary share on all matters to be voted on by shareholders generally;

•the holders of the ordinary shares shall be entitled to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at our general meetings; and

•holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to receive such dividends as are recommended by our directors and declared by our shareholders.

Registered Shares

We are required by the Companies Act to keep a register of our shareholders. Under English law, the ordinary shares are deemed to be issued when the name of the shareholder is entered in our register of members. The register of members therefore is prima facie evidence of the identity of our shareholders, and the shares that they hold. The register of members generally provides

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limited, or no, information regarding the ultimate beneficial owners of our ordinary shares. Our register of members is maintained by our registrar, Computershare Investor Services plc.

Holders of our ADSs will not be treated as our shareholders and their names will therefore not be entered in our share register. The Depositary, the custodian or their nominees will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs. Holders of our ADSs have a right to receive the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs. For discussion on our ADSs and ADS holder rights, see “Description of American Depositary Shares” in this Annual Report.

Under the Companies Act, we must enter an allotment of shares in our register of members as soon as practicable and in any event within two months of the allotment. We also are required by the Companies Act to register a transfer of shares (or give the transferee notice of and reasons for refusal as the transferee may reasonably request) as soon as practicable and in any event within two months of receiving notice of the transfer.

We, any of our shareholders or any other affected person may apply to the court for rectification of the register of members if:

•the name of any person, without sufficient cause, is wrongly entered in or omitted from our register of members; or

•there is a default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member or on which we have a lien, provided that such delay does not prevent dealings in the shares taking place on an open and proper basis.

Registration Rights

We and the holders of certain of our ordinary shares are parties to a registration rights agreement that provides the following registration rights:

Demand Registration on Form F-1 - each holder shall be entitled to demand registrations on Form F-1, provided that these demand registration rights may only be exercised by holders who hold, in the aggregate, not less than 25% of the aggregate number of shares then outstanding and held by all holders who are party to the agreement, and provided further that the we shall not be required to effect a demand registration statement after we have effected two demand registration statements, and such registration statements have been declared or ordered effective.

Demand Registration on Form F-3 - each holder shall be entitled to unlimited demand registrations on Form F-3, if we are eligible to register shares on Form F-3, provided that these demand registration rights may only be exercised by holders who hold, in the aggregate, not less than 10% of the aggregate number of shares then outstanding and held by all holders who are party to the agreement. These demand registration rights may not be exercised more than twice in any twelve-month period.

Piggyback Registration - each holder shall be entitled to piggyback registration rights, subject, in the case of an underwritten offering, to customary reductions by the underwriter, provided that the aggregate number of securities of the holders included in the registration may not be reduced to less than 30% of the total number of securities registered.

Expenses - We will pay all registration expenses relating to the exercise of the registration rights above, including the reasonable fees and expenses of legal counsel to the participating holders up to a maximum of $50,000 in the aggregate per registration.

Preemptive Rights

English law generally provides shareholders with statutory preemptive rights when new shares are issued for cash; however, it is possible for the articles of association, or shareholders by way of a special resolution at a general meeting, to disapply preemptive rights. Such a disapplication of preemptive rights may be for a maximum period of up to five years from the date of adoption of the articles of association, if the disapplication is contained in the articles of association, or from the date of the shareholder special resolution, if the disapplication is by shareholder special resolution. In either case, this disapplication would need to be renewed by our shareholders upon its expiration (i.e., at least every five years). Our articles of association disapply preemptive rights for a period of five years from the date of adoption, which was June 26, 2018. This disapplication will need to be renewed upon expiration (i.e., at least every five years) to remain effective, but may be sought more frequently for additional five-year terms (or any shorter period). Such preemption rights have been disapplied by our articles of association that became effective upon the completion of our initial public offering in June 2018 and which remain in force at the date of this Annual Report.

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Purchase of Own Shares

English law permits a public limited company to purchase its own shares out of the distributable profits of the company or the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of financing the purchase, subject to complying with procedural requirements under the Companies Act and provided that its articles of association do not prohibit it from doing so. Our articles of association, a summary of which is provided below, do not prohibit us from purchasing our own shares. A public limited company must not purchase its own shares if, as a result of the purchase, there would no longer be any issued shares of the company other than redeemable shares or shares held as treasury shares.

Any such purchase will be either a “market purchase” or “off market purchase,” each as defined in the Companies Act. A “market purchase” is a purchase made on a “recognized investment exchange” (other than an overseas exchange) as defined in the UK Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, or FSMA. An “off market purchase” is a purchase that is not made on a “recognized investment exchange.” Both “market purchases” and “off market purchases” require prior shareholder approval by way of an ordinary resolution. In the case of an “off market purchase,” a company’s shareholders, other than the shareholders from whom the company is purchasing shares, must approve the terms of the contract to purchase shares and in the case of a “market purchase,” the shareholders must approve the maximum number of shares that can be purchased and the maximum and minimum prices to be paid by the company.

The Nasdaq Global Select Market is an “overseas exchange” for the purposes of the Companies Act and does not fall within the definition of a “recognized investment exchange” for the purposes of FSMA and any purchase made by us would accordingly need to comply with the procedural requirements under the Companies Act that regulate “off market purchases.”

A share buy-back by a company of its shares will give rise to U.K. stamp duty reserve tax and stamp duty at the rate of 0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration payable by the company (rounded up to the next £5.00), and such stamp duty reserve tax or stamp duty will be paid by the company. The charge to stamp duty reserve tax will be cancelled or, if already paid, repaid (generally with interest), where a transfer instrument for stamp duty purposes has been duly stamped within six years of the charge arising (either by paying the stamp duty or by claiming an appropriate relief) or if the instrument is otherwise exempt from stamp duty.

Distributions and Dividends

Under the Companies Act, before a company can lawfully make a distribution or dividend, it must ensure that it has sufficient distributable reserves, as determined on a non-consolidated basis. The basic rule is that a company’s profits available for the purpose of making a distribution are its accumulated, realized profits, so far as not previously utilized by distribution or capitalization, less its accumulated, realized losses, so far as not previously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital duly made. The requirement to have sufficient distributable reserves before a distribution or dividend can be paid applies to us and to each of our subsidiaries that has been incorporated under English law.

As a public company, it will not be sufficient that we have made a distributable profit for the purpose of making a distribution. An additional capital maintenance requirement will be imposed on us to ensure that the net worth of the company is at least equal to the amount of its capital. A public company can only make a distribution:

if, at the time that the distribution is made, the amount of its net assets (that is, the total excess of assets over liabilities) is not less than the total of its called up share capital and undistributable reserves; and

if, and to the extent that, the distribution itself, at the time that it is made, does not reduce the amount of its net assets to less than that total.

Disclosure of Interest in Shares

Pursuant to Part 22 of the Companies Act, we are empowered to give by notice in writing to any person whom we know or have reasonable cause to believe to be interested in our shares, or at any time during the three years immediately preceding the date on which the notice is issued has been so interested, within a reasonable time to disclose to us particulars of that person’s interest and, so far as is within his or her knowledge, particulars of any other interest that subsists or subsisted in those shares.

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Under our articles of association, if a person defaults in supplying us with the required particulars in relation to the shares in question, or default shares within the prescribed period, our board of directors may by notice direct that:

the relevant shareholder shall not be entitled in respect of the default shares to be present or vote, either in person or by proxy, at any general meeting or separate meeting of the holders of a class of shares or upon any poll or to exercise any other right conferred by the membership in relation to any such meeting;

where the default shares represent at least 0.25% of their class, (a) any dividend or other money payable in respect of the default shares shall be retained by us without liability to pay interest, and/or (b) no transfers by the relevant shareholder of any default shares may be registered, unless the shareholder himself or herself is not in default and the shareholder proves to the satisfaction of the board of directors that no person in default as regards to supplying such information is interested in any of the default shares; and/or

any shares held by the relevant shareholder in uncertificated form shall be converted into certificated form.

Key Provisions of Our Articles of Association

The following is a summary of certain key provisions of our articles of association, which were adopted by a special resolution of our shareholders passed in June 2018. Please note that this is only a summary and is not intended to be exhaustive. For further information please refer to the full version of our articles of association, which is included as an exhibit to this Annual Report

The articles of association contain no specific restrictions on our purpose and therefore, by virtue of section 31(1) of the Companies Act, our purpose is unrestricted.

The articles of association contain, among other things, provisions to the following effect:

Share Capital

Our share capital currently consists of ordinary shares, deferred shares, B deferred shares and C deferred shares. We may issue shares with such rights or restrictions as may be determined by ordinary resolution, including shares which are to be redeemed, or are liable to be redeemed at our option or the option of the holder of such shares.

Voting

Holders of ordinary shares have the right to receive notice of, and to vote at, our general meetings. Any resolution put to the vote of a general meeting must be decided exclusively on a poll. Each shareholder who is present in person (or, being a corporation, by representative) or by proxy has one vote in respect of every share held by him.

Variation of Rights

Whenever our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the special rights attached to any class may be varied or abrogated either (i) with the consent in writing of the holders of three-quarters in nominal value of the issued shares of that class, (ii) with the authority of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class or (iii) in any other way as expressly provided for in relation to such rights, and may be so varied and abrogated while the company is a going concern.

Dividends

We may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Act and our articles of association, by ordinary resolution from time to time declare dividends to be paid to shareholders not exceeding the amount recommended by our board of directors. Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, in the discretion of board of directors, on the basis that our profits justify such payments, the board of directors may pay interim dividends on any class of our shares.

Any dividend unclaimed after a period of 12 years from the date such dividend was declared or became payable shall, if the board of directors resolve, be forfeited, cease to remain owing and shall revert to us. No dividend or other moneys payable on or in respect of a share shall bear interest as against us.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Each member may transfer all or any of his shares which are in certificated form by means of an instrument of transfer in writing in any usual form or in any other form which the board of directors may approve.

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The board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, refuse to register a transfer of certificated shares unless:

(i) it is for a share which is fully paid up;

(ii) it is for a share upon which the company has no lien;

(iii) it is only for one class of share;

(iv) it is in favor of a single transferee or no more than four joint transferees;

(v) it is duly stamped or is duly certificated or otherwise shown to the satisfaction of the board of directors to be exempt from stamp duty; and

(vi) it is delivered for registration to the registered office of the company (or such other place as the board of directors may determine), accompanied (except in the case of a transfer by a person to whom the company is not required by law to issue a certificate and to whom a certificate has not been issued or in the case of a renunciation) by the certificate for the shares to which it relates and such other evidence as the board of directors may reasonably require to prove the title of the transferor (or person renouncing) and the due execution of the transfer or renunciation by him or, if the transfer or renunciation is executed by some other person on his behalf, the authority of that person to do so.

Allotment of Shares and Preemption Rights

Subject to the Companies Act and to any rights attached to existing shares, any share may be issued with or have attached to it such rights and restrictions as the company may by ordinary resolution determine, or if no ordinary resolution has been passed or so far as the resolution does not make specific provision, as the board of directors may determine (including shares which are to be redeemed, or are liable to be redeemed at the option of the company or the holder of such shares).

In accordance with section 551 of the Companies Act, the board of directors may be generally and unconditionally authorized to exercise for each prescribed period all the powers of the company to allot shares up to an aggregate nominal amount equal to the amount stated in the relevant ordinary resolution authorizing such allotment. The authorities referred to above are included in our articles of association that became effective upon the completion of our initial public offering in June 2018 and which remain in force at the date of this Annual Report.

The provisions of section 561 of the Companies Act (which confer on shareholders rights of preemption in respect of the allotment of equity securities which are paid up in cash) apply to the company except to the extent disapplied by special resolution of the shareholders of the company, or in the company’s articles of association. Such preemption rights have been disapplied by our articles of association that became effective upon the completion of our initial public offering in June 2018 and which remain in force at the date of this Annual Report.

Alteration of Share Capital

In accordance with the Companies Act, the company may by ordinary resolution consolidate its share capital into shares of larger nominal value than its existing shares, or sub-divide its shares into shares of a smaller amount than the existing shares, and may in each case determine that the shares resulting from such sub-division or share consolidation may have a preference or advantage or be subject to a particular restriction.

The company may, in accordance with the Companies Act, reduce or cancel its share capital or any capital redemption reserve or share premium account in any manner and with and subject to any conditions, authorities and consents required by law.

Board of Directors

Unless otherwise determined by the company by ordinary resolution, the number of directors (other than any alternate directors) shall not be less than two and not more than 15.

Subject to the articles of association and the Companies Act, the company may by ordinary resolution appoint a person who is willing to act as a director and the board of directors shall have power at any time to appoint any person who is willing to act as a director, in both cases either to fill a vacancy or as an addition to the existing board of directors, provided the total number of directors shall not exceed the maximum number of 15.

Our articles of association provide that our board of directors is divided into three classes, each of which will consist, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting our entire board and which will serve staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting, the successors to directors whose terms then expire will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following election.

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At every subsequent annual general meeting, any director who either (i) has been appointed by the board of directors since the last annual general meeting or (ii) was not appointed or reappointed at one of the preceding two annual general meetings, must retire from office and may offer themselves for reappointment by the shareholders by ordinary resolution.

Subject to the provisions of the articles of association, the board of directors may regulate their proceedings as they deem appropriate. A director may, and the secretary at the request of a director shall, call a meeting of the directors.

The quorum for a meeting of the board of directors may be determined by the board and until otherwise determined, it is set at two directors.

Questions and matters requiring resolution arising at a meeting shall be decided by a majority of votes of the participating directors, with each director having one vote. In the case of an equality of votes, the chairman will have a casting vote or second vote, unless he or she is not entitled to vote on the resolution in question.

Directors shall be entitled to receive such compensation as the board shall determine for their services to the company as directors, and for any other service which they undertake for the company provided that the aggregate fees payable to the directors must not exceed $2,500,000 per annum or such higher amount as may from time to time be decided by ordinary resolution. The directors shall also be entitled to be paid all reasonable expenses properly incurred by them in connection with their attendance at meetings of shareholders or class meetings, board of director or committee meetings or otherwise in connection with the exercise of their powers and the discharge of their responsibilities in relation to the company.

The board of directors may, in accordance with the requirements in the articles of association, authorize any matter proposed to them by any director which would, if not authorized, involve a director breaching their duty under the Companies Act, to avoid conflicts of interests.

A director seeking authorization in respect of such conflict shall declare to the board of directors the nature and extent of his interest in a conflict as soon as is reasonably practicable. The director shall provide the board with such details of the matter as are necessary for the board to decide how to address the conflict together with such additional information as may be requested by the board.

Any authorization by the board of directors will be effective only if:

(i) to the extent permitted by the Companies Act, the matter in question shall have been proposed by any director for consideration in the same way that any other matter may be proposed to the directors under the provisions of the articles of association;

(ii) any requirement as to the quorum for consideration of the relevant matter is met without counting the conflicted director and any other conflicted director; and

(iii) the matter is agreed to without the conflicted director voting or would be agreed to if the conflicted director’s and any other interested director’s vote is not counted.

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, every director, secretary or other officer of the company (other than an auditor) is entitled to be indemnified against all losses and liabilities incurred in connection with his or her duties and powers.

General Meetings

The company must convene and hold annual general meetings once a year in accordance with the Companies Act. Under the Companies Act, an annual general meeting must be called by notice of at least 21 days.

No business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present when the meeting proceeds to business, but the absence of a quorum shall not preclude the choice or appointment of a chairman of the meeting which shall not be treated as part of the business of the meeting. Unless otherwise provided by the articles of association, two shareholders present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote shall be a quorum for all purposes.

Borrowing Powers

Subject to the articles of association and the Companies Act, the board of directors may exercise all of the powers of the company to:

(a) borrow money;

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(b) indemnify and guarantee;

(d) create and issue debentures and other securities; and

(e) give security either outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party.

Capitalization of Profits

The directors may, if they are so authorized by an ordinary resolution of the shareholders, decide to capitalize any undivided profits of the company not required for paying any preferential dividend (whether or not they are available for distribution), or any sum standing to the credit of the company’s share premium account, capital redemption reserve or any other reserve or fund of the company which is available for distribution. The directors may also, subject to the aforementioned ordinary resolution, appropriate any sum which they so decide to capitalize to the persons who would have been entitled to it if it were distributed by way of dividend and in the same proportions.

Uncertificated Shares

Subject to the Companies Act, the board of directors may permit title to shares of any class to be issued or held otherwise than by a certificate and to be transferred by means of a “relevant system” (e.g., DTC) without a certificate.

The board of directors may take such steps as it sees fit in relation to the evidencing of and transfer of title to uncertificated shares, any records relating to the holding of uncertificated shares and the conversion of uncertificated shares to certificated shares, or vice versa.

The company may by notice in writing to the holder of an uncertificated share, require that share to be converted into certificated form.

The board of directors may take such other action that the board considers appropriate to achieve the sale, transfer, disposal, forfeiture, re-allotment or surrender of an uncertified share or otherwise to enforce a lien in respect of it.

Choice of Forum

Our articles of association will provide that the U.S. federal district courts will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

Other Relevant United Kingdom Laws and Regulations

Mandatory Bid

(i) The Takeover Code does not currently apply to the company. However if the company were to become subject to the Takeover Code in the future, the following provisions will apply. Under Rule 9 of the Takeover Code, where:

a. any person, together with persons acting in concert with him, acquires, whether by a series of transactions over a period of time or not, an interest in shares which (taken together with shares in which he is already interested, and in which persons acting in concert with him are interested) carry 30% or more of the voting rights of a company; or

b. any person who, together with persons acting in concert with him, is interested in shares which in the aggregate carry not less than 30% of the voting rights of a company but does not hold shares carrying more than 50% of such voting rights and such person, or any person acting in concert with him, acquires an interest in any other shares which increases the percentage of shares carrying voting rights in which he is interested; such person shall, except in limited circumstances, be obliged to extend offers, on the basis set out in Rules 9.3, 9.4 and 9.5 of the Takeover Code, to the holders of any class of equity share capital, whether voting or non-voting, and also to the holders of any other class of transferable securities carrying voting rights. Offers for different classes of equity share capital must be comparable; the Takeover Panel should be consulted in advance in such cases.

(ii) An offer under Rule 9 of the Takeover Code must be in cash and at the highest price paid for any interest in the shares by the person required to make an offer or any person acting in concert with him during the 12 months prior to the announcement of the offer.

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(iii) Under the Takeover Code, a “concert party” arises where persons acting together pursuant to an agreement or understanding (whether formal or informal and whether or not in writing) actively cooperate, through the acquisition by them of an interest in shares in a company, to obtain or consolidate control of the company. “Control” means holding, or aggregate holdings, of an interest in shares carrying 30% or more of the voting rights of the company, irrespective of whether the holding or holdings give de facto control.

Squeeze-out

(i) Under sections 979 to 982 of the Companies Act, if an offeror were to acquire, or unconditionally contract to acquire, not less than 90% in value of the ordinary shares of the company and 90% of the voting rights carried by the ordinary shares of the company, it could then compulsorily acquire the remaining 10%. It would do so by sending a notice to outstanding shareholders telling them that it will compulsorily acquire their shares, provided that no such notice may be served after the end of: (a) the period of three months beginning with the day after the last day on which the offer can be accepted; or (b) if earlier, and the offer is not one to which section 943(1) of the Companies Act applies, the period of six months beginning with the date of the offer.

(ii) Six weeks following service of the notice, the offeror must send a copy of it to the company together with the consideration for the ordinary shares to which the notice relates, and an instrument of transfer executed on behalf of the outstanding shareholder(s) by a person appointed by the offeror.

(iii) The company will hold the consideration on trust for the outstanding shareholders.

Sell-out

(i) Sections 983 to 985 of the Companies Act also give minority shareholders in the company a right to be bought out in certain circumstances by an offeror who has made a takeover offer. If a takeover offer relating to all the ordinary shares of the company is made at any time before the end of the period within which the offer could be accepted and the offeror held or had agreed to acquire not less than 90% of the ordinary shares, any holder of shares to which the offer related who had not accepted the offer could by a written communication to the offeror require it to acquire those shares. The offeror is required to give any shareholder notice of his right to be bought out within one month of that right arising. The offeror may impose a time limit on the rights of minority shareholders to be bought out, but that period cannot end less than three months after the end of the acceptance period, or, if longer a period of three months from the date of the notice.

(ii) If a shareholder exercises his rights, the offeror is bound to acquire those shares on the terms of the offer or on such other terms as may be agreed.

Differences in Corporate Law

The applicable provisions of the Companies Act differ from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of certain differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware relating to shareholders’ rights and protections. This summary is not intended to be a complete discussion of the respective rights and it is qualified in its entirety by reference to Delaware law and English law.


	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Number of Directors	Under the Companies Act, a public limited company must have at least two directors and the number of directors may be fixed by or in the manner provided in a company’s articles of association.	Under Delaware law, a corporation must have at least one director and the number of directors shall be fixed by or in the manner provided in the bylaws.

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	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Removal of Directors	Under the Companies Act, shareholders may remove a director without cause by an ordinary resolution (which is passed by a simple majority of those voting in person or by proxy at a general meeting) irrespective of any provisions of any service contract the director has with the company, provided 28 clear days’ notice of the resolution has been given to the company and its shareholders. On receipt of notice of an intended resolution to remove a director, the company must forthwith send a copy of the notice to the director concerned. Certain other procedural requirements under the Companies Act must also be followed, such as allowing the director to make representations against his or her removal either at the meeting or in writing.	Under Delaware law, any director or the entire board of directors may be removed, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors, except (i) unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise, in the case of a corporation whose board of directors is classified, stockholders may effect such removal only for cause, or (ii) in the case of a corporation having cumulative voting, if less than the entire board of directors is to be removed, no director may be removed without cause if the votes cast against his removal would be sufficient to elect him if then cumulatively voted at an election of the entire board of directors, or, if there are classes of directors, at an election of the class of directors of which he is a part.


	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Vacancies of Board of Directors	Under English law, the procedure by which directors, other than a company’s initial directors, are appointed is generally set out in a company’s articles of association, provided that where two or more persons are appointed as directors of a public limited company by resolution of the shareholders, resolutions appointing each director must be voted on individually.	Under Delaware law, vacancies and newly created directorships may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office (even though less than a quorum) or by a sole remaining director unless (i) otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws of the corporation or (ii) the certificate of incorporation directs that a particular class of stock is to elect such director, in which case a majority of the other directors elected by such class, or a sole remaining director elected by such class, will fill such vacancy.

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	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Annual General Meeting	Under the Companies Act, a public limited company must hold an annual general meeting in each six-month period following the company’s annual accounting reference date.	Under Delaware law, the annual meeting of stockholders shall be held at such place, on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the board of directors or as provided in the certificate of incorporation or by the bylaws.


	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
General Meeting	Under the Companies Act, a general meeting of the shareholders of a public limited company may be called by the directors. Shareholders holding at least 5% of the paid-up capital of the company carrying voting rights at general meetings (excluding any paid up capital held as treasury shares) can require the directors to call a general meeting and, if the directors fail to do so within a certain period, may themselves convene a general meeting.	Under Delaware law, special meetings of the stockholders may be called by the board of directors or by such person or persons as may be authorized by the certificate of incorporation or by the bylaws.

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	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Notice of General Meeting	Under the Companies Act, at least 21 days’ notice must be given for an annual general meeting and any resolutions to be proposed at the meeting. Subject to a company’s articles of association providing for a longer period, at least 14 days’ notice is required for any other general meeting of a public limited company. In addition, certain matters, such as the removal of directors or auditors, require special notice, which is 28 days’ notice. The shareholders of a company may in all cases consent to a shorter notice period, the proportion of shareholders’ consent required being 100% of those entitled to attend and vote in the case of an annual general meeting and, in the case of any other general meeting, a majority in number of the members having a right to attend and vote at the meeting, being a majority who together hold not less than 95% in nominal value of the shares giving a right to attend and vote at the meeting.	Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws, written notice of any meeting of the stockholders must be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at the meeting not less than ten nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting and shall specify the place, date, hour and purpose or purposes of the meeting.


	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Proxy	Under the Companies Act, at any meeting of shareholders, a shareholder may designate another person to attend, speak and vote at the meeting on their behalf by proxy.	Under Delaware law, at any meeting of stockholders, a stockholder may designate another person to act for such stockholder by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A director of a Delaware corporation may not issue a proxy representing the director’s voting rights as a director.

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	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Preemptive Rights	Under the Companies Act, “equity securities,” being (i) shares in the company other than shares that, with respect to dividends and capital, carry a right to participate only up to a specified amount in a distribution, referred to as “ordinary shares,” or (ii) rights to subscribe for, or to convert securities into, ordinary shares, proposed to be allotted for cash must be offered first to the existing equity shareholders in the company in proportion to the respective nominal value of their holdings, unless an exception applies or a special resolution to the contrary has been passed by shareholders in a general meeting or the articles of association provide otherwise in each case in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act.	Under Delaware law, shareholders have no preemptive rights to subscribe to additional issues of stock or to any security convertible into such stock unless, and except to the extent that, such rights are expressly provided for in the certificate of incorporation.


	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Authority to Allot	Under the Companies Act, the directors of a company must not allot shares or grant rights to subscribe for or convert any security into shares unless an exception applies or an ordinary resolution to the contrary has been passed by shareholders in a general meeting or the articles of association provide otherwise, in each case in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act.	Under Delaware law, if the corporation’s charter or certificate of incorporation so provides, the board of directors has the power to authorize the issuance of stock. The board may authorize capital stock to be issued for consideration consisting of cash, any tangible or intangible property or any benefit to the corporation or any combination thereof. It may determine the amount of such consideration by approving a formula. In the absence of actual fraud in the transaction, the judgment of the directors as to the value of such consideration is conclusive.

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	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Liability of Directors and Officers	Under the Companies Act, any provision, whether contained in a company’s articles of association or any contract or otherwise, that purports to exempt a director of a company, to any extent, from any liability that would otherwise attach to him in connection with any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to the company, is void. Any provision by which a company directly or indirectly provides an indemnity, to any extent, for a director of the company or of an associated company against any liability attaching to him in connection with any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to the company of which he is a director is also void except as permitted by the Companies Act, which provides exceptions for the company to (i) purchase and maintain insurance against such liability; (ii) provide a “qualifying third party indemnity,” or an indemnity against liability incurred by the director to a person other than the company or an associated company or criminal proceedings in which he is convicted; and (iii) provide a “qualifying pension scheme indemnity,” or an indemnity against liability incurred in connection with the company’s activities as trustee of an occupational pension plan.	Under Delaware law, a corporation’s certificate of incorporation may include a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation and its stockholders for damages arising from a breach of fiduciary duty as a director. However, no provision can limit the liability of a director for: any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders; acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; intentional or negligent payment of unlawful


			ENGLAND			DELAWARE

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Voting Rights			Under English law, unless a poll is demanded by the shareholders of a company or is required by the chairman of the meeting or the company’s articles of association, shareholders shall vote on all resolutions on a show of hands. Under the Companies Act, a poll may be demanded by (i) not fewer than five shareholders having the right to vote on the resolution; (ii) any shareholder(s) representing not less than 10% of the total voting rights of all the shareholders having the right to vote on the resolution (excluding any voting rights attaching to treasury shares); or (iii) any shareholder(s) holding shares in the company conferring a right to vote on the resolution (excluding any voting rights attaching to treasury shares) being shares on which an aggregate sum has been paid up equal to not less than 10% of the total sum paid up on all the shares conferring that right. A company’s articles of association may provide more extensive rights for shareholders to call a poll. Under English law, an ordinary resolution is passed on a show of hands if it is approved by a simple majority (more than 50%) of the votes cast by shareholders present (in person or by proxy) and entitled to vote. If a poll is demanded, an ordinary resolution is passed if it is approved by holders representing a simple majority of the total voting rights of shareholders present, in person or by proxy, who, being entitled to vote, vote on the resolution. Special resolutions require the affirmative vote of not less than 75% of the votes cast by shareholders present, in person or by proxy, at the meeting.			Delaware law provides that, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, each stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder.

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	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Shareholder Vote on Certain Transactions	The Companies Act provides for schemes of arrangement, which are arrangements or compromises between a company and any class of shareholders or creditors and used in certain types of reconstructions, amalgamations, capital reorganizations or takeovers. These arrangements require: the approval at a shareholders’ or creditors’ meeting convened by order of the court, of a majority in number of shareholders or creditors representing 75% in value of the capital held by, or debt owed to, the class of shareholders or creditors, or class thereof present and voting, either in person or by proxy; and the approval of the court.	Generally, under Delaware law, unless the certificate of incorporation provides for the vote of a larger portion of the stock, completion of a merger, consolidation, sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of a corporation’s assets or dissolution requires: the approval of the board of directors; and the approval by the vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock or, if the certificate of incorporation provides for more or less than one vote per share, a majority of the votes of the outstanding stock of the corporation entitled to vote on the matter.

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	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Standard of Conduct for Directors	Under English law, a director owes various statutory and fiduciary duties to the company, including: to act in the way he considers, in good faith, would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole; to avoid a situation in which he has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly conflicts, with the interests of the company; to act in accordance with the company’s constitution and only exercise his powers for the purposes for which they are conferred; to exercise independent judgment; to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence; not to accept benefits from a third party conferred by reason of his being a director or doing, or not doing, anything as a director; and to declare any interest that he has, whether directly or indirectly, in a proposed or existing transaction or arrangement with the company.	Delaware law does not contain specific provisions setting forth the standard of conduct of a director. The scope of the fiduciary duties of directors is generally determined by the courts of the State of Delaware. In general, directors have a duty to act without self-interest, on a well-informed basis and in a manner they reasonably believe to be in the best interest of the stockholders. Directors of a Delaware corporation owe fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to the corporation and to its shareholders. The duty of care generally requires that a director acts in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director act in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. In general, but subject to certain exceptions, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Delaware courts have also imposed a heightened standard of conduct upon directors of a Delaware corporation who take any action designed to defeat a threatened change in control of the corporation. In addition, under Delaware law, when the board of directors of a Delaware corporation approves the sale or break-up of a corporation, the board of directors may, in certain circumstances, have a duty to obtain the highest value reasonably available to the shareholders.

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	ENGLAND	DELAWARE
Shareholder Litigation	Under English law, generally, the company, rather than its shareholders, is the proper claimant in an action in respect of a wrong done to the company or where there is an irregularity in the company’s internal management. Notwithstanding this general position, the Companies Act provides that (i) a court may allow a shareholder to bring a derivative claim (that is, an action in respect of and on behalf of the company) in respect of a cause of action arising from a director’s negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust and (ii) a shareholder may bring a claim for a court order where the company’s affairs have been or are being conducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to some of its shareholders.	Under Delaware law, a stockholder may initiate a derivative action to enforce a right of a corporation if the corporation fails to enforce the right itself. The complaint must: state that the plaintiff was a stockholder at the time of the transaction of which the plaintiff complains or that the plaintiff’s shares thereafter devolved on the plaintiff by operation of law; and allege with particularity the efforts made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the directors and the reasons for the plaintiff’s failure to obtain the action; or state the reasons for not making the effort. Additionally, the plaintiff must remain a stockholder through the duration of the derivative suit. The action will not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the Delaware Court of Chancery.

C. Material contracts.

In addition to the contracts described elsewhere in this Annual Report, the following are summaries of each material contract to which we are a party for the two years preceding the date of this Annual Report.

Underwriting Agreements

We entered into an underwriting agreement with Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and Jefferies LLC as representatives of the underwriters, on June 21, 2018, with respect to the ADSs sold in our IPO. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

We entered into an underwriting agreement with Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and Jefferies LLC as representatives of the underwriters, on April 10, 2019, with respect to the ADSs sold in our April 2019 public offering. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

We entered into an underwriting agreement with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Jefferies LLC as representatives of the underwriters, on January 22, 2020, with respect to the ADSs sold in our January 2020 public offering. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

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We entered into an underwriting agreement with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC as representatives of the underwriters, on February 9, 2021, with respect to the ADSs sold in our February 2021 public offering. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

Sales Agreement

On September 18, 2020, we entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM with Jefferies LLC, or the Sales Agreement, pursuant to which we may issue and sell our ADSs having aggregate offering sales proceeds of up to $100,000,000, from time to time, in an at-the-market offering pursuant to which Jefferies will act as sales agent. The Sales Agreement contains customary representations and warranties of the parties and indemnification and contribution provisions under which we and Jefferies have agreed to indemnify each other against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. Each party has right, by giving written notice as specified in the Sales Agreement, to terminate the sales agreement.

University College of London Business Ltd. (UCLB) License

In September 2014, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the License, with UCL Business Ltd., or UCLB, the technology transfer company of University College London, or UCL, to obtain licenses to certain technology rights in the field of cancer therapy and diagnosis. In March 2016 and March 2018, the License was amended to include additional rights. In October 2020, the License was again amended and restated to reflect our election to have various UCLB patent rights assigned to us, as well as to provide us with access to additional licensed technologies. The License contains customary indemnification and other risk allocation terms with respect to the licensed technologies and our uses thereof.

For additional information on our material contracts, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees,” and “Item 7.B. Related Party Transactions” of this Annual Report.

D. Exchange controls.

There are no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation in the United Kingdom that may affect the import or export of capital, including the availability of cash and cash equivalents for use by us, or that may affect the remittance of dividends, interest, or other payments by us to non-resident holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs, other than withholding tax requirements. There is no limitation imposed by the laws of England and Wales or our articles of association on the right of non-residents to hold or vote shares.

E. Taxation.

The following summary contains a description of material U.K. and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ADSs. This summary should not be considered a comprehensive description of all the tax considerations that may be relevant to beneficial owners of ADSs.

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders

The following is a description of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to the U.S. Holders described below of owning and disposing of our ADSs. It is not a comprehensive description of all tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to acquire securities. This discussion applies only to a U.S. Holder that holds our ADSs as a capital asset for tax purposes (generally, property held for investment). In addition, it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant in light of a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, including state and local tax consequences, estate tax consequences, alternative minimum tax consequences, the potential application of the Medicare contribution tax, and tax consequences applicable to U.S. Holders subject to special rules, such as:

•banks, insurance companies, and certain other financial institutions;

•U.S. expatriates and certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;

•dealers or traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;

•persons holding ADSs as part of a hedging transaction, “straddle,” wash sale, conversion transaction or integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to ADSs;

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•persons whose “functional currency” for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;

•brokers, dealers or traders in securities, commodities or currencies;

•tax-exempt entities or government organizations;

•S corporations, partnerships, or other entities or arrangements classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (and investors therein);

•regulated investment companies or real estate investment trusts;

•persons who acquired ADSs pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation;

•persons that own or are deemed to own 10 percent or more of our shares including shares represented by ADSs (by vote or value); and

•persons holding our ADSs in connection with a trade or business, permanent establishment, or fixed base outside the United States.

If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding ADSs and partners in such partnerships are encouraged to consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of ADSs.

U.S. Holders that own (directly, indirectly, or constructively through the application of attribution rules) 10% or more of our total combined voting power or value could be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences pursuant to the controlled foreign corporation rules due to our ownership of a U.S. subsidiary. Such prospective Holders should consult with their tax advisors as to the tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of our ADSs.

The discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions, final, temporary and proposed Treasury Regulations, and the income tax treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States, or the Treaty, all as of the date hereof, changes to any of which may affect the tax consequences described herein—possibly with retroactive effect.

A “U.S. Holder” is a holder who, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is a beneficial owner of ADSs who is eligible for the benefits of the Treaty and is:

(i)a citizen or individual resident of the United States;

(ii)a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia;

(iii)an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

(iv)a trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) the trust has a valid election to be treated as a U.S. person under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations.

U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of owning and disposing of ADSs in their particular circumstances.

THESE PARAGRAPHS ARE A SUMMARY OF CERTAIN U.S. TAX CONSIDERATIONS AND ARE INTENDED AS A GENERAL GUIDE ONLY. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ALL HOLDERS OF ADSs OBTAIN ADVICE AS TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSAL OF THE ADSs IN THEIR OWN SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES FROM THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS.

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the deposit agreement are true and that the obligations in the deposit agreement and any related agreement will be complied with in accordance with their terms. A U.S. Holder of an ADS will generally be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the beneficial owner of the ordinary shares represented by the ADS, and, accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized upon an exchange of ADSs for ordinary shares.

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Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder will be subject to special rules generally intended to reduce or eliminate any benefits from the deferral of U.S. federal income tax that a U.S. Holder could derive from investing in a non-U.S. company that does not distribute all of its earnings on a current basis.

A non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules, either:

•at least 75% of its gross income is passive income (such as interest income); or

•at least 50% of its gross assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income.

We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation, the equity of which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value).

Based on our current estimates of expected gross assets and income for the current taxable year, we do not believe we will be a PFIC for the year ending December 31, 2020. However, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and therefore, no assurances can be provided with respect to our PFIC status for our taxable year ending December 31, 2020 or with regard to our PFIC status in the past or in the future.

A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether we are a PFIC for that year. As a result, our PFIC status may change from year to year. The total value of our assets for purposes of the asset test generally will be calculated using the market price of the ADSs, which may fluctuate considerably. Fluctuations in the market price of the ADSs may result in our being a PFIC for any taxable year.

If we are classified as a PFIC in any year with respect to which a U.S. Holder owns ADSs, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. Holder in all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder owns the ADSs, regardless of whether we continue to meet the tests described above unless (i) we cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder has made a “deemed sale” election under the PFIC rules, (ii) we cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder has a valid mark-to- market election in effect (as described below) or (iii) the U.S. Holder makes a Qualified Electing Fund Election, or QEF Election, with respect to all taxable years during such U.S. Holders holding period in which we are a PFIC. However, a U.S. Holder may make a QEF Election with respect to our ADSs only if we annually provide such U.S. Holder with certain tax information, and we currently do not intend to prepare or provide such information. As a result, the QEF Election is not expected to be available to a U.S. Holder and the remainder of this discussion assumes that such election will not be available. If the “deemed sale” election is made, a U.S. Holder will be deemed to have sold the ADSs the U.S. Holder holds at their fair market value and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the rules described below. After the deemed sale election, so long as we do not become a PFIC in a subsequent taxable year, the U.S. Holder’s ADSs with respect to which such election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC and the U.S. Holder will not be subject to the rules described below with respect to any “excess distribution” the U.S. Holder receives from us or any gain from an actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors as to the possibility and consequences of making a deemed sale election if we cease to be a PFIC and such election becomes available.

For each taxable year we are treated as a PFIC with respect to U.S. Holders, U.S. Holders will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” such U.S. Holder receives and any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of ADSs, unless (i) such U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election with respect to all taxable years of a U.S. Holder’s holding period during which we are a PFIC or makes a purging election to cause a deemed sale of the ADSs at their fair market value in conjunction with a QEF election (however, as discussed above, such elections are expected and assumed not to be available) or (ii) our ADSs constitute “marketable“ securities, and such U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election as discussed below. Distributions a U.S. Holder receives in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions a U.S. Holder received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special tax rules:

•the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs;

•the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we became a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

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•the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

The tax liability for amounts allocated to years prior to the year of disposition or the year of an “excess distribution” cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the ADSs cannot be treated as capital, even if a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs as capital assets.

If we are a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will generally be subject to similar rules with respect to distributions we receive from, and our dispositions of the stock of, any of our direct or indirect subsidiaries that also are PFICs, as if such distributions were indirectly received by, and/or dispositions were indirectly carried out by, such U.S. Holder. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to our subsidiaries.

U.S. Holders can avoid the interest charge on excess distributions or gain relating to the ADSs by making a mark-to-market election with respect to the ordinary shares, provided that the ADSs are “marketable.” ADSs will be marketable if they are “regularly traded” on certain U.S. stock exchanges or on a foreign stock exchange that meets certain conditions. For these purposes, the ordinary shares or ADSs will be considered regularly traded during any calendar year during which they are traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Any trades that have as their principal purpose meeting this requirement will be disregarded. Our ADSs are listed on Nasdaq, which is a qualified exchange for these purposes. Consequently, if our ADSs remain listed on Nasdaq and are regularly traded, and you are a holder of ADSs, we expect the mark-to-market election would be available to U.S. Holders if we are a PFIC. Each U.S. Holder should consult its tax advisor as to the whether a mark-to-market election is available or advisable with respect to the ADSs.

A U.S. Holder that makes a mark-to-market election must include as ordinary income for each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ADSs at the close of the taxable year over the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs. Accordingly, such mark-to-market election may accelerate the recognition of income without a corresponding receipt of cash. An electing holder may also claim an ordinary loss deduction for the excess, if any, of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted basis in the ADSs over the fair market value of the ADSs at the close of the taxable year, but this deduction is allowable only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains for prior years. Gains from an actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs will be treated as ordinary income, and any losses incurred on a sale or other disposition of the ADSs will be treated as an ordinary loss to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains for prior years. Once made, the election cannot be revoked without the consent of the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, unless the ADSs cease to be marketable.

However, a mark-to-market election generally cannot be made for equity interests in any lower- tier PFICs that we own, unless shares of such lower-tier PFIC are themselves “marketable.” As a result, even if a U.S. Holder validly makes a mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs, the U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules (described above) with respect to its indirect interest in any of our investments that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors as to the availability and desirability of a mark-to-market election, as well as the impact of such election on interests in any lower-tier PFICs.

Unless otherwise provided by the U.S. Treasury, each U.S. shareholder of a PFIC is required to file an annual report containing such information as the U.S. Treasury may require. A U.S. Holder’s failure to file the annual report will cause the statute of limitations for such U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax return to remain open with regard to the items required to be included in such report until three years after the U.S. Holder files the annual report, and, unless such failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, the statute of limitations for the U.S. Holder’s entire U.S. federal income tax return will remain open during such period. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing such information returns under these rules.

ADSs

A U.S. Holder of ADSs will generally be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares that such ADSs represent. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if a U.S. Holder exchanges ADSs for the underlying shares represented by those ADSs.

The U.S. Treasury has expressed concern that parties to whom ADSs are released before shares are delivered to the Depositary or intermediaries in the chain of ownership between holders and the issuer of the security underlying the ADSs, may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits by U.S. Holders of ADSs. These actions would also be inconsistent with the claiming of the reduced rate of tax, described below, applicable to dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders. Accordingly, the creditability of non-U.S. withholding taxes (if any), and the availability of the reduced tax rate for

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dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, each described below, could be affected by actions taken by such parties or intermediaries.

Taxation of Distributions

Subject to the discussion above under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” distributions paid on ADSs, other than certain pro rata distributions of ADSs, will generally be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Because we may not calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, we expect that distributions generally will be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends. Subject to applicable limitations, dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders may be taxable at preferential rates applicable to “qualified dividend income.” However, the qualified dividend income treatment will not apply if we are treated as a PFIC with respect to the U.S. Holder for the taxable year in which a dividend is paid or the preceding year. The amount of the dividend will be treated as foreign-source dividend income to U.S. Holders and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally available to U.S. corporations under the Code. Dividends will generally be included in a U.S. Holder’s income on the date of the U.S. Holder’s receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend income paid in foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of actual or constructive receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt. Such gain or loss would generally be treated as U.S.-source ordinary income or loss. The amount of any distribution of property other than cash (and other than certain pro rata distributions of ADSs or rights to acquire ADSs) will be the fair market value of such property on the date of distribution.

For foreign tax credit limitation purposes, our dividends will generally be treated as passive category income. Because no U.K. income taxes will be withheld from dividends on ADSs, there will be no creditable foreign taxes associated with any dividends that a U.S. Holder will receive.

Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of ADSs

Subject to the discussion above under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” gain or loss realized on the sale or other taxable disposition of ADSs will be capital gain or loss, and will be a long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder held the ADSs for more than one year. The amount of the gain or loss will equal the difference between the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the ADSs disposed of and the amount realized on the disposition, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars. This gain or loss will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

If the consideration received by a U.S. Holder is not paid in U.S. dollars, the amount realized will be the U.S. dollar value of the payment received determined by reference to the spot rate of exchange on the date of the sale or other disposition. However, if the ADSs are treated as traded on an “established securities market” and a U.S. Holder is either a cash basis taxpayer or an accrual basis taxpayer that has made a special election (which must be applied consistently from year to year and cannot be changed without the consent of the IRS), such U.S. Holder will determine the U.S. dollar value of the amount realized in a non-U.S. dollar currency by translating the amount received at the spot rate of exchange on the settlement date of the sale. If a U.S. Holder is an accrual basis taxpayer that is not eligible to or does not elect to determine the amount realized using the spot rate on the settlement date, such U.S. Holder will recognize foreign currency gain or loss to the extent of any difference between the U.S. dollar amount realized on the date of sale or disposition and the U.S. dollar value of the currency received at the spot rate on the settlement date.

WE STRONGLY URGE YOU TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE IMPACT OF OUR PFIC STATUS ON YOUR INVESTMENT IN THE ADSs AS WELL AS THE APPLICATION OF THE PFIC RULES TO YOUR INVESTMENT IN THE ADSs.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries generally are subject to information reporting, and may be subject to backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is a corporation or other exempt recipient or (ii) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding (generally, by providing an IRS Form W-9).

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

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Information with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals (and, under regulations, certain entities) may be required to report information relating to the ordinary shares or ADSs, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for ordinary shares or ADSs held in accounts maintained by certain U.S. financial institutions). Such U.S. Holders who fail to timely furnish the required information may be subject to a penalty. Additionally, if a U.S. Holder does not file the required information, the statute of limitations with respect to tax returns of the U.S. Holder to which the information relates may not close until three years after such information is filed. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding their reporting obligations with respect to their ownership and disposition of the ADSs.

U.K. Taxation

The following is intended as a general guide to current U.K. tax law and HM Revenue & Customs, or HMRC, published practice applying as at the date of this Annual Report (both of which are subject to change at any time, possibly with retrospective effect) relating to the holding of ADSs. It does not constitute legal or tax advice and does not purport to be a complete analysis of all U.K. tax considerations relating to the holding of ADSs, or all of the circumstances in which holders of ADSs may benefit from an exemption or relief from U.K. taxation. It is written on the basis that we do not (and will not) directly or indirectly derive 75% or more of our qualifying asset value from U.K. land, and that we are and remain solely resident in the United Kingdom for tax purposes and will therefore be subject to the U.K. tax regime and not the U.S. tax regime save as set out above under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders.”

Except to the extent that the position of non-U.K. resident persons is expressly referred to, this guide relates only to persons who are resident (and, in the case of individuals, domiciled or deemed domiciled) for tax purposes solely in the United Kingdom and do not have a permanent establishment, branch, agency (or equivalent) or fixed base in any other jurisdiction with which the holding of the ADSs is connected, or U.K. Holders, who are absolute beneficial owners of the ADSs (where the ADSs are not held through an Individual Savings Account or a Self-Invested Personal Pension) and who hold the ADSs as investments.

This guide may not relate to certain classes of U.K. Holders, such as (but not limited to):

•persons who are connected with the company;

•financial institutions;

•insurance companies;

•charities or tax-exempt organizations;

•collective investment schemes;

•pension schemes;

•market makers, intermediaries, brokers or dealers in securities;

•persons who have (or are deemed to have) acquired their ADSs by virtue of an office or employment or who are or have been officers or employees of the company or any of its affiliates; and

•individuals who are subject to U.K. taxation on a remittance basis.

The decision of the First-tier Tribunal (Tax Chamber) in HSBC Holdings PLC and The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation v HMRC (2012) cast some doubt on whether a holder of a depositary receipt is the beneficial owner of the underlying shares. However, based on published HMRC guidance we would expect that HMRC will regard a holder of ADSs as holding the beneficial interest in the underlying shares and therefore these paragraphs assume that a holder of ADSs is the beneficial owner of the underlying ordinary shares and any dividends paid in respect of the underlying ordinary shares (where the dividends are regarded for U.K. purposes as that person’s own income) for U.K. direct tax purposes.

THESE PARAGRAPHS ARE A SUMMARY OF CERTAIN U.K. TAX CONSIDERATIONS AND ARE INTENDED AS A GENERAL GUIDE ONLY. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ALL HOLDERS OF ADSs OBTAIN ADVICE AS TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSAL OF THE ADSs IN THEIR OWN

144

SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES FROM THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS. IN PARTICULAR, NON-U.K. RESIDENT OR DOMICILED PERSONS ARE ADVISED TO CONSIDER THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF ANY RELEVANT DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS.

Dividends

Withholding Tax

Dividends paid by us will not be subject to any withholding or deduction for or on account of U.K. tax.

Income Tax

An individual U.K. Holder may, depending on his or her particular circumstances, be subject to U.K. tax on dividends received from us. An individual holder of ADSs who is not resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom should not be chargeable to U.K. income tax on dividends received from us unless he or she carries on (whether solely or in partnership) a trade, profession or vocation in the United Kingdom through a branch or agency to which the ADSs are attributable. There are certain exceptions for trading in the United Kingdom through independent agents, such as some brokers and investment managers.

All dividends received by an individual U.K. Holder from us or from other sources will form part of that U.K. Holder’s total income for income tax purposes and will constitute the top slice of that income. A nil rate of income tax will apply to the first £2,000 of taxable dividend income received by the individual U.K. Holder in a tax year. Income within the nil rate band will be taken into account in determining whether income in excess of the £2,000 tax-free allowance falls within the basic rate, higher rate or additional rate tax bands. Dividend income in excess of the tax-free allowance will (subject to the availability of any income tax personal allowance) be taxed at 7.5% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the basic rate tax band, 32.5% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the higher rate tax band and 38.1% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the additional rate tax band.

Corporation Tax

A corporate holder of ADSs who is not resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom should not be chargeable to U.K. corporation tax on dividends received from us unless it carries on (whether solely or in partnership) a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment to which the ADSs are attributable.

Corporate U.K. Holders should not be subject to U.K. corporation tax on any dividend received from us so long as the dividends qualify for exemption, which should be the case, although certain conditions must be met. If the conditions for the exemption are not satisfied, or such U.K. Holder elects for an otherwise exempt dividend to be taxable, U.K. corporation tax will be chargeable on the amount of any dividends (at the current rate of 19%).

Chargeable Gains

A disposal or deemed disposal of ADSs by a U.K. Holder may, depending on the U.K. Holder’s circumstances and subject to any available exemptions or reliefs (such as the annual exemption), give rise to a chargeable gain or an allowable loss for the purposes of U.K. capital gains tax and corporation tax on chargeable gains.

If an individual U.K. Holder who is subject to U.K. income tax at either the higher or the additional rate is liable to U.K. capital gains tax on the disposal of ADSs, the current applicable rate will be 20%. For an individual U.K. Holder who is subject to U.K. income tax at the basic rate and liable to U.K. capital gains tax on such disposal, the current applicable rate would be 10%, save to the extent that any capital gains, when aggregated with the U.K. Holder’s other taxable income and gains in the relevant tax year, exceed the unused basic rate tax band. In that case, the rate currently applicable to the excess would be 20%

If a corporate U.K. Holder becomes liable to U.K. corporation tax on the disposal (or deemed disposal) of ADSs, the main rate of U.K. corporation tax (currently 19%) would apply.

A holder of ADSs which is not resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom should not normally be liable to U.K. capital gains tax or corporation tax on chargeable gains on a disposal (or deemed disposal) of ADSs unless the person is carrying on (whether solely or in partnership) a trade, profession or vocation in the United Kingdom through a branch or agency (or, in the case of a corporate holder of ADSs, through a permanent establishment) to which the ADSs are attributable. However, an individual holder of ADSs who has ceased to be resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom for a period of less than five years and who disposes of

145

ADSs during that period may be liable on his or her return to the United Kingdom to U.K. tax on any capital gain realized (subject to any available exemption or relief).

Stamp Duty and Stamp Duty Reserve Tax

The discussion below relates to the holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs wherever resident, however it should be noted that special rules may apply to certain persons such as market makers, brokers, dealers or intermediaries.

Issue of Ordinary Shares

No U.K. stamp duty or stamp duty reserve tax, or SDRT, is payable on the issue of the underlying ordinary shares in the company.

Transfers of Ordinary Shares

An unconditional agreement to transfer ordinary shares in certificated form will normally give rise to a charge to SDRT at the rate of 0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration payable for the transfer. The purchaser of the shares is liable for the SDRT. Transfers of ordinary shares in certificated form are generally also subject to stamp duty at the rate of 0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration given for the transfer (rounded up to the next £5.00). Stamp duty is normally paid by the purchaser. The charge to SDRT will be canceled or, if already paid, repaid (generally with interest), where a transfer instrument has been duly stamped within six years of the charge arising (either by paying the stamp duty or by claiming an appropriate relief) or if the instrument is otherwise exempt from stamp duty.

An unconditional agreement to transfer ordinary shares to, or to a nominee or agent for, a person whose business is or includes the issue of depositary receipts or the provision of clearance services will generally be subject to SDRT (or, where the transfer is effected by a written instrument, stamp duty) at a higher rate of 1.5% of the amount or value of the consideration given for the transfer unless the clearance service has made and maintained an election under section 97A of the U.K. Finance Act 1986, or a section 97A election. It is understood that HMRC regards the facilities of DTC as a clearance service for these purposes and we are not aware of any section 97A election having been made by DTC.

However, no SDRT is generally payable where the transfer of ordinary shares to a clearance service or depositary receipt system is an integral part of an issue of share capital.

Any stamp duty or SDRT payable on a transfer of ordinary shares to a depositary receipt system or clearance service will in practice generally be paid by the participants in the clearance service or depositary receipt system.

Transfers of ADSs

No SDRT should be required to be paid on a paperless transfer of ADSs through the clearance service facilities of DTC, provided that no section 97A election has been made by DTC, and such ADSs are held through DTC at the time of any agreement for their transfer.

No U.K. stamp duty will in practice be payable on a written instrument transferring an ADS provided that the instrument of transfer is executed and remains at all times outside the United Kingdom. Where these conditions are not met, the transfer of, or agreement to transfer, an ADS could, depending on the circumstances, attract a charge to U.K. stamp duty at the rate of 0.5% of the amount or value of the consideration. If it is necessary to pay stamp duty, it may also be necessary to pay interest and penalties.

F. Dividends and paying agents.

Not applicable.

G. Statement by experts.

Not applicable.

H. Documents on display.

We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers and file reports under those requirements with the SEC. Those reports may be inspected without charge at the locations described below. As a

146

foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

We maintain a corporate website at www.autolus.com. Information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of, and shall not be incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely as an inactive textual reference.

The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC.

With respect to references made in this Annual Report to any contract or other document of our company, such references are not necessarily complete and you should refer to the exhibits attached or incorporated by reference to this Annual Report for copies of the actual contract or document.

I. Subsidiary Information.

Not applicable.

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, which are principally limited to interest rate fluctuations and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. We maintain significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents that are in excess of federally insured limits in various currencies, placed with one or more financial institutions for varying periods according to expected liquidity requirements.

Interest Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had cash of $153.3 million and $210.6 million, respectively. Our exposure to interest rate sensitivity is impacted by changes in the underlying U.S. and U.K. bank interest rates. Our surplus cash and cash equivalents have been invested in interest-bearing savings and money market accounts from time to time. We have not entered into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Due to the conservative nature of our investment portfolio, which is predicated on capital preservation of investments with short-term maturities, we do not believe an immediate one percentage point change in interest rates would have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio, and we, therefore, do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be significantly affected by changes in market interest rates.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We maintain our consolidated financial statements in our functional currency, which is pounds sterling. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. Exchange gains or losses arising from foreign currency transactions are included in the determination of net income (loss) for the respective periods. We recorded a foreign exchange loss of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, a foreign exchange gain of $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, $1.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, and a $4.0 million foreign exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2018, respectively, which are included in other income in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

For financial reporting purposes, our consolidated financial statements are prepared using the functional currency and translated into the U.S. dollar. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet dates and revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates and shareholders’ equity is translated based on historical exchange rates. Translation adjustments are not included in determining net income (loss) but are included in foreign exchange adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of shareholders’ equity.

We do not currently engage in currency hedging activities in order to reduce our currency exposure, but we may begin to do so in the future. Instruments that may be used to hedge future risks may include foreign currency forward and swap contracts. These

147

instruments may be used to selectively manage risks, but there can be no assurance that we will be fully protected against material foreign currency fluctuations.

Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities.

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights.

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities.

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares.

Citibank, N.A., as Depositary bank, registers and delivers our American Depositary Shares, also referred to as ADSs. Each ADS represents one ordinary share (or a right to receive one ordinary share) deposited with Citibank, N.A., London Branch, or any successor, as custodian for the Depositary. Each ADS will also represent any other securities, cash or other property which may be held by the Depositary in respect of the Depositary facility. The Depositary’s corporate office at which the ADSs are administered is located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. A deposit agreement among us, the Depositary and the ADS holders sets out ADS holder rights as well as the rights and obligations of the Depositary. A form of the deposit agreement is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to this Annual Report.

Fees and Charges

The following table shows the fees and charges that a holder of our ADSs may have to pay, either directly or indirectly. The majority of these costs are set by the Depositary bank and are subject to change:


SERVICE						FEE
Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADS upon a deposit of ordinary shares or upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-ordinary shares ratio), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of ordinary shares						Up to $0.05 per ADS issued
Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property or upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-ordinary shares ratio, or for any other reason)						Up to $0.05 per ADS canceled
Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements)						Up to $0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) share dividends or other free share distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs						Up to $0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off)						Up to $0.05 per ADS held
ADS Services						Up to $0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the Depositary

As an ADS holder, you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:


•			taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;


•			the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of ordinary shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of ordinary shares to or from the name of the custodian, the Depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;


•			certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses;


•			the expenses and charges incurred by the Depositary in the conversion of foreign currency;

148


•			the fees and expenses incurred by the Depositary in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to ordinary shares, ADSs and ADRs; and


•			the fees and expenses incurred by the Depositary, the custodian or any nominee in connection with the servicing or delivery of deposited property.

149

PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies.

Not applicable.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds.

A. Not applicable.

B. Not applicable.

C. Not applicable.

D. Not applicable.

E. Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures.

A.Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2020. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act.

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an assessment of the evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on the criteria set forth in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

Based on this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.

C. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for newly public companies. For so long as we qualify as an "emerging growth company" as defined under the JOBS Act, our independent registered accounting firm is not required to issue an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting.

150

D. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 15T. Controls and Procedures.

Not applicable.

Item 16. [Reserved]

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert.

Our Board has determined that Ms. Bain is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by SEC rules and has the requisite financial sophistication under the applicable rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Ms. Bain is independent as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and under the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market.

Item 16B. Code of Ethics.

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or the Code of Ethics, that is applicable to all of our employees, officers and directors and is available on our website at https://www.autolus.com/investor-relations/corporate-governance/documents-charters. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this report and is not incorporated by reference herein. If we make any amendment to the Code of Ethics or grant any waivers, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code of Ethics, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website to the extent required by the rules and regulations of the SEC. Under Item 16B of Form 20-F, if a waiver or amendment of the Code of Ethics applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller and relates to standards promoting any of the values described in Item 16B(b) of Form 20-F, we are required to disclose such waiver or amendment on our website in accordance with the requirements of Instruction 4 to such Item 16B.

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

Ernst & Young LLP has served as our independent registered public accountant since September 2017 and has audited our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018 and the years ended September 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

The following table shows the aggregate fees for services rendered by Ernst & Young LLP to us and our subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019*
	(in thousands)
Audit fees	$	697	$	649
Audit-related fees	247		114
Total	$	944	$	763

*Fees for 2019 have been reclassified for comparability due to a change in the definitions for audit fees and audit-related fees in the current year

Audit fees. Audit fees consisted of fees for the audit of our annual financial statements and other professional services provided in connection with the statutory and regulatory filings or engagements, including fees for the review of our interim financial information.

151

Audit-related fees. Audit related fees include fees for assurance reporting on our current and historical financial information included in our SEC registration statements in connection with our follow-on capital raises and our at-the-market facility program, including services that generally only the independent accountant can reasonably provide such as comfort letters.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee reviews and pre-approves the scope and the cost of audit services related to us and permissible non-audit services performed by the independent auditors, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit. All of the services related to us provided by Ernst & Young LLP during the year ended December 31, 2020 have been pre-approved by the audit committee.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees.

Not applicable

Item 16E Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.

Not applicable.

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant.

Not applicable

Item 16G. Corporate Governance.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” as defined by the SEC. As a result, in accordance with Nasdaq listing requirements, we may rely on home country governance requirements and certain exemptions thereunder rather than complying with Nasdaq corporate governance standards. While we voluntarily follow most Nasdaq corporate governance rules, we may choose to take advantage of the following limited exemptions:

▪Exemption from filing quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information or current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events.

▪Exemption from Section 16 rules requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades in a short period of time, which will provide less data in this regard than shareholders of U.S. companies that are subject to the Exchange Act.

▪Exemption from the requirement that our board have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities.

▪Exemption from the requirement to have independent director oversight of director nominations.

We intend to follow U.K. corporate governance practices in lieu of Nasdaq corporate governance requirements as follows:

▪We do not intend to follow Nasdaq Rule 5620(c) regarding quorum requirements applicable to meetings of shareholders. Such quorum requirements are not required under English law. In accordance with generally accepted business practice, our Articles of Association provide alternative quorum requirements that are generally applicable to meetings of shareholders.

▪We do not intend to follow Nasdaq Rule 5605(b)(2), which requires that independent directors regularly meet in executive sessions where only independent directors are present. Our independent directors may choose to meet in executive sessions at their discretion.

Although we may rely on certain home country corporate governance practices, we must comply with Nasdaq’s Notification of Noncompliance requirement (Nasdaq Rule 5625) and the Voting Rights requirement (Nasdaq Rule 5640). Further, we must have an audit committee that satisfies Nasdaq Rule 5605(c)(3), which addresses audit committee responsibilities and authority and requires that the audit committee consist of members who meet the independence requirements of Nasdaq Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii).

152

We intend to take all actions necessary for us to maintain compliance as a foreign private issuer under the applicable corporate governance requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the rules adopted by the SEC and Nasdaq listing rules. Accordingly, our shareholders will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable

153

PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements.

See the financial statements beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report.

Item 18. Financial Statements.

Not applicable.

Item 19. Exhibits.

INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

EXHIBIT
NUMBER

DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBIT

SCHEDULE/
FORM

FILE NUMBER

EXHIBIT

FILE
DATE

1.1

Articles of Association of Autolus Therapeutics plc.

Form F-1/A

333-224720

3.1

6/19/18

2.1

Deposit Agreement by and among the registrant, Citibank, N.A., as the Depositary bank and the holders and beneficial owners of American Depositary Shares issued thereunder.

Form F-6/A

333-224837

99.(a)

6/19/18

2.2

Form of American Depositary Receipt (included in exhibit 2.1).

Form F-6/A

333-224837

99.(a)

6/19/18

2.3

Autolus Therapeutics plc, Registration Rights Agreement, dated as June 26, 2018

2.4

Description of Securities

Form 20-F

001-38547

2.4

3/3/20

4.1#

License Agreement, dated as of September 25, 2014 by and between the registrant and UCL Business Ltd., as amended on March 2, 2016 and March 28, 2018.

Form F-1/A

333-224720

10.1

5/10/18

4.2#

Supply Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2018, by and between the registrant and Miltenyi Biotec GmbH.

Form F-1/A

333-224720

10.2

6/8/18

4.3+

Autolus Therapeutics plc 2018 Equity Incentive Plan.

Form F-1/A

333-224720

10.3

6/19/18

4.4+

Non-employee Sub Plan to the Autolus Therapeutics plc 2018 Equity Incentive Plan.

Form F-1/A

333-224720

10.4

6/19/18

4.5+

Management Incentive Compensation Plan.

Form F-1/A

333-224720

10.5

6/8/18

154

4.6+

Form of Deed of Indemnity between the registrant and each of its members of senior management and directors.

Form F-1/A

333-224720

10.6

6/8/18

4 .7*†

Amendment to License Agreement, dated as of September 25, 2014 by and between the registrant and UCL Business Ltd., dated as of October 15, 2020.

8 .1

Subsidiaries of the registrant.

Form 20-F

001-38547

8.1

3/3/20

12 .1 *

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

12 .2 *

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

13 .1 **

Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

15 .1*

Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.

101.INS*

XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

+ Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

# Confidential treatment has been granted as to portions of the exhibit (indicated by asterisks). Confidential materials omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

† Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted because they are not material and would likely cause competitive harm to Autolus Therapeutics plc if publicly disclosed.

155

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.


	AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Date: March 4, 2021	By:	/s/ Christian Itin
		Christian Itin
		Chief Executive Officer

156

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019			F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018			F-4
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018			F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018			F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			F-7

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Autolus Therapeutics plc

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Autolus Therapeutics plc (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders' equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, three-month period ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three-month period ended December 31, 2018 and the year ended September 30, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Adoption of ASU No. 2016-02

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases in 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standard Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and the related amendments.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

Reading, United Kingdom

March 4, 2021

F-2

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	December 31,
	2020		2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash	$	153,299	$	210,643
Restricted cash	786		787
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	42,899		37,826
Total current assets	196,984		249,256
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net	38,046		28,164
Prepaid expenses and other non-current assets	3,033		—
Right of use asset, net	51,637		23,409
Long-term deposits	2,625		2,040
Deferred tax asset	1,754		410
Intangible assets, net	158		254
Total assets	$	294,237	$	303,533
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	2,263		1,075
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	27,781		21,398
Lease liability	3,590		2,511
Total current liabilities	33,634		24,984
Non-current liabilities:
Lease liability	50,571		23,710
Total liabilities	84,205		48,694

Shareholders' equity:
Ordinary shares, $0.000042 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2020 and 2019, 52,346,231 and 44,983,006 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019	3		2
Deferred shares,£0.00001 par value; 34,425 shares authorized, issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019	—		—
Deferred B shares, £0.00099 par value; 88,893,548 shares authorized, issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019	118		118
Deferred C shares, £0.000008 par value; 1 share authorized, issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	595,016		500,560
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(5,861)		(8,691)
Accumulated deficit	(379,244)		(237,150)
Total shareholders' equity	210,032		254,839
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	294,237	$	303,533

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-3

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	For the Year Ended December 31,				For the three-months ended December 31,		For the Year Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2018		2018
Grant income	$	1,473	$	2,908	$	296	$	1,407
License revenue	242		—		—		—
Operating expenses:
Research and development	(134,888)		(105,418)		(17,713)		(36,150)
General and administrative	(34,972)		(39,452)		(7,593)		(22,790)
Loss on impairment of leasehold improvements	—		(4,102)		—		—
Total operating expenses, net	(168,145)		(146,064)		(25,010)		(57,533)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	536		2,542		660		1,532
Other income (expense)	1,352		4,514		1,097		3,970
Total other income, net	1,888		7,056		1,757		5,502
Net loss before income tax	(166,257)		(139,008)		(23,253)		(52,031)
Income tax benefit	24,163		15,159		2,605		7,280
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	(142,094)		(123,849)		(20,648)		(44,751)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency exchange translation adjustment	2,830		6,797		(5,568)		(6,071)
Total comprehensive loss	(139,264)		(117,052)		(26,216)		(50,822)

Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share	$	(2.76)	$	(2.88)	$	(0.52)	$	(1.42)
Weighted-average basic and diluted ordinary shares	51,558,075		43,065,542		39,366,634		31,557,034

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share amounts)


	Ordinary shares			Deferred Shares			Deferred B shares			Deferred C Shares
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares		Amount		Additional Paid in Capital		Accumulated other comprehensive loss		Accumulated deficit		Total
Balance at September 30, 2017	29,962,742	$	1	—	$	—	—	$	—	—		$	—	$	194,351	$	(3,849)	$	(47,902)	$	142,601
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	10,183,440	1		—	—		—			—		—		156,802				—		156,803
Issuance of deferred shares		—		34,425	—		88,893,548	118		1		—		—		—		—		118
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—			—		—		6,765		—		—		6,765
Unrealized loss on foreign currency translation	—	—		—	—		—			—		—		—		(6,071)		—		(6,071)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—			—		—		—		—		(44,751)		$	(44,751)
Balance at September 30, 2018	40,146,182	$	2	34,425	$	—	88,893,548	$	118	1		$	—	$	357,918	$	(9,920)	$	(92,653)	$	255,465
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		3,393		—		—		3,393
Restricted shares - forfeited	(565)	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		(5,568)		—		(5,568)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(20,648)		$	(20,648)
Balance at December 31, 2018	40,145,617	$	2	34,425	$	—	88,893,548	$	118	1		$	—	$	361,311	$	(15,488)	$	(113,301)	$	232,642
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	4,830,000	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		108,815		—		—		108,815
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		30,386		—		—		30,386
Restricted shares - forfeited	(4,335)	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	11,724	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		48		—		—		48
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		6,797		—		6,797
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(123,849)		(123,849)
Balance at December 31, 2019	44,983,006	$	2	34,425	—		88,893,548	$	118	$	1	—		$	500,560	$	(8,691)	$	(237,150)	$	254,839
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	7,250,000	1		—	—		—	—		—		—		73,952		—		—		73,953
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		20,021		—		—		20,021
Restricted shares - forfeited	(1,969)	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	115,194	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		483		—		—		483
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		2,830		—		2,830
Net loss		—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(142,094)		(142,094)
Balance at December 31, 2020	52,346,231	$	3	34,425	—		88,893,548	$	118	1		—		$	595,016	$	(5,861)	$	(379,244)	$	210,032

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)


	Year Ended December 31,				Three Months Ended December 31,		Year Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2018		2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(142,094)	$	(123,849)	$	(20,648)	$	(44,751)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation	5,658		4,611		645		1,709
Loss on disposal of fixed assets and intangible assets	—		43		394		8
Non-cash share-based compensation (net of amount capitalized)	20,107		30,212		3,393		6,765
Gain on lease incentive and reassessment	(1,335)		—		—		—
Loss on impairment of leasehold improvements	—		4,102		—		—
Gain on termination of operating lease	(160)		—		—		—
Deferred income tax	(1,344)		(399)		—		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(2,660)		(21,008)		(3,521)		(7,132)
Prepaid expenses and other non-current assets	(2,637)		—		—		—
Long-term deposits	(508)		(702)		(1,285)		—
Accounts payable	1,439		(1,451)		(723)		838
Right of use assets, net	3,670		2,551		—		—
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	5,608		4,958		1,960		11,026
Lease liabilities	(3,502)		(552)		—		—
Net cash used in operating activities	(117,758)		(101,484)		(19,785)		(31,537)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(14,681)		(18,341)		(4,422)		(9,119)
Purchase of intangible assets	—		(327)		—		(412)
Net cash used in investing activities	(14,681)		(18,668)		(4,422)		(9,531)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds of issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	74,415		108,863		—		156,920
Net cash provided by financing activities	74,415		108,863		—		156,920
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	679		5,164		(5,327)		(5,833)
Net (decrease) increase in cash	(57,345)		(6,125)		(29,534)		110,019

Cash and restricted cash, beginning of period	211,430		217,555		247,089		137,070
Cash and restricted cash, end of period	154,085		211,430		217,555		247,089

Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for taxes	1,841		1,535		—		—

Supplemental non-cash flow information
Property and equipment purchases included in accounts payable or accrued	2,499		2,818		3,343		328
Leased assets terminated and obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities, net	2,487		—		—		—
Reduction in right of use asset	—		1,919		—		—
Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	26,956		—		—		—
Capitalized share-based compensation, net of forfeitures	(86)		174		—		—
Capitalized implementation costs included in accrued expenses	144		—		—		—

Reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets
Cash	153,299		210,643		217,450		246,984
Short-term restricted cash	786		787		105		105
Total cash and restricted cash	154,085		211,430		217,555		247,089

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Nature of the Business

Autolus Therapeutics plc (the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company developing next-generation programmed T cell therapies for the treatment of cancer. Using its broad suite of proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies, the Company is engineering precisely targeted, controlled and highly active T cell therapies that are designed to better recognize cancer cells, break down their defense mechanisms and attack and kill these cells. The Company believes its programmed T cell therapies have the potential to be best-in-class and offer cancer patients substantial benefits over the existing standard of care, including the potential for cure in some patients.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales. On June 22, 2018, the Company completed its initial public offering ("IPO") of American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”). In the IPO, the Company sold an aggregate of 10,147,059 ADSs representing the same number of ordinary shares, including 1,323,529 ADSs pursuant to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs, at a public offering price of $17.00 per ADS. Net proceeds were $156.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid by the Company.

On April 15, 2019, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 4,830,000 ADSs representing 4,830,000 ordinary shares, at a public offering price of $24.00 per ADS, which includes an additional 630,000 ADSs issued upon the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, were $108.8 million.

On January 27, 2020, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 7,250,000 ADSs representing 7,250,000 ordinary shares, at a public offering price of $11.00 per ADS. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after underwriting discounts, were $75.0 million.

The Company is a continuation of Autolus Limited and its subsidiaries. In connection with the IPO, the Company completed a corporate reorganization, which has been accounted for as a combination of entities under common control. The corporate reorganization has been given retrospective effect in these financial statements and such financial statements represent the financial statements of Autolus Therapeutics plc. In connection with the corporate reorganization, outstanding restricted share awards and option grants of Autolus Limited were exchanged for share awards and option grants of Autolus Therapeutics plc with identical restrictions.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to, development by competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations and the ability to secure additional capital to fund operations. Product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of capital, adequate personnel and infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize revenue from its product sales.

The Company has funded its operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of its equity securities. The Company has incurred recurring losses since its inception, including net losses of $142.1 million and $123.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $20.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, and $44.8 million for the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $379.2 million and $237.2 million, respectively. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. The future viability of the Company beyond that point is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital to finance its operations. The Company’s inability to raise additional capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies. There can be no assurances, however, that the current operating plan will be achieved or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all. The Company believes the cash on hand at December 31, 2020 of $153.3 million, with the additional net proceeds from sale of ADSs under the Company’s at-the market facility program in January 2021 and its follow-on capital raise in February 2021 of $123.4 million, will be sufficient to fund the Company’s operations for at least 12 months from the issuance date of these financial statements.

F-7

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include those of the Company, Autolus Limited, and its U.S. subsidiary, Autolus Inc., and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses, the fair value of ordinary shares, share-based compensation and income taxes. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated financial statements to include cash at banks with a maturity of less than three months, which is subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

Restricted Cash

The Company entered into a lease that requires a letter of credit supported by $0.6 million deposit held by the Company's bank for the duration of the lease and a credit card arrangement that requires a security deposit of $0.2 million. The Company includes the restricted cash balance in cash and cash equivalents when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows.

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheets for cash, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places cash and cash equivalents in established financial institutions. The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet risk or concentration of credit risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, options contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements.

Implementation Costs in a Cloud Computing Arrangement

The Company’s cloud computing arrangements primarily comprise hosting arrangements which are service contracts, whereby the Company gains remote access to use enterprise software hosted by the vendor or another third party on an as-needed basis for a period of time in exchange for a subscription fee. Implementation costs for cloud computing arrangements are capitalized if certain criteria are met and consist of internal and external costs directly attributable to developing and configuring cloud computing software for its intended use. These capitalized implementation costs are presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheet in prepaid expenses and other assets, current and non-current, and are generally amortized over the fixed, non-cancellable term of the associated hosting arrangement on a straight-line basis.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated or amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s property and equipment consisted of office equipment, lab equipment, furniture and fixtures, and leasehold improvements. The office equipment has an estimated useful life of three years, lab equipment has an estimated useful life of five or ten years, and furniture and fixtures have an estimated useful life of five years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Assets under construction consist of costs incurred with leasehold improvements and, once placed into service, will be depreciated over the

F-8

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of, and the related accumulated depreciation, are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the statement of operations and other comprehensive loss. Repairs and maintenance expenditures, which are not considered improvements and do not extend the useful life of property and equipment, are expensed as incurred.

The Company evaluates an asset for potential impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the book value of the asset to the expected future net undiscounted cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. If such asset is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the book value of the asset exceeds the fair value. The Company did not recognize an impairment nor a disposal for the year ended December 31, 2020, but did recognize a loss on impairment of $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 related to leasehold improvements, as the Company chose to discontinue the fit-out of the Company's manufacturing capacity at the Enfield, U.K. facility. There were no impairments or disposals for the three months ended December 31, 2018, and an asset disposal of less than $10,000 for the year ended September 30, 2018.

The Company routinely evaluates the useful life attributed to its assets. During the second quarter ended June 30, 2019, the Company determined that the useful lives of certain lab equipment should be increased from five-years to ten-years based on expectation of future usability. The Company accounted for this as a change in estimate that was applied prospectively, effective April 1, 2019. This change in useful life resulted in a reduction of depreciation expense of $0.3 million, and an increase in basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.01, for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), using the required modified retrospective approach and utilizing the effective date as its date of initial application, for which prior periods are presented in accordance with the previous guidance in ASC 840, Leases.

At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present. Most leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets, lease liabilities and, if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. The Company has elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of one year or less. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. However, certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items such as incentives received, initial direct costs, or prepayments. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rates, which are the rates incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

In accordance with the guidance in ASC 842, components of a lease should be split into three categories: lease components (e.g., land, building, etc.), non-lease components (e.g., common area maintenance, consumables, etc.), and non-components (e.g., property taxes, insurance, etc.). Then the fixed and in-substance fixed contract consideration (including any related to non-components) must be allocated based on the respective relative fair values to the lease components and non-lease components.

Although separation of lease and non-lease components is required, certain practical expedients are available. Entities may elect the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components. Rather, they would account for each lease component and the related non-lease component together as a single component. For new and amended leases beginning in 2019, the Company elected the practical expedients to account for the lease and non-lease components for leases for classes of all underlying assets and allocate all of the contract consideration to the lease component only. The Company determined the underlying lease to be the predominant component, and therefore, the entire agreement was accounted for under ASC 842.

Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization

The Company’s intangible assets have been related to acquired software licenses with finite lives are amortized over their useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If any indicators were present, the Company would test for recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the asset. If those net undiscounted cash flows do not exceed the carrying amount (i.e., the asset is not recoverable), the Company would perform the next step, which is to determine the fair value of the asset and record an impairment loss, if any. The Company evaluates the useful lives for these intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision in their remaining useful lives. The Company did not recognize an impairment loss in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Company recognized an impairment loss of $0.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018 related to software which the Company elected to discontinue. The Company did not recognize an impairment loss in the year ended September 30, 2018.

F-9

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company and the Company’s chief operating decision maker, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, view the Company’s operations and manages its business as a single operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing gene therapies. The Company operates in two geographic regions: the United Kingdom and the United States. A majority of the Company’s assets are held in the United Kingdom.

Deferred Rent and Lease Incentives

Prior to the adoption of ASC 842, rent expense and lease incentives from operating leases were recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has operating leases that include rent escalation payment terms and a rent-free period. Deferred rent represents the difference between actual operating lease payments and straight-line rent expense over the term of the lease. Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company no longer records or presents deferred rent.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries, share-based compensation and benefits, depreciation expense, third-party license fees, external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct clinical development activities, clinical trials, costs to manufacture clinical trial materials and certain tax credits associated with research and development activities. The Company recorded the U.K.'s research and development expenditure credit ("RDEC") of $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $37,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2018, and $0.2 million for the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively, as reductions of research and development expenses within the Company’s statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate accruals for research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing and identifying services which have been performed by third parties on the Company’s behalf and determining the value of these services. In addition, the Company makes estimates of costs incurred to date but not yet invoiced, in relation to external clinical research organizations and clinical site costs. The Company analyzes the progress of clinical trials, including levels of patient enrollment; invoices received and contracted costs, when evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities for research and development. The Company makes judgments and estimates in determining the accrued balance in any accounting period.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense for equity awards based on the grant date fair value of the award. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for awards granted to employees that have a graded vesting schedule based on a service condition only on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in substance, multiple awards (the “graded-vesting attribution method”), based on the estimated grant date fair value for each separately vesting tranche. For equity awards with a graded vesting schedule and a combination of service and performance conditions, the Company recognizes share-based compensation expense using a graded-vesting attribution method over the requisite service period when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable, based on the relative satisfaction of the performance condition as of the reporting date. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

For share-based awards granted to consultants and non-employees, compensation expense is recognized using the graded-vesting attribution method over the period during which services are rendered by such consultants and non-employees until completed. The measurement date for employee awards is the date of grant, and share-based compensation costs are recognized as expense over the employees’ requisite service period, which is the vesting period, on an accelerated basis. In the year ended December 31, 2019 the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-07, “Compensation —Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” (“ASU No. 2018-07”), prior to which the measurement date for non-employee awards was generally the date the services were completed, resulting in financial reporting period adjustments to share-based compensation during the vesting terms for changes in the fair value of the awards. After the adoption of

F-10

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

ASU No. 2018-07, the measurement date for non-employee awards is the later of the adoption date of ASU No. 2018-07 or the date of grant, without changes in the fair value of the award.

The fair value of each share option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. See Note 8 for the Company’s assumptions used in connection with option grants made during the periods covered by these consolidated financial statements. Assumptions used in the option pricing model include the following:

Expected term. The expected term of the Company’s share options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options.

Fair value of ordinary shares. Options granted after the Company’s IPO are issued at the fair market value of the Company’s ADS at the date the grant is approved by the Board.

Prior to the IPO, the Company calculated the fair value of its ordinary shares in accordance with the guidelines in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. The Company’s valuations of ordinary shares were prepared using a market approach, based on precedent transactions in the shares, to estimate the Company’s total equity value using the option-pricing method (“OPM”), which used a combination of market approaches and an income approach to estimate the Company’s enterprise value.

The OPM derives an equity value such that the value indicated is consistent with the investment price, and it provides an allocation of this equity value to each class of the Company’s securities. The OPM treats the various classes of shares as call options on the total equity value of a company, with exercise prices based on the value thresholds at which the allocation among the various holders of a company’s securities changes. Under this method, each class of shares has value only if the funds available for distribution to shareholders exceed the value of the share liquidation preferences of the class or classes of shares with senior preferences at the time of the liquidity event. Key inputs and assumptions used in the OPM calculation include the following:

Expected volatility. The Company applied re-levered equity volatility based on the historical unlevered and re-levered equity volatility of publicly traded peer companies.

Expected term. The expected term of the option or the estimated time until a liquidation event.

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the period commensurate with the expected of the exit event.

When considering the fair value of options granted in the period prior to the IPO, the Company considered probability-weighted scenarios based on the relative likelihoods of completing the IPO and remaining a privately-held company. In the IPO scenarios, the fair value was calculated by dividing the total estimated equity value by the number of fully diluted ordinary shares outstanding, and then discounting the implied per-share value at a rate intended to approximate the Company's cost of equity between share option grant date and the expected IPO date. The stay-private scenario utilized an OPM "Backsolve" calculation to estimate its equity value implied by the purchase price of the series A preference shares in September 2017. In March and May 2018, the Company issued share option grants to employees that applied a 50% and 80% probability weighting of an IPO, respectively, to the fair value of the underlying ordinary share utilized in the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company maintains its financial statements in its functional currency, which is the pounds sterling. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. Exchange gains or losses arising from foreign currency transactions are included in the determination of net income (loss) for the respective periods. The Company recorded foreign

F-11

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

exchange loss of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, foreign exchange gains of $4.6 million, $1.1 million, and $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively, which are included in other income in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

For financial reporting purposes, the financial statements of the Company have been translated into U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet dates, while revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates over the reporting period and shareholders’ equity amounts are translated based on historical exchange rates as of the date of each transaction. Translation adjustments are not included in determining net income (loss) but are included in foreign exchange adjustment to other comprehensive loss, a component of shareholders’ equity.

Patent Costs

The Company expenses patent prosecution and related legal costs as they are incurred and classifies such costs as general and administrative expenses in the accompanying statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company recorded patent expenses of $2.1 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $0.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, and $1.0 million for the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

Grant Income

The Company has received research grants under which it is reimbursed for specific research and development activities. Payments received are recognized as income in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss over the period in which the Company recognizes the related costs. At the time the Company recognizes grant income, it has complied with the conditions attached to it and the receipt of the reimbursement is reasonably assured. The Company has received grants from the U.K. government, which are repayable under certain circumstances, including breach or noncompliance. For grants with refund provisions, the Company reviews the grant to determine the likelihood of repayment. If the likelihood of repayment of the grant is determined to be remote, then the grant is recognized as grant income. The Company has determined that the likelihood of any repayment events included in its current grants is remote.

License Revenue

The Company accounts for its revenues pursuant to the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”).

The Company has no products approved for commercial sale and has not generated any revenue from commercial product sales. The total revenue to date has been generated from a license agreement with an investee company of one our affiliates. The terms of the agreement include a non-refundable license fee, payments based upon achievement of clinical development and regulatory objectives, and royalties on product sales.

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as the Company fulfills its obligations under its agreements, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

License Fees and Multiple Element Arrangements

If a license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenues from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license at such time as the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use, and benefit from, the license. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligations to determine whether the combined performance obligations are satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Appropriate methods of measuring progress include output methods and input methods. In determining the appropriate method for measuring progress, the Company considers the nature of service that the Company promises to transfer to the customer. When the Company decides on a method of measurement, the Company will apply that single method of measuring progress for each performance obligation satisfied over time and will apply that method consistently to similar performance obligations and in similar circumstances.

F-12

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Contingent Research Milestone Payments

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company will estimate the amount of consideration in exchange for transfer of promised goods or services. The consideration also can vary if the Company’s entitlement to the consideration is contingent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event. The Company considers contingent research milestone payments to fall under the scope of variable consideration, which should be estimated for revenue recognition purposes at the inception of the contract and reassessed ongoing at the end of each reporting period.

The Company assesses whether contingent research milestones should be considered variable consideration that should be constrained and thus not part of the transaction price. This includes an assessment of the probability that all or some of the milestone revenue could be reversed when the uncertainty around whether or not the achievement of each milestone is resolved, and the amount of reversal could be significant.

GAAP provides factors to consider when assessing whether variable consideration should be constrained. All of the factors should be considered, and no factor is determinate. The Company considers all relevant factors.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company has not recognized any variable consideration with regards to the development milestones which are included in the license agreement that was executed in the third quarter of the year. This is due to the fact that those development milestones have not yet been met and the recognition of the related revenue is not yet probable.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method which includes the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the Company’s financial statements. Under this approach, deferred taxes are recorded for the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus deferred taxes. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial statements and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities, and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax law when changes are enacted. The effects of future changes in income tax laws or rates are not anticipated.

The Company is subject to income taxes in the United Kingdom and the United States. The calculation of the Company’s tax provision involves the application of United Kingdom tax law and requires judgement and estimates.

The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets at each reporting date, and establishes a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of its deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income of the same character and in the same jurisdiction. The Company considers all available positive and negative evidence in making this assessment, including, but not limited to, the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies. In circumstances where there is sufficient negative evidence indicating that the Company’s deferred tax assets are not more likely than not realizable, the Company establishes a valuation allowance.

The Company uses a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by assessing whether they are more likely than not sustainable, based solely on their technical merits, upon examination, and including resolution of any related appeals or litigation process. The second step is to measure the associated tax benefit or each position as the largest amount that the Company believes is more likely than not realizable. Differences between the amount of tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in the Company’s income tax returns and the amount of tax benefits recognized in the its financial statements represent the Company’s unrecognized income tax benefits, which it either records as a liability or reduction of deferred tax assets.

F-13

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Income Tax Credit

The Company benefits from the U.K. research and development tax credit regime under both the small and medium sized enterprise, or SME, scheme and by claiming an RDEC in respect of grant funded projects. Under the SME regime, a portion of the Company’s losses can be surrendered for a cash rebate of up to 33.35% of eligible expenditures. Such credits are accounted for within the tax provision in the year in which the expenditures were incurred.

Comprehensive Loss

The Company follows the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 220, Comprehensive Income, which establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income and its components. Comprehensive gain or loss is defined to include all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. The Company recorded a gain of $2.8 million and $6.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, a loss of $5.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, and a loss $6.1 million for the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively to foreign currency translation.

Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share is determined by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. For all periods presented, the preferred shares and outstanding but unvested restricted shares and share options have been excluded from the calculation, because their effects would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted loss per share are the same for all periods presented.

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive effect:


	Year Ended December 31,		Three Months Ended December 31,	Years Ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2018	2018
Unvested restricted shares and units	505,383	814,744	708,834	815,632
Incentive share options	5,611,429	5,963,239	3,711,274	2,065,481
Total	6,116,812	6,777,983	4,420,108	2,881,113

Ordinary Share Conversion

On the date of the IPO, the Company converted its outstanding preferred and ordinary shares as discussed in Note 7. All share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the share conversion.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”) and may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The Company may take advantage of these exemptions until the Company is no longer an emerging growth company. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period afforded by the JOBS Act for the implementation of new or revised accounting standards. The Company has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.

These exemptions provided by the JOBS Act will apply up until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the IPO or such earlier time that the Company is no longer meets the requirements of being an emerging growth company. The Company would cease to be an emerging growth company if it has more than $1.07 billion in annual revenue, has more than $700 million in market value of its securities held by non-affiliates (and it has been a public company for at least 12 months, and has filed one annual report on Form 20-F), or it issues more than $1 billion of non-convertible debt securities over a three-year period.

F-14

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

JOBS Act

On April 5, 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, was enacted. The JOBS Act provides that, among other things, an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. As an emerging growth company, the Company has irrevocably elected not to take advantage of the extended transition period afforded by the JOBS Act for the implementation of new or revised accounting standards and, as a result, the Company will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth public companies.

In addition, the Company intends to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, the Company is entitled to rely on certain exemptions as an “emerging growth company.” As an emerging growth company, the Company is not required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on the Company’s system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b), (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions will apply for a period of five years following the completion of the IPO or until the Company no longer meets the requirements of being an emerging growth company, whichever is earlier.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements adopted

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, a new standard on a customer's accounting for implementation, set-up, and other upfront costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement ("CCA") that aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in a CCA service contract with existing internal-use software guidance. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and can be adopted prospectively or retrospectively. The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2020 on a prospective basis. The Company’s CCAs are service contracts for the hosting of software primarily related to recording and tracking information related to its clinical trials, including but not limited to patient data and clinical manufacturing. The capitalized implementation costs are presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheet in prepaid expenses and other assets, current and non-current. The deferred implementation costs will be expensed over the term of the hosting arrangement, which is the non-cancelable term of the arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal periods. As of December 31, 2020, $1.0 million was recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets, current and $1.1 million was recorded to prepaid expenses and other assets, non-current as deferred implementation costs. During the year ended December 31, 2020, $0.3 million of deferred implementation costs were expensed.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not adopted

Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements upon adoption.

F-15

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Note 3. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2020		2019
Research and development claims receivable	$	24,711	$	27,567
Prepayments	10,206		7,023
VAT receivable	3,124		1,928
Lease incentive receivable	1,237		—
Other asset	—		279
Grant income receivable	414		547
Other receivable	199		482
Deferred cost	3,008		—
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	42,899	$	37,826

The decrease to research and development claims receivable is due the fact that as of December 31, 2020 the research and development claim receivable is solely for the year ended December 31, 2020; however, the research and development claims receivable as of December 31, 2019 were related to a claim receivable for both the 15-month period ended December 31, 2019 and the year ended September 30, 2018.

The increase in prepayments in the year ended December 31, 2020 is primarily related to $1.9 million of prepayments for facilities and manufacturing and $1.4 million for prepayments of clinical trial costs.

The increase in deferred cost in the year ended December 31, 2020 is related to $1.0 million in capitalized implementation costs related to hosting arrangements and $2.0 million of non-refundable upfront costs related to payments for future manufacturing slots related to our clinical programs.

Note 4. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2020		2019
Lab equipment	$	23,491	$	18,214
Office equipment	2,928		2,211
Furniture and fixtures	1,340		1,301
Leasehold improvements	10,629		10,316
Assets under construction	14,321		4,687
Less: accumulated depreciation	(14,663)		(8,565)
Total property and equipment, net	$	38,046	$	28,164

Depreciation expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $5.7 million and $4.6 million, the three months ended December 31, 2018 was $0.6 million and, for the year ended September 30, 2018 was $1.7 million, respectively. The increase in assets under construction and lab equipment relates to the build out of manufacturing facilities as we continue scaling our manufacturing operations.

Note 5. Intangible Asset

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of the Company's intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization (in thousands):

F-16

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued


	December 31, 2020
	Estimated Life (years)	Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Software license	3	$	291	$	(133)	$	158

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $91,000 and $47,000, respectively. Assuming no changes in the gross cost basis of intangible assets, the total estimated amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets is approximately $92,000 and $66,000 for each of the years ending December 31, 2021 through December 31, 2022.

Note 6. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2020		2019
Compensation and benefits	8,732		$	6,568
Research and development costs	15,343		10,449
UCLB milestone	205		663
Professional fees	3,005		2,611
Corporate tax	—		391
Other liabilities	496		716
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	27,781	$	21,398

Other liabilities primarily consisted of the business rates for UK property in the amount of $0.4 million and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, other liabilities also consisted of the current portion of the lease incentive liability of $0.3 million.

Note 7. Shareholders’ Equity

Ordinary Shares

Each holder of ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per ordinary share and to receive dividends when and if such dividends are recommended by the board of directors and declared by the shareholders. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has not declared any dividends.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company’s issued capital share consisted of 52,346,231 ordinary shares, with a nominal value of $0.000042 per share, (ii) 34,425 deferred shares, with a nominal value of £0.00001 per share, (iii) 88,893,548 B deferred shares, with a nominal value of £0.00099 per share and (iv) 1 C deferred share, with a nominal value of £0.000008. Each issued share has been fully paid.

Initial Public Offering and Impact of Corporate Reorganization

On June 18, 2018, Autolus Therapeutics Limited re-registered as a public limited company and its name was changed from Autolus Therapeutics Limited to Autolus Therapeutics plc (see Note 1).

F-17

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

On June 26, 2018, the Company closed its IPO. In the IPO, the Company sold an aggregate of 10,147,059 ADSs representing the same number of ordinary shares at a public offering price of $17.00 per ADS, which included the full exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs. Net proceeds were approximately $156.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, and commissions and offering expenses paid by the Company of $16.0 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, each separate class of ordinary shares of Autolus Therapeutics plc was converted into a single class of ordinary shares of Autolus Therapeutics plc as described further below.

Prior to the Company’s June 2018 reorganization and IPO, the Company had issued series A preferred shares, ordinary B shares, and ordinary C shares to fund its operations and upon the completion of the IPO, the different classes of shares were converted into a single class of ordinary shares on a 3.185-for-1 basis and created various classes of deferred shares.

The following deferred share classes were created:

Deferred Shares - The 34,425 deferred shares, aggregate nominal value less than $1.00, existed in Autolus Limited and were re-created in Autolus Therapeutics plc as part of the share exchange to place Autolus Therapeutics as the ultimate parent entity. The Company was required to replicate the shares to ensure the existing share has the correct nominal value to ensure stamp duty mirroring relief is available on the subsequent share for share exchange. These deferred shares have no voting rights.

Deferred B Shares - The deferred shares were the product of the reorganization of the series A preferred shares and ordinary B shares into ordinary shares. The nominal residual value was utilized by management as the required £50,000 of share capital to re-register Autolus Therapeutics Limited as Autolus Therapeutics plc. The resulting 88,893,548 deferred shares, aggregate nominal value of $118,000, is presented as a separate class of equity on the balance sheet and statement of shareholder’s equity. These deferred B shares have no voting rights.

Deferred C Share - The deferred share, nominal value less than $1.00, was created when the shares in the Company were redenominated from pounds sterling to U.S. Dollars as part of the capital reduction to deal with rounding issues that would otherwise have unbalanced the company’s nominal share capital. This deferred C share has no voting rights.

Open Market Sale Agreement

In September 2020, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, under which the Company may, at its option, offer and sell ADSs having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million from time to time through Jefferies, acting as sales agent. Any such sales made through Jefferies can be made by any method that is deemed an “at-the-market offering” as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act, or in other transactions pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form F-3. The Company agreed to pay Jefferies a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any sales of ADSs sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company did not sell any ADSs under the Sales Agreement.

Note 8. Share Based Compensation

In February 2017, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2017 Share Option Plan, or the 2017 Plan. The 2017 Plan was set to expire on February 21, 2027. The 2017 Plan provided for the grant of potentially tax-favored Enterprise Management Incentives, or EMI, options to the Company's U.K. employees and for the grant of options to its U.S. employees.

In June 2018, as part of the Company's reorganization and IPO, the Company’s board of directors and shareholders approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2018 Plan. The initial maximum number of ordinary shares that may be issued under the 2018 Plan was 3,281,622. This number consists of 3,025,548 new ordinary shares and 256,074 ordinary shares that would have otherwise remained available for future grants under the 2017 Plan. The number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan will automatically increase on October 1st of each year, for a period of not more than ten years, commencing on October 1, 2018 and ending on (and including) October 1, 2027, by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 4% of the total number of ordinary shares outstanding on September 30th of the same calendar year or (ii) such fewer number of ordinary shares as the board of directors may designate prior to the applicable October 1st date. The updated maximum number of ordinary shares that may be issued under the 2018 Plan is 8,778,719 as of December 31, 2020. The total Shares issued under the 2018 Plan may be authorized but unissued shares, shares purchased on the open market, treasury shares or ADSs. No more than 14,000,000 shares may be issued under the 2018 Plan upon the exercise of incentive share options.

Options granted under the 2018 Plan and 2017 Plan, as well as restricted shares granted as employee incentives, typically vest over a four-year service period with 25% of the award vesting on the first anniversary of the commencement date and the balance

F-18

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

vesting monthly over the remaining three years, unless the award contains specific performance vesting provisions. For equity awards issued that have both a performance vesting condition and a services condition, once the performance criteria is achieved, the awards are then subject to a four-year service vesting with 25% of the award vesting on the first anniversary of the performance condition being achieved and the balance vesting monthly over the remaining three years. Options granted under the 2018 Plan and 2017 Plan generally expire 10 years from the date of grant. For certain senior members of management and directors, the board of directors has approved an alternative vesting schedule. Restricted stock units awarded in December 2019 vest over a 3-year service period with 50% of the award vesting one-and-half years from commencement date and the remaining 50% of the award vesting at the end of the third year. No restricted stock units were awarded in the year ended December 31, 2020.

Share Option Valuation

The assumptions (see Note 2) used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the share options granted to employees and directors during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018 were as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Three Months Ended December 31,

Year Ended September 30,

2020

2019

2018

Expected option life (years)

5.27 to 6.08

6.08

Risk-free interest rate

0.31% to 1.66%

1.39% to 2.66%

2.70% to 3.09%

2.61% to 3.00%

Expected volatility

76.38% to 81.45%

72.30% to 76.22%

69.52% to 71.26%

68.15% to 72.99%

Expected dividend yield

—%

Share Options

The table below summarizes activity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.


	Number of Options	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018	3,711,274	$	19.25	9.47	$	51,464
Granted	2,438,145	15.22		—	—
Exercised	(11,724)	3.94		—	$	198
Forfeited	(201,456)	19.72		—	—
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	5,936,239	$	17.71	9.02	$	11,873
Granted	474,225	11.61		—	—
Exercised	(115,194)	4.07		—	—
Forfeited	(683,841)	20.06		—	—
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020	5,611,429	17.19		7.96	$	4,262
Exercisable as of December 31, 2020	2,664,362	$	17.36	7.36	$	3,432
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2020	5,611,429	$	17.19	7.96	$	4,262

The aggregate intrinsic value of share options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the share options and the fair value of the Company’s restricted ordinary shares for those share options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s restricted ordinary shares.

F-19

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

The weighted average grant-date fair value of share options granted was $7.82, $10.07, $20.04, and $8.55 per share for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, for the three months ended December 31, 2018, and for the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

As of December 31, 2020, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested options was $13.2 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average vesting period of 2.57 years.

Restricted Ordinary Shares

The assumptions (Note 2) used in the OPM to determine the fair value of the ordinary shares for the following dates are as follows:


	March 2, 2016		April 26, 2017		September 25, 2017		March 31, 2018		May 31, 2018
Expected term	2.8 years		1.2 years		0.8 years		1.8 years		1.8 years
Risk-free interest rate	1.0	%	1.0	%	1.3	%	2.1	%	2.1	%
Expected volatility	73.2	%	76.6	%	71.0	%	71	%	71	%
Expected dividend yield	0.0	%	0.0	%	0.0	%	0.0	%	0.0	%

A summary of the changes in the Company’s restricted ordinary shares during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows and reflect the conversion of ordinary shares in the current and previous years.


	Number of restricted shares	Weighted average grant date fair value
Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2018	708,834	$	4.10
Granted	0	0.00
Vested	(389,755)	4.31
Forfeited	(4,335)	4.43
Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2019	314,744	4.22
Granted	—	0
Vested	(222,392)	4.24
Forfeited	(1,969)	4.44
Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2020	90,383	4.17

As of December 31, 2020, there was unrecognized compensation of $0.04 million, which will be recognized over 0.59 years.

Restricted Stock Units

A restricted stock unit (“RSU”) represents the right to receive one of the Company’s ADSs upon vesting of the RSU. The fair value of each RSU is based on the closing price of the Company’s ADSs on the date of grant. The Company grants RSUs with service conditions that vest over 3-year service period with 50% of the award vesting one-and-half years from commencement date and the remaining 50% of the award vesting at the end of the third year.

F-20

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company did not grant RSUs under the 2018 Plan. The following is a summary of RSU activity for the 2018 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively:


	Number of restricted units	Weighted average grant date fair value
Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2018	—	$	—
Granted	500,000	12.09
Vested	—	—
Forfeited	—	—
Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2019	500,000	12.09
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Forfeited	(85,000)	12.09
Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2020	415,000	$	12.09

As of December 31, 2020, there was $2.4 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested RSUs, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.96 years.

Share-based Compensation Expense

Share-based compensation expense recorded as research and development and general and administrative expenses is as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,				Three Months December 31,		Years Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2018		2018
Research and development	$	12,992	$	17,761	$	1,906	$	3,116
General and administrative	$	7,115	12,451		1,487		3,649
Capitalized to fixed assets	$	(86)	174		—		—
Total share-based compensation	$	20,021	$	30,386	$	3,393	$	6,765

Note 9. License Agreements

University College of London Business Ltd. (UCLB) License

In September 2014, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement (the “License”) with UCL Business Ltd. (“UCLB”), the technology transfer company of University College London (“UCL”), to obtain licenses to certain technology rights in the field of cancer therapy and diagnosis. In March 2016, the License was amended to include additional rights.

As part of the consideration for the License in September 2014, the Company issued 1,497,643 ordinary shares to UCLB. The Company paid upfront fees of $0.3 million and issued an additional 313,971 ordinary shares to UCLB when the License was amended in March 2016.

In March 2018, the License was further amended and restated to include a license to the Company's product candidate, AUTO1, for which UCL is conducting Phase 1 clinical trials of AUTO1 in pediatric and adult ALL patients. The Company paid an upfront fee of £1.5 million for consideration for the amended and restated License and paid the additional £0.35 million in connection with UCLB's transfer of clinical data to the Company in December 2020. No equity was issued as part of the upfront fee consideration.

F-21

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Additionally, the Company may be obligated to make payments to UCLB under the amended and restated License upon the initiation of certain clinical activities in an aggregate amount of £0.18 million, the receipt of specified regulatory approvals in an aggregate amount of £37.5 million, the start of commercialization in an aggregate amount of £18 million, and the achievement of net sales levels in an aggregate amount of £51 million, as well as royalty payments based on possible future sales resulting from the utilization of the licensed technologies. On a per-product basis, these milestone payments range from £1 million to £18.5 million, depending on which T cell programming modules are used in the product achieving the milestone.

Upon commercialization of any of the Company’s products that use the in-licensed patent rights, the Company will be obligated to pay UCLB a flat royalty for each licensed product ranging from the low- to mid-single digits, depending on which technologies are deployed in the licensed product, based on worldwide annual net sales of each licensed product, subject to certain reductions, including for the market entry of competing products and for loss of patent coverage of licensed products. The Company may deduct from the royalties payable to UCLB one-half of any payments made to a third party to obtain a license to such third party’s intellectual property that is necessary to exploit any licensed products. Once net sales of a licensed product have reached a certain specified threshold, the Company may exercise an option to buy out UCLB’s rights to the remaining milestone payments, royalty payments, and sublicensing revenue payments for such licensed product, on terms to be negotiated at the time.

The License expires on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis upon the expiration of the royalty term with respect to each product in each country. The Company may unilaterally terminate the license agreement for any reason upon advance notice to UCLB. Either party may terminate the License for the uncured material breach by the other party or for the insolvency of the other party. If UCLB terminates the License following the Company’s insolvency or the Company’s material breach of the License, or if the Company terminates the License unilaterally, all rights and licenses granted to the Company will terminate, and all patent rights and know-how transferred to the Company pursuant to the License will revert back to UCLB, unless and to the extent the Company has exercised its option to acquire ownership of the licensed patent rights. In addition, UCLB has the right to negotiate with the Company for the grant of an exclusive license to the Company’s improvements to the T cell programming modules the Company has licensed on terms to be agreed upon at the time.

Noile-Immune Biotech Inc.

In November 2019, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Noile-Immune Biotech Inc. ("Noile") under which the Company will have the right to develop CAR T cell therapies incorporating Noile’s PRIME (proliferation-inducing and migration-enhancing) technology. The PRIME technology is designed to improve proliferation and trafficking into solid tumors of both engineered CAR T cells as well as the patient’s own T cells.

The Company paid an upfront fee and may be obligated to make additional payments to Noile upon the achievement of development milestones and receipt of regulatory approvals product sale milestones, as well as royalty payments based on possible future sales resulting from the utilization of the licensed technology.

Note 10. Income Taxes

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $24.2 million, $15.2 million, $2.6 million, and $7.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

F-22

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) at the statutory corporate income tax rate to the income tax expense (benefit) at the Company’s effective income tax rates is as follows (in thousands):


	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended December 31,			Year ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2018			2018
Net loss before taxes	$	(166,257)		$	(139,008)		$	(23,253)		$	(52,031)
U.K. statutory tax rate	19.0		%	19.0		%	19.0		%	19.0		%
Income tax benefit at U.K. statutory tax rate	(31,589)			(26,411)			(4,423)			(9,886)
Tax incentives / credits	(23,076)			(16,312)			(3,234)			(7,296)
Non-deductible expenses	797			4,048			127			1,553
Adjustments in respect of prior years	(1,088)			96			265			(13)
Operating losses	28,672			21,643			3,605			7,317
Tax on property, plant, equipment and intangibles	547			267			140			233
Other, net	1,552			1,510			915			812
Foreign rate differential	22			$	—		—			$	—
Total income tax benefit	$	(24,163)		$	(15,159)		$	(2,605)		$	(7,280)
Current income tax benefit	(22,819)			(14,749)			(2,605)			(7,280)
Deferred income tax benefit	(1,344)			(410)			—			—

Effective rate of income tax	14.5		%	10.9		%	11.2		%	14.0		%

The effective tax rates in the above table for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the three months ended December 31, 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018 is lower than the main rate of U.K. tax primarily due to administration of the U.K. research and development tax credit, which is included within the tax incentive/credits line in the table above.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2020		2019
Deferred tax assets:
Other differences	$	14,135	$	1,522
Tax losses	40,221		19,624
Fixed assets	3,934		896
Total deferred tax assets	58,290		22,042
Valuation allowances	(56,536)		(21,632)
Net deferred tax asset (liability)	$	1,754	$	410

Deferred tax assets resulting from loss carry forwards, fixed assets and retirement benefits, with total deferred tax assets increasing by $1.3 million in 2020. The Company has recorded a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset where the recoverability due to future taxable profits is unknown. The $1.8 million deferred tax asset balance is related to the Company's U.S. entity.

At December 31, 2020, the Company had U.K. trading losses carry forward of $211.7 million. These losses are carried forward indefinitely under local law, but are subject to numerous utilization criteria and restrictions.

As required by the authoritative guidance on accounting for income taxes, the Company evaluates the realizability of deferred tax assets at each reporting date. Accounting for income taxes guidance requires that a valuation allowance be established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In circumstances where this is sufficient negative evidence indicating that the deferred tax assets are not more likely than not realizable, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. The Company recorded valuation allowances in the amounts of $56.5 million and $21.6 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

F-23

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies

License Agreement

The Company has entered into an exclusive license agreement, as amended, with UCLB (see Note 9). In connection with the UCLB license agreement, the Company is required to make annual license payments and may be required to make payments upon the achievement of specified milestones. The Company has estimated the probability of the Company achieving each potential milestone in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies. The Company concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, there were no other milestones for which the likelihood of achievement was probable.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company may be a party to litigation or subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. The Company was not a party to any litigation and did not have contingency reserves established for any liabilities as of December 31, 2020.

Leases

The Company leases certain office space, laboratory space, and equipment. At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present. The Company does not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases determined to have a term of 12 months or less. Many of the Company's leases contain variable non-lease components such as maintenance, taxes, insurance, and similar costs for the spaces it occupies. For new and amended leases beginning in 2019, the Company has elected the practical expedient not to separate these non-lease components of leases for classes of all underlying assets and instead account for them as a single lease component for all leases. The Company recognizes on a straight-lines basis the net fixed payments of operating leases over the lease term. Variable executory costs, as it relates to net leases, are excluded from the calculation of the lease liability and the Company expenses the variable lease payments in the period in which it incurs the obligation to pay such variable amounts and will be included in variable lease costs in the leases footnote disclosure.

These variable lease payments are not included in the Company's calculation of its right-of-use assets or lease liabilities.

In adopting ASC 842, in the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company elected the package of practical expedients which, among other things, allowed it to retain the classification of its leases in place at the effective date of ASC 842.

The Company’s corporate headquarters are located in London, United Kingdom. As of December 31, 2020, and 2019, the Company leased space at this location from Imperial (Forest House) Limited under a ten year lease, the term of which commenced in September 2015. The lease included an option for the Company to lease additional space within a 15-month period, which the Company exercised in October 2016. The exercise of the option resulted in a separate new lease with a concurrent term through August 2025. The Company and the landlord has the option to early terminate both leases in September 2020 and the landlord has the option to give notice to terminate the lease from September 2020 onward. The Company has measured its right-of-use assets and lease liabilities based on lease terms ending in September 2025. The landlord exercised its option to give notice in September 2020 to terminate the Forest House lease and pay the Company a break-lease payment fee in September 2021. The Company recorded a $1.3 million gain upon the notice of lease termination and lease incentive receivable of $1.2 million in the third quarter of 2020. In addition to base rent, the Company is obligated to pay its proportionate share of building operating expenses and real estate taxes in excess of base year amounts. These costs are considered to be variable lease payments and are not included in the determination of the lease’s right-of-use asset or lease liability.

Prior to the lease commencement date of the Forest House leases, the Company, in conjunction with the landlord, made improvements to the leased space. The total cost of these improvements was funded by the landlord, a portion of the cost will be reimbursed by the Company over the term of the leases. The total cost of the improvements was capitalized as leasehold improvements on the Company’s balance sheet, with an offset to long-term lease incentive obligation for the portion funded by the landlord and other long-term payables for the portion to be repaid to the landlord. The lease related to this facility is classified as an operating lease.

In September 2017, the Company executed an arrangement with Catapult Limited to lease a manufacturing suite at the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult manufacturing center in Stevenage, United Kingdom for a term through May 2021, at which time the

F-24

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Company has the option to renew or terminate the lease. The lease related to this facility is classified as an operating lease. The lease has a six-month rent-free period. In addition to base rent, the Company is obligated to pay its proportionate share of building operating expenses and real estate taxes in excess of base year amounts. These costs are considered to be variable lease payments and are not included in the determination of the lease’s right-of-use asset or lease liability. In December 2018, the Company executed an additional lease arrangement for additional manufacturing space for a term through September 2023, at which time the Company has the option to renew or terminate the lease.

In June 2018, the Company signed a binding letter of intent to enter into a lease for office and laboratory space in White City, London. The letter of intent required the Company to enter into a ten-year lease provided that the landlord completed the required leasehold improvements described in the agreement. The leasehold improvements were completed and the lease commenced in January 2019. The Company has the option to terminate the lease in November 2026. In addition to base rent, the Company is obligated to pay its proportionate share of building operating expenses and real estate taxes in excess of base year amounts. These costs are considered to be variable lease payments and are not included in the determination of the lease’s right-of-use asset or lease liability. The lease agreement includes an option to lease additional space. As of December 31, 2020, the Company capitalized $6.7 million as leasehold improvements.

In September 2018, the Company signed a binding letter of intent to enter into a lease for manufacturing space in Enfield, United Kingdom. The letter of intent required the Company to enter into a 15-year lease provided that the landlord completed the required leasehold improvements described in the agreement. The Company executed lease agreements for three manufacturing space units, each for 15-year lease terms. The leases commenced in February 2019 with option to terminate the lease in February 2029. In addition to base rent, the Company is obligated to pay its proportionate share of building operating expenses and real estate taxes in excess of base year amounts. These costs are considered to be variable lease payments and are not included in the determination of the lease’s right-of-use asset or lease liability. The Company expensed $4.1 million of leasehold improvements from assets under construction as of December 31, 2019 as a result of discontinuing the fit-out of the manufacturing facility. The Company reduced the right-of-use asset and lease liability based on the contractual option termination date. The Company is actively seeking to sub-lease or assign the lease arrangements to a third party. The Company completed an asset impairment analysis of the right-of-use lease concluding the undiscounted cash flows exceeded the carrying value as of December 31, 2020.

In October 2018, the Company executed an agreement to sublease office space in Rockville, Maryland for a term through October 2021. The Company then terminated the sublease in February 2020 and immediately entered into a five-year lease for the same space with the landlord. As a result of the sublease termination, the Company recognized a $0.2 million gain in other income (expense) in the first quarter of 2020. The lease related to this facility is classified as an operating lease. The Company is obligated to pay its proportionate share of building operating expenses and real estate taxes in excess of base year amounts. These costs are considered to be variable lease payments and are not included in the determination of the lease’s right-of-use asset or lease liability.

In January 2019, the Company executed a lease agreement to lease additional office and manufacturing space in Rockville, Maryland. The lease agreement required the Company to enter into a lease provided that the landlord completes the required leasehold improvements described in the agreement. The lease commenced in August 2020 for a term through June 2036. The lease related to this facility is classified as an operating lease. The Company has capitalized $2.4 million in leasehold improvements as assets under construction as of December 31, 2020.

In May 2020, the Company executed an arrangement with Catapult Limited to lease a manufacturing suite at the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult manufacturing center in Stevenage, United Kingdom for a term through April 2024. The lease related to this facility is classified as an operating lease. In addition to base rent, the Company is obligated to pay its proportionate share of building operating expenses and real estate taxes in excess of base year amounts. These costs are considered to be variable lease payments and are not included in the determination of the lease’s right-of-use asset or lease liability.

The Company identified and assessed the following significant assumptions in recognizing its right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities during the adoption of ASC 842, in the year ended December 31, 2019:

•As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, it estimated the incremental borrowing rate for each lease based on a yield curve analysis, utilizing the interest rate derived from the fair value analysis of its existing leases and adjusting it for factors that appropriately reflect the profile of secured borrowing over the lease term. For leases existing as of the adoption date, the Company has utilized its incremental borrowing rate based on the remaining lease term as of the adoption date. For leases that commenced after the adoption date, the Company determined the incremental borrowing rate based on the lease term as determined at the commencement date of the lease.

F-25

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

•The expected lease terms include both contractual lease periods and, when applicable, cancellable option periods where failure to exercise such options would result in an economic penalty.

•Since the Company elected to account for each lease component and its associated non-lease components as a single combined lease component, all contract consideration was allocated to the combined lease component.


Leases (in thousands)	Balance Sheet Classification	As of December 31,
		2020		2019
Assets
Operating lease assets	Operating right-of-use assets	$	51,637	$	23,409
Liabilities
Current
Operating lease liabilities	Current liabilities: Operating lease liabilities	$	3,590	$	2,511
Noncurrent
Operating lease liabilities	Non-current liabilities: Operating lease liabilities	$	50,571	$	23,710
Total lease liabilities		$	54,161	$	26,221


		Year Ended December 31,
Lease cost (in thousands)	Statement of Operations Classification	2020		2019
Operating lease cost	Operating expenses: research and development	$	5,266	$	3,156
Variable lease cost	Operating expenses: research and development	1,212		1,222

Operating lease cost	Operating expenses: general and administrative	1,380		1,241
Variable lease cost	Operating expenses: general and administrative	270		250

Short term lease costs		282		270
Total lease cost		$	8,410	$	6,139


	December 31,
Other information (in thousands)	2020			2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	4,896		$	2,415
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	30,786		$	26,124
Weighted-average remaining lease term — operating leases (years)	11.2			7.7
Weighted-average discount rate — operating leases	9.0		%	6.8		%

F-26

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued

Future fixed payments for non-cancellable operating leases in effect as of December 31, 2020 are payable as follows:


	Operating Leases
Maturity of lease liabilities for the years ending December 31,	(in thousands)
2021	$	7,026
2022	9,112
2023	8,644
2024	8,150
2025	7,044
Thereafter	51,259
Total lease payments	91,235
Less: imputed interest	(37,074)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	54,161

The Company recognized rent expense on a straight-line basis over the respective lease period and has recorded deferred rent for rent expense incurred but not yet paid prior to the adoption of ASC 842.

The Company recorded rent expense totaling $0.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018, and $0.9 million for the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

Note 12. Employee Benefit Plans

In the United Kingdom, the Company makes contributions to private defined benefit pension schemes on behalf of its employees. The Company expensed $1.3 million, $1.0 million, $0.2 million, and $0.5 million in contributions in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, three months ended December 2018, and the year ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

In the United States, the Company established a defined contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code subsequent to September 30, 2018. The plan covers substantially all U.S. employees who meet minimum age and service requirements and allows participants to defer a portion of their annual compensation on a pre-tax basis. The Company matches employee contributions up to four percent of the employee’s annual salary. The Company expensed $0.3 million, $0.2 million and $18,000 in contributions in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 and the three months ended December 31, 2018, respectively. No matching contributions were recorded for the year ended September 30, 2018. The Company pays all administrative fees related to the Plan.

Note 13. Subsequent Events

The Company evaluated subsequent events through March 4, 2021 the date on which these financial statements were issued.

In January 2021, the Company announced the prioritization of the AUTO1 program and its intention to seek a partner for the AUTO3 program before progressing AUTO3 into the next phase of development. The Company also announced an adjustment of its workforce and infrastructure footprint during the first quarter of 2021, which will involve an overall reduction in headcount of approximately 20%. The company expects to realize cash savings, on an annualized basis, of approximately $15 million per annum once the operational changes are fully implemented. In the short-term, we expect there to be an increase in the first half of 2021 to both research and development expenses and selling, general, and administrative expenses due to restructuring charges of approximately $2.5 million, combined.

In January 2021, the Company sold an aggregate of 1.7 million ADSs under the Sales Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of $15.3 million.

On February 12, 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 14,285,715 ADSs, which includes the full exercise by the underwriters to purchase an additional 2,142,857 ADSs, at a public offering price of $7.00 per ADS. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after underwriting discounts, were $108.1 million. .

F-27

Document

Exhibit 2.4

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT'S SECURITIES

REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

The following description sets forth certain material terms and provisions of the securities of Autolus Therapeutics plc (“Autolus,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). This description also summarizes relevant provisions of English law, including the U.K. Companies Act 2006 (the “Companies Act”). The following summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the applicable provisions of English law and our articles of association, a copy of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on 20-F of which this Exhibit is a part. We encourage you to read our articles of association and the applicable provisions of English law for additional information.

General

Our securities include (a) our ordinary shares, nominal value $0.000042 per share, and (b) our American Depositary Shares (the “ADSs”), each representing one ordinary share, nominal value $0.000042 per share. Our ordinary shares are registered under the Exchange Act not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of the ADSs on The Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Our ADSs are listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the trading symbol “AUTL.”

The following is a description of the rights of (i) the holders of ordinary shares and (ii) ADS holders. Ordinary shares underlying the outstanding ADSs are held by Citibank N.A., as depositary.

Ordinary Shares

The following is a summary of the rights of our holders of our ordinary shares as specified in our articles of association which was adopted by a special resolution of our shareholders passed in June 2018.

Type and Class of Securities

Each ordinary share has a nominal value of $0.000042.

Preemptive Rights

Limits of Qualifications

Not applicable.

Registration Rights

Exhibit 2.4

We and the holders of certain of our ordinary shares are parties to a registration rights agreement that provides the following registration rights:

•Demand Registration on Form F-1 - each holder is entitled to demand registrations on Form F-1, provided that these demand registration rights may only be exercised by holders who hold, in the aggregate, not less than 25% of the aggregate number of shares then outstanding and held by all holders who are party to the agreement, and provided further that the we shall not be required to effect a demand registration statement after we have effected two demand registration statements, and such registration statements have been declared or ordered effective.

•Demand Registration on Form F-3 - each holder is entitled to unlimited demand registrations on Form F-3, if we are eligible to register shares on Form F-3, provided that these demand registration rights may only be exercised by holders who hold, in the aggregate, not less than 10% of the aggregate number of shares then outstanding and held by all holders who are party to the agreement. These demand registration rights may not be exercised more than twice in any twelve-month period.

•Piggyback Registration - each holder is entitled to piggyback registration rights, subject, in the case of an underwritten offering, to customary reductions by the underwriter, provided that the aggregate number of securities of the holders included in the registration may not be reduced to less than 30% of the total number of securities registered.

•Expenses - We will pay all registration expenses relating to the exercise of the registration rights above, including the reasonable fees and expenses of legal counsel to the participating holders up to a maximum of $50,000 in the aggregate per registration.

Memorandum and Articles of Association

Our ordinary shares have the rights and restrictions described in “Key Provisions of Our Articles of Association” below. The following summarizes the rights of holders of our ordinary shares:

•each holder of our ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per ordinary share on all matters to be voted on by shareholders generally;

•the holders of the ordinary shares shall be entitled to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at our general meetings; and

•holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to receive such dividends as are recommended by our directors and declared by our shareholders.

Key Provisions of Our Articles of Association

The following is a summary of certain key provisions of our articles of association. Please note that this is only a summary and is not intended to be exhaustive.

The articles of association contain no specific restrictions on our purpose and therefore, by virtue of section 31(1) of the Companies Act, our purpose is unrestricted. The articles of association contain, among other things, provisions to the following effect:

Share Capital

Voting

Variation of Rights

Exhibit 2.4

Dividends

Transfer of Ordinary Shares

The board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, refuse to register a transfer of certificated shares unless:

(i)

it is for a share which is fully paid up;

(ii)

it is for a share upon which the company has no lien;

(iii)

it is only for one class of share;

(iv)

it is in favor of a single transferee or no more than four joint transferees;

(v)

it is duly stamped or is duly certificated or otherwise shown to the satisfaction of the board of directors to be exempt from stamp duty; and

(vi)

it is delivered for registration to the registered office of the company (or such other place as the board of directors may determine), accompanied (except in the case of a transfer by a person to whom the company is not required by law to issue a certificate and to whom a certificate has not been issued or in the case of a renunciation) by the certificate for the shares to which it relates and such other evidence as the board of directors may reasonably require to prove the title of the transferor (or person renouncing) and the due execution of the transfer or renunciation by him or, if the transfer or renunciation is executed by some other person on his behalf, the authority of that person to do so.

Allotment of Shares and Preemption Rights

Exhibit 2.4

included in our articles of association that became effective upon the completion of our initial public offering in June 2018 and which remain currently in force as of December 31, 2019.

The provisions of section 561 of the Companies Act (which confer on shareholders rights of preemption in respect of the allotment of equity securities which are paid up in cash) apply to the company except to the extent disapplied by special resolution of the shareholders of the company, or in the company’s articles of association. Our articles of association disapply preemptive rights for a period of five years from the date of adoption, which was June 26, 2018. This disapplication will need to be renewed upon expiration (i.e., at least every five years) to remain effective, but may be sought more frequently for additional five-year terms (or any shorter period).

Alteration of Share Capital

Uncertificated Shares

The company may by notice in writing to the holder of an uncertificated share, require that share to be converted into certificated form.

Choice of Forum

Our articles of association provide that the U.S. federal district courts will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

Board of Directors

American Depositary Shares

Depositary

Exhibit 2.4

We have appointed Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”) as the depositary for the ADSs pursuant to a deposit agreement (the “Deposit Agreement”). Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013.

Provisions

ADSs represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary. ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). The depositary typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Citibank, N.A., London Branch located at 25 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5LB, United Kingdom.

The following is a summary of the material provisions of the Deposit Agreement. For more complete information, you should read the Deposit Agreement and Form of ADR. The Deposit Agreement has been filed with the SEC as an exhibit to the Form F-6/A filed on June 19, 2018. A copy of the Deposit Agreement may be obtained from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to File No. 333-224837.

Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in, one ordinary share that is on deposit with the depositary and/or custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations. We and the depositary may agree to change the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio by amending the Deposit Agreement. This amendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners. The custodian, the depositary and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the Deposit Agreement be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary, the custodian and their respective nominees are the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs are able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary, and the depositary (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the Deposit Agreement.

Beneficial owners of ADSs, or holders, are parties to the Deposit Agreement and therefore are bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents the ADSs. The Deposit Agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as holders’ rights and obligations as owner of ADSs and those of the depositary. Holders appoint the depositary to act on their behalf in certain circumstances. The Deposit Agreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of England and Wales, which may be different from the laws in the United States.

In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require holders to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. Neither the depositary, the custodian, us or any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on behalf of the holders to satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.

Holders will not be treated as one of our shareholders and will not have direct shareholder rights. The depositary will hold on the behalf of holders the shareholder rights attached to the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs. Holders are able to exercise the shareholders rights for the ordinary shares represented by their ADSs through the depositary only to the extent contemplated in the Deposit Agreement. To exercise any shareholder rights not contemplated in the Deposit Agreement holders will need to arrange for the cancellation of their ADSs and become a direct shareholder. The manner in which ADSs are owned (e.g., in brokerage account vs. as registered holder, or as holder of certificated vs. uncertificated) may affect the holder’s rights and obligations, and the manner in which the depositary’s services are made available.

Holders may hold ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in their name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary in their name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary (commonly referred to as the direct registration system or DRS). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary to the holders. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary and The Depository Trust Company, or DTC, the

Exhibit 2.4

central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If a holder decides to hold their ADSs through a brokerage or safekeeping account, they must rely on the procedures of their broker or bank to assert their rights as ADS owner. Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC. The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit the holder’s ability to exercise their rights as an owner of ADSs. All ADSs held through DTC are registered in the name of a nominee of DTC. This summary description assumes the holder has opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in their name at the relevant time.

The registration of the ordinary shares in the name of the depositary or the custodian shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the depositary or the custodian the record ownership in the applicable ordinary shares with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such ordinary shares being at all times vested with the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the ordinary shares. The depositary or the custodian shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all deposited property, in each case only on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the deposited property.

Dividends and Other Distributions

Holders generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders will receive such distributions under the terms of the Deposit Agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the specified record date, after deduction the applicable fees, taxes and expenses.

Distributions of Cash

Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary will arrange for the funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to the laws and regulations of England and Wales.

The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.

The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the Deposit Agreement. The depositary will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.

Distributions of Shares

Whenever we make a free distribution of ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-ordinary shares ratio, in which case each ADS held will represent rights and interests in the additional ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.

The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio upon a distribution of ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the Deposit Agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the new ordinary shares so distributed.

No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the Deposit Agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.

Exhibit 2.4

Distributions of Rights

Whenever we intend to distribute rights to purchase additional ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary and we will assist the depositary in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to purchase additional ADSs to holders.

The depositary will establish procedures to distribute rights to purchase additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the Deposit Agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). Holders may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of rights. The depositary is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to purchase new ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.

The depositary will not distribute the rights if:


			•						we do not timely request that the rights be distributed to the holders or we request that the rights not be distributed to the holders;
			•						we fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or
			•						it is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights.

The depositary will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.

Elective Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to the holders. In such case, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.

The depositary will make the election available to the holders only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the Deposit Agreement. In such case, the depositary will establish procedures to enable the holders to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the Deposit Agreement.

If the election is not made available to the holders, they will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in England and Wales would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the Deposit Agreement.

Other Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, ordinary shares or rights to purchase additional ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to the holders. If so, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.

If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to the holders and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the Deposit Agreement, the depositary will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.

The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the Deposit Agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the property received.

The depositary will not distribute the property and will sell the property if:

Exhibit 2.4


			•						we do not request that the property be distributed to the holders or if we ask that the property not be distributed to the holders;
			•						we do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or
			•						the depositary determines that all or a portion of the distribution is not reasonably practicable.

The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.

Redemption

Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the Deposit Agreement, the depositary will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.

The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary will convert the redemption funds received into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the Deposit Agreement and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary. Holders may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary may determine.

Changes Affecting Ordinary Shares

The ordinary shares held on deposit for the holders’ ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, split-up, cancellation, consolidation or any other reclassification of such ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets of the company.

If any such change were to occur, the holder’s ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the Deposit Agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to the holders, amend the Deposit Agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of existing ADSs for new ADSs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the ordinary shares. If the depositary may not lawfully distribute such property to the holders, the depositary may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to the holders as in the case of a cash distribution.

Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs

ADR holders are entitled to transfer, combine or split up their ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, holders will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary and also must:

•

ensure that the surrendered ADR is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer;

•

provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary deems appropriate;

•

provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and

•

pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the Deposit Agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs.

To have ADRs either combined or split up, holders must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary with their request to have them combined or split up, and must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the Deposit Agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.

Withdrawal of Ordinary Shares Upon Cancellation of ADSs

Holders are entitled to present their ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices. The ability to withdraw the ordinary shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by the legal considerations in the United States and in England and Wales applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs, holders will be required to pay to the depositary the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the ordinary shares.

Exhibit 2.4

Holders assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the Deposit Agreement.

If a holder’s ADSs are registered in the holder’s name, the depositary may ask the holder to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary may deem appropriate before it will cancel ADSs. The withdrawal of the ordinary shares represented by the holder’s ADSs may be delayed until the depositary receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.

Holders have the right to withdraw the securities represented by their ADSs at any time except as a result of:

•

temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the ordinary shares or ADSs are closed, or (ii) ordinary shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends;

•

obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges;

•

restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit; and/or

•

other circumstances specifically contemplated by Section I.A.(l) of the General Instructions to Form F-6 (as such General Instructions may be amended from time to time).

The Deposit Agreement may not be modified to impair a holder’s right to withdraw the securities represented by their ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.

Voting Rights

Holders generally have the right under the Deposit Agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the ordinary shares represented by their ADSs.

At our request, the depositary will distribute to the holders any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs. In lieu of distributing such materials, the depositary may distribute to holders of ADSs instructions on how to retrieve such materials upon request.

If the depositary timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote (or cause the custodian to vote) the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs as follows: the depositary will vote (or cause the custodian to vote) the securities represented by ADSs in accordance with the voting instructions received from the holders of ADSs. If the depositary does not receive voting instructions from a holder of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date on or before the date established by the depositary for such purpose, such holder will be deemed, and the depositary will deem such holder, to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the securities represented by ADSs; provided, however, that no such discretionary proxy will be given by the depositary with respect to any matter to be voted upon as to which we inform the depositary that (a) we do not wish such proxy to be given, (b) substantial opposition exists or (c) the rights of holders of securities represented by ADSs may be adversely affected.

Securities for which no voting instructions have been received will not be voted (except as otherwise contemplated in the Deposit Agreement). Please note that the ability of the depositary to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure holders that they will receive voting materials in time to enable holders to return voting instructions to the depositary in a timely manner.

Amendments and Termination

We may agree with the depositary to modify the Deposit Agreement at any time without the holders’ consent. We undertake to give holders 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the Deposit Agreement. We do not consider to be materially prejudicial to the holders’ substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges holders are required to pay. In addition, we may not be able to provide holders with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.

Exhibit 2.4

Holders are bound by the modifications to the Deposit Agreement if they continue to hold their ADSs after the modifications to the Deposit Agreement become effective. The Deposit Agreement cannot be amended to prevent holders from withdrawing the ordinary shares represented by their ADSs (except as permitted by law).

We have the right to direct the depositary to terminate the Deposit Agreement. Similarly, the depositary may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the Deposit Agreement. In either case, the depositary must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, holders’ rights under the Deposit Agreement will be unaffected.

Termination

After termination, the depositary will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until holders request the cancellation of their ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).

Books of Depositary

The depositary will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. Holders may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the Deposit Agreement.

The depositary will maintain in New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.

Transmission of Notices, Reports and Proxy Soliciting Material

The depositary makes available for holders’ inspection at its office all communications that it receives from us as a holder of deposited securities that we make generally available to holders of deposited securities. Subject to the terms of the Deposit Agreement, the depositary will send holders copies of those communications or otherwise make those communications available to the holders if we ask it to.

Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities

The Deposit Agreement limits our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to holders. Please note the following:

Exhibit 2.4

•

We and the depositary are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the Deposit Agreement without negligence or bad faith.

•

The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and without negligence and in accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement.

•

The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to holders on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the ordinary shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the Deposit Agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices or for our failure to give notice.

•

We and the depositary will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the Deposit Agreement.

•

We and the depositary disclaim any liability if we or the depositary are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the Deposit Agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of our articles of association, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond our control.

•

We and the depositary disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the Deposit Agreement or in our articles of association or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit.

•

We and the depositary further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting ordinary shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.

•

We and the depositary also disclaim liability for the inability by a holder to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit that is made available to holders of ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the Deposit Agreement, made available to any applicable holder.

•

We and the depositary may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties.

•

We and the depositary also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the Deposit Agreement.

•

No disclaimer of any Securities Act liability is intended by any provision of the Deposit Agreement.

Nothing in the Deposit Agreement gives rise to a partnership or joint venture, or establishes a fiduciary relationship, among us, the depositary bank and ADS holders.

Nothing in the Deposit Agreement precludes Citibank (or its affiliates) from engaging in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the ADS owners have interests, and nothing in the Deposit Agreement obligates Citibank to disclose those transactions, or any information obtained in the course of those transactions, to us or to the ADS owners, or to account for any payment received as part of those transactions.

Pre-Release Transactions

Subject to the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement, the depositary may issue to broker/dealers ADSs before receiving a deposit of ordinary shares or release ordinary shares to broker/dealers before receiving ADSs for cancellation. These transactions are commonly referred to as “pre-release transactions,” and are entered into between the depositary and the applicable broker/dealer. The Deposit Agreement limits the aggregate size of pre-release transactions (not to exceed 30% of the ordinary shares on deposit in the aggregate, but such limit may be changed or disregarded from time to time as the depositary deems appropriate) and imposes a number of conditions on such transactions (e.g., the need to receive collateral, the type of collateral required, the representations required from brokers, etc.). The depositary may retain the compensation received from the pre-release transactions.

Taxes

Holders are responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges

Exhibit 2.4

payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders.

The depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on behalf of the holders. However, holders may be required to provide to the depositary and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. Holders are required to indemnify us, the depositary and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for holders.

Foreign Currency Conversion

The depositary will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement. Holders may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.

If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary may take the following actions in its discretion:


			•						Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical.
			•						Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical.
			•						Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders.

Governing Law/Waiver of Jury Trial

The Deposit Agreement and the ADRs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of England and Wales.

The Deposit Agreement provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial in any legal proceeding against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to the ADSs, the Deposit Agreement and any transactions contemplated therein. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law.

Document

CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENTS, MARKED BY [***], HAS BEEN OMITTED BECAUSE IT IS NOT MATERIAL AND WOULD LIKELY CAUSE COMPETITIVE HARM TO THE COMPANY IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED.


LICENCE Agreement As amended on 15 October 2020


(1) AUTOLUS LIMITED (2) UCL BUSINESS LTD

Contents

Clause Page

1. DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION 2

2. LICENCE GRANT 22

3. SUB-LICENSING 25

4. RETAINED RIGHTS, ACADEMIC RESEARCH & RESTRICTIONS 27

5. ACCESS TO IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW INVENTIONS 33

6. ACCESS TO [***] PROGRAM 35

7. ACCESS TO [***] 37

8. INFORMATION AND ACCESS TO MARTIN PULE’S OTHER PROGRAMS & OTHER RESTRICTIONS 38

9. MATERIALS TRANSFER AND ENABLEMENT OF THE LICENSED RIGHTS 40

10. OPTION TO ACQUIRE PROGRAM IP 41

11. DILIGENCE OBLIGATIONS 42

12. UCLB MANAGEMENT FEE AND SHARES 46

13. MILESTONE PAYMENTS 47

14. ROYALTIES 51

15. SUB-LICENSEE PAYMENTS 55

16. REPORTING AND PAYMENT PROVISIONS 58

17. BUY-OUT OPTION 61

18. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROSECUTION AND MAINTENANCE 61

19. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ENFORCEMENT 64

20. CONFIDENTIALITY 65

21. WARRANTIES AND COVENANTS 67

22. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 67

23. INDEMNITY AND INSURANCE 68

24. TERMINATION 69

25. CONSEQUENCES OF TERMINATION 70

26. FORCE MAJEURE 72

27. FURTHER ASSURANCE 72

28. PUBLICITY 72

29. ASSIGNMENT 73

30. NOTICES 73

31. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 74

32. COUNTERPARTS 75

33. DISPUTE RESOLUTION, GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION 75

Schedule 1: The Programs 77

Schedule 2: Program IP 87

Schedule 3: UCL Background 172

Part A : UCL Know-How 172

Part B : UCL Background Materials 178

Schedule 4: Manufacturing Know-How 183

Schedule 5: Disclosure Process 185

Schedule 6 186

Part A : Existing Licences 186

Part B : Commercial Agreements 188

Schedule 7: Permitted Studies 189

Schedule 8 191

Part A : Net Sales Definition 191

Part B : Net Receipts Definition 193

Part C : Expert Procedure 194

Schedule 9: Warranties and Covenants 195

Part A : Mutual Warranties & Representations 195

Part B : UCLB Warranties & Covenants at the Effective Date 195

Part C : UCLB Warranties & Covenants at the Amendment Date 196

PART d : uclb warranties & covenants at the second amendment date 197

PART E : uclb warranties & covenants at the THIRD amendment date 198

Schedule 10: Royalty and Net Receipts Statements 200

Schedule 11: Release of Patient Clinical Data 201

Schedule 12: CD19 SEQUENCE 203

Schedule 13 204

Schedule 14: ASSIGNED PATENTS 205

THIS AGREEMENT was made as of 25 September 2014 (the “Effective Date”), was amended as of 2 March 2016 (the “Amendment Date”), was amended and restated as of 28 March 2018 (the “Second Amendment Date”), and is hereby amended and restated as of 15 October 2020 (the “Third Amendment Date”)

BY AND BETWEEN:

(1)AUTOLUS Limited, a company duly organised and validly existing under the laws of England (company number 09115837) with its registered office at Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, London, W12 7RZ (“Autolus”); and

(2)UCL BUSINESS LTD, a public company duly organised and validly existing under the laws of England (company number 02776963), previously named UCL Business Plc, with its registered office at The Network Building, 97 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 4TP (“UCLB”).

WHEREAS:

(A)Autolus has been established for the purposes of exploitation of certain of the Technology (as defined hereunder) in the field of cancer therapy and diagnosis;

(B)UCLB is a public company established by UCL to assist in the commercialisation of technology arising from UCL’s faculties and is responsible for technology development and commercialisation transactions for UCL;

(C)Dr Martin Pule is a leading academic and expert in the development of T-cell therapies for the treatment of cancer and is an employee and academic at UCL and leads and supervises the MP Laboratory (as defined below), and is also the Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer of Autolus;

(D)Through his own research and the research undertaken at the MP Laboratory, certain inventions, discoveries and know-how have been developed concerning the modification and utilisation of T-cells for cancer therapy, in particular focusing on the identification and development of certain chimeric antigen receptors that are engineered into human T-cells;

(E)Pursuant to his employment conditions, and the conditions of employment or studentship existing amongst those who work or collaborate in the MP Laboratory and UCL’s governance, all Intellectual Property generated by MP or by, at or within the MP Laboratory (irrespective of the individual or their status within the MP Laboratory) are initially owned by UCL and UCLB has the automatic exclusive right to assign and/or license all such Intellectual Property by virtue of its arrangements with UCL;

(F)MP has assigned all right to the technology to be licensed and/or assigned hereunder to UCLB;

(G)Autolus was granted a licence to the Original Programs with effect from the Effective Date and now with effect from the Amendment Date the Additional Programs (except for the TRBC2 Dx Program) are to be added to this Agreement;

(H)Autolus is granted rights to the Technology, including an option to acquire certain of the Technology, in each case upon the terms of this Agreement, and UCLB wishes to grant such rights to Autolus and does so with the consent and support of UCL and MP;

(I)Autolus obtained rights and licenses to certain additional Technology relating to the CAT19 Program with effect from the Second Amendment Date pursuant to the terms of this Agreement;

(J)Autolus is further interested in obtaining rights and licenses to certain additional Technology relating to the TRBC2 Dx Program with effect from the Third Amendment Date pursuant to the terms of this Agreement; and

(K)Autolus is further interested in obtaining rights and licenses to certain additional Technology relating to the CAROUSEL Study with effect from the Third Amendment Date pursuant to the terms of this Agreement.

NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties, in consideration of the mutual covenants and undertakings herein and for other good and valuable consideration, intending to be legally bound, HEREBY AGREE as follows:

1.DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION

a.In this Agreement, each of the capitalised words and expressions set out below shall have the meanings set forth against that capitalised word or expression, unless expressly provided otherwise:

“Academic Information” has the meaning set out in Clause 4.5;

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“Academic Collaborator(s)” means any Academic Organisation which is actively collaborating with UCL or CRUK on Academic Research permitted pursuant to Clause 4;

“Academic Organisation” means an organisation engaged in the conduct of academic research or the non-commercial funding of academic research, comprising academic institutions, charities, non-for-profit organisations and government bodies including the national health service and equivalent organisations anywhere in the world;

“Academic Research” means academic research which is undertaken by UCL alone or in collaboration with another Academic Organisation and, without limiting the foregoing, excluding any Commercial Research;

“Academic Reports” has the meaning set out in Clause 4.5.2;

“Academic Rights” has the meaning set out in Clause 4.1;

“Additional LG Milestone Payment” has the meaning set out in Clause 13.3;

“Additional Licensed Patents” means the ccCAR Patent Rights, iCAR Patent Rights, Epitope Tag Patent Rights, Retrostim Patent Rights, RapaiCASP9 Patents Rights, TetCAR Patent Rights and ZAP-CAR Patent Rights;

“Additional Milestone” means the achievement of a milestone triggering an Additional LG Milestone Payment or Additional ZC Milestone Payment in accordance with Clause 13.3 or Clause 13.4 respectively;

“Additional Program” means one of the ccCAR Program, iCAR Program, Epitope Tag Program, Retrostim Program, RapaiCASP9 Program, TetCAR Program, the ZAP-CAR Program, or TRBC2 Dx Program, and “Additional Programs” means any combination of two or more of the foregoing, as the context requires;

“Additional Program IP” means the ccCAR Program IP, iCAR Program IP. Epitope Tag Program IP, Retrostim Program IP, RapaiCASP9 Program IP, TetCAR Program IP, the ZAP-CAR Program IP and TRBC2 Dx Program IP;

“Additional Program Licence” means any one of the ccCAR Licence, iCAR Licence, Epitope Tag Licence, Retrostim Licence, RapaiCASP9 Licence, TetCAR Licence, the ZAP-CAR Licence, and the TRBC2 Dx Licence and “Additional Program Licences” means any two or more of the foregoing;

“Additional Royalty Product” means any one of the ccCAR Product, iCAR Product, Epitope Tag Product, Retrostim Product, RapaiCASP9 Product, TetCAR Product, or ZAP-CAR Product, and the TRBC2 Dx Product and “Additional Royalty Products” means any two or more of the foregoing;

“Additional ZC Milestone Payment” has the meaning set out in Clause 13.4;

“Affiliate” means any entity that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with a Party, for so long as such control exists. For the purposes of this definition of Affiliate and the definition of Tobacco Party, “control” and “controlled” means either (a) with respect to any person or entity, ownership directly or indirectly of more than fifty (50%) per cent of the shares of stock entitled to vote for the election of directors, in the case of a company or corporation, or more than fifty (50%) per cent of equity interest in the case of any other type of legal entity, status as a general partner in any partnership, or any other arrangement whereby a person controls or has the right to control the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the relevant entity, or the ability generally to cause the direction of the management or policies of an entity. In the case of certain entities organised under the laws of certain countries, where the maximum percentage ownership permitted by law for a foreign investor is less than fifty (50%) per cent, in such case such lower percentage shall be substituted in the preceding sentence provided that such foreign investor has the power to direct the management and policies of such entity. For the purposes of this Agreement (i) UCL shall be deemed an Affiliate of UCLB and vice versa; and (ii) Autolus’ Affiliates shall be limited to its subsidiaries (as defined in section 1159 of the Companies Act 2006) from time to time;

“Agreement” means this agreement together with its schedules, each as may be amended from time to time in accordance with the terms of this Agreement;

“ALLCAR19 Study” means the Permitted Study described in Schedule 1 under the heading CAT19 Program and conducted in accordance with the [***] Contract under UCL’s sponsorship;

“Amendment Date” has the meaning set out in the initial paragraph of this Agreement;

“Antigen” means any protein or other molecular structure including for the avoidance of doubt a cell surface sugar or part thereof (including any polypeptide or fragment thereof) whether glycosylated or otherwise and is capable of or demonstrates any binding affinity with any antibody, antigen-binding domain or other engager protein or any fragment of any of the foregoing;

“Assigned Patents” has the meaning set out in Clause 10.1;

“Assignee Entity” means any third party to which Autolus assigns an Assigned Patent together with any successor in title to such Assigned Patent and any licensee or sub-licensee of such third party or its successors under such Assigned Patent;

“Autolus Improvement” means to the extent Controlled by Autolus (free from any restriction or encumbrance) (i) any improvement to the applicable Licensed Patent(s) in respect of which a Licence has been terminated by UCLB, where use or deployment of such improvement in a product would infringe the applicable Licensed Patent(s) for which such Licence has been terminated; and, (ii) the Test and Regulatory Data which has been generated by or on behalf of Autolus in its Exploitation of the applicable Licensed Patents for which the Licence has been terminated by UCLB;

“Background Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.1;

“Background Materials” means (i) those materials listed in Part B of Schedule 3; and (ii) any materials Controlled by UCLB (free from any restriction or encumbrance) which are not Program Materials and which (a) have been used in connection with any of the Programs prior to the Effective Date; and/or (b) are used in connection with the [***] Program, NSG Program and/or the ZipCAR Program after the Effective Date; and/or (c) have been used in connection with any of the Additional Programs prior to the Amendment Date or the CAT19 Program prior to the Second Amendment Date or the TRBC2 Dx Program on or after the Amendment Date but prior to the Third Amendment Date;

“BCMA” means the specific Antigen (or part thereof) coded for by reference to the sequence defined in Schedule 1 under the BCMA-CAR Program;

“[***]” means [***] in which one of the [***] intended to [***] on the [***] is capable of binding to [***];

“[***] Option” means Autolus’s rights under Clause 7;

“BCMA Field” means all uses without restriction except for use in [***];

“BCMA Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.2;

“BCMA Product” means any product or therapy which within the BCMA Field (i) targets BCMA and is covered by, uses, incorporates or has been developed using any of the BCMA Program IP; or (ii) targets BCMA and has been developed using any of the UCL Background IP or Manufacturing Know-How; or (iii) were it not for the license to BCMA Program IP hereunder, would otherwise infringe any Patent Right licensed hereunder under the BCMA Program IP or, were it not for the assignment of the BCMA-CAR Patent Rights to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) would otherwise infringe such assigned BCMA-CAR Patent Rights;

“[***] Existing Patent” means patent application [***] and all Patent Rights derived therefrom including International Patent Application No. [***];

“[***] Period” has the meaning set out in Clause 7.1;

“[***] Program” means the research conducted with respect to [***] by MP and/or the MP Laboratory, as of the Effective Date and thereafter during the [***] Period;

“[***] Program IP” means, excluding Program IP, UCL Background IP and Manufacturing Know-How, (i) all Know-How and inventions generated, created or developed pursuant to the [***] Program excluding CGK as of the licence grant date (in respect of the [***] Program IP); and (ii) the [***] Existing Patent and all Patent Rights filed in respect of the research undertaken pursuant to the [***] Program from time to time (“[***] Patent Rights”);

“BCMA-CAR Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title BCMA-CAR Program as conducted prior to the Effective Date;

“BCMA Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title BCMA-CAR Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“BCMA-CAR Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title BCMA-CAR Know-How; (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title BCMA-CAR Materials together with all IP in the same; and (iv) all Know-How and materials (together with all IP in the same) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the BCMA-CAR Program prior to the Effective Date, including the technology claimed or disclosed in the BCMA-CAR Patent Rights as of the Effective Date, other than that which is CGK as of the Effective Date or disclosed in the sections of the BCMA-CAR Patent Rights that refer to, describe or disclose prior art including CGK existing as of the Effective Date;

“BiTE” means a bi-specific T-cell engager protein comprising two or more antigen-binding domains which bind a T-cell and a target cell thereby bringing the two cells into close proximity intended to modulate or trigger an immune response against the target cell, and for the avoidance of doubt is not a CAR;

“Buy-Out Option” has the meaning set out in Clause 17.1;

“CAROUSEL Clinical Study Agreement” means the [***] entered into between UCL and [***];

“CAROUSEL Clinical Study Results” means all data, information, know-how and other intellectual property and results arising from the CAROUSEL Study including the protocol for the CAROUSEL Study and the Test and Regulatory Data resulting from the CAROUSEL Study;

“CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data” means patient clinical data generated in the performance of the CAROUSEL Study after the Third Amendment Date;

“CAROUSEL Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title CAROUSEL Know-How, including CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data generated prior to the Third Amendment Date once the same is disclosed to Autolus in accordance with Clause 9.9; and (ii) any Know-How generated in the performance of the CAROUSEL Study after the Third Amendment Date, which shall include CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data once disclosed to Autolus in accordance with Clause 9.9;

“CAROUSEL Study” means the Permitted Study described in Schedule 7 under the heading CAT19 Studies with the study acronym “CAROUSEL”;

“CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data” means patient clinical data generated from either the CARPALL Study or the ALLCAR19 Study and (i) described in Schedule 2 under the title CAT19 Know-How, with the heading Patient Clinical Data or (ii) which is otherwise generated after the Second Amendment Date but excluding [***];

“CARPALL Study” means the Permitted Study described in Schedule 1 under the heading CAT19 Program and conducted under UCL’s sponsorship with funding from (i) Children with Cancer UK, (ii) Great Ormond St Hospital Children’s Charity and (iii) J P Moulton Charitable Foundation;

“CAT19 1st Gen Product” means the CAT19 Product developed in the CAT19 Program (the “Original CAT19 Product”), and any other CAT19 Product as may be modified by Autolus or any Sub-Licensee after the Second Amendment Date that is developed using any of the CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data either in a Phase 2 study following directly a clinical study conducted under the CAT19 Program, or pursuant to a bridging study or similar adjunctive study intended to demonstrate that the modified CAT19 Product is equivalent to the Original CAT19 Product, but excluding any CAT19 CNS Product;

“CAT19 Binder Product” means a CAT19 Product that is not a CAT19 1st Gen Product or a CAT19 CNS Product;

“CAT19 CNS Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.18;

“CAT19 CNS Product” means a CAT19 Product for the treatment of Primary CNS Lymphoma which is covered by, uses, incorporates or has been developed using any of the CAROUSEL Program IP;

“CAT19 Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.16;

“CAT19 Product” means any product or therapy which (i) targets the CD19 Antigen and is covered by, uses, incorporates or has been developed using any of the CAT19 Program IP; or (ii) were it not for the license to CAT19 Program IP hereunder, or the

assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the CAT19 Patent Rights, would otherwise infringe any Patent Right licensed under the CAT19 Program IP;

“CAT19 Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title CAT19 Program as conducted prior to the Second Amendment Date;

“CAT19 Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title CAT19 Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“CAT19 Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title CAT19 Know-How, including CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data generated prior to the Second Amendment Date once the same is disclosed to Autolus in accordance with Clause 9.8; (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title CAT19 Materials together with all IP in the same; and (iv) any Know-How generated in the performance of the ALLCAR19 and CARPALL Studies after the Second Amendment Date, which shall include CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data once disclosed to Autolus in accordance with Clause 9.8, but excluding any such Know-How in which Autolus has rights pursuant to any agreement entered into in accordance with Clause 4.12 and excluding any Know-How owned by [***] pursuant to the [***] Agreements;

“CAR” means a chimeric antigen receptor (also known as chimeric immunoreceptors or artificial T-Cell receptors) comprising an extra-cellular Antigen binding or recognition domain and one or more intra-cellular signalling domains, wherein the extra-cellular Antigen binding or recognition domain has binding specificity for one particular Antigen, and for the avoidance of doubt is not a BiTE;

“ccCAR Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.7;

“ccCAR Product” means any product or therapy which, were it not for the licence to ccCAR Patent Rights granted hereunder or the assignement to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the ccCAR Patent Rights, would otherwise infringe the ccCAR Patent Rights in the relevant country of sale;

“ccCAR Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title ccCAR Program as conducted prior to the Amendment Date;

“ccCAR Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title ccCAR Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“ccCAR Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title ccCAR Know-How; and (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title ccCAR Materials together with all IP in the same;

“CDA” the confidentiality agreement executed between [***];

“CD19 Antigen” means the specific Antigen (or part thereof) coded for by reference to the sequence set out in Schedule 12;

“CD19 Clinical Study Results” means all data, information, know-how and other intellectual property and results arising from the ALLCAR19 Study or the CARPALL Study including the protocol for the ALLCAR19 Study and for the CARPALL Study and the Test and Regulatory Data resulting from the ALLCAR19 Study and from the CARPALL Study;

“CD19 Clinical Study NHS Foundation Trusts” means UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust and such other NHS Trusts as may act as study sites in respect of the ALLCAR19 Study and/or the CARPALL Study from time to time;

“CD19 Clinical Study Agreements” means (i) the [***] Contract, (ii) the [***] Grant, (iii) the [***] Agreements and (iv) the agreements entered into between UCL and [***] in respect of their conduct of the CARPALL Study or the ALLCAR19 Study, as applicable;

“CD19 Field” means all uses without restriction;

“[***]” means the specific [***] defined in Schedule 1 under the [***] Program;

“[***] Exercise Period” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.4;

“[***] Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.5;

“[***] Licence Notice” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.4;

“[***] Option” means Autolus’s rights under Clauses 2.4 and 2.5;

“[***] Product” means any product or therapy which (i) targets [***] and is covered by, uses, incorporates or has been developed using any of the [***] Program IP; or (ii) targets [***] and has been developed using any of the UCL Background IP or Manufacturing

Know-How; or (iii) were it not for the license to [***] Program IP hereunder, would otherwise infringe any Patent Right licensed hereunder under the [***] Program IP;

“[***] Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title [***] Program, conducted prior to the Effective Date together with the program of research conducted after the Effective Date as described in Schedule 1 under the title (B): [***] Project Plan;

“[***] Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title [***] Know-How; (ii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title [***] Materials together with all IP in the same; (iii) all Know-How and materials (together with all IP in the same) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the [***] Program prior to the Effective Date other than that which is CGK as of the date the [***] Option is exercised; (iv) any Patent Rights filed by or on behalf of UCLB from time to time in respect of any work undertaken by MP and/or the MP Laboratory prior to, on or after the Effective Date under or pursuant to the agreed project plan for the [***] Program as set out in Schedule 1 (“[***] Patent Rights”); and (v) all Know-How and materials developed after the Effective Date by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the agreed project plan for the [***] Program as set out in Schedule 1, including the technology claimed or disclosed in the [***] Patent Rights (if any) as of the date the [***] Option is exercised, other than that which is CGK as of the date the [***] Option is exercised, or disclosed in the sections of the [***] Patent Rights that refer to, describe or disclose prior art including CGK existing as of the date the [***] Option is exercised; references to CGK in this definition shall exclude CGK that became CGK through disclosure after the Effective Date by publication of the [***] Patent Rights or by MP making a publication in accordance with this Agreement or by Autolus’s publication;

“CGK” or “Common General Knowledge” means all technical and other information, knowledge, ideas, inventions, concepts, discoveries, data, designs, know-how, formulae, methods, sequences, models, procedures, designs, protocols, trials, tests, methods, processes, specifications and techniques which are not confidential and are publicly available at the applicable time;

“Collaborative Research Project” has the meaning set out in Clause 4.7;

“Combination Product” has the meaning set out in paragraph 4 of Part A of Schedule 8;

“Commercial Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 3.3;

“Commercial Research” means any research (i) that is, in whole or part, funded by a person or entity that is not a Funder; or (ii) that is undertaken at the request of or for the benefit of any entity that is not an Academic Organisation involved in such research; or (iii) that is undertaken (as opposed to funded) in collaboration with any entity which is not an Academic Organisation; or (iv) under which a Third Party, which is not an Academic Organisation participating in such research, will acquire any rights in (including by way of assignment or licence) or control over the results of such research;

“Competitive Product” means any product or therapy that is competitive to or equivalent (whether structurally, functionally or through mechanism of action) to any Royalty Product, including any product or therapy that may be considered a generic, biosimilar and/or a “me-too” product or therapy or otherwise infringes any of the Licensed Patents or makes use of any of the Technology;

“Complementary Diagnostic Product” means a Royalty Product that is not directly of therapeutic application and is used for diagnosis, assessment or detection;

“Competing Entrant” has the meaning set out in Clause 14.11;

“Confidential Information” has the meaning set out in Clause 20.1;

“Control” or “Controlled” in respect of a Party, that Intellectual Property (or those materials) which such Party (which in the case of UCLB means UCLB or UCL) (i) owns and is able, without breaching any obligation owed by it or (by rule of law) having to obtain the consent of any co-owner, to license (or in the case of materials supply) the same to a third party (including a Party to this Agreement) for the applicable Royalty Product or use; or (ii) is licensed to use (other than by the other Party to this Agreement) and is entitled under the terms of the licence to which they are a party to sub-license (or in the case of materials supply) the same to a third party (including a Party to this Agreement) for the applicable Royalty Product or use without having to obtain consent from such third party;

“Core Countries” means [***] and [***] and “Core Country” means any one of them;

“Cover”, “Covering” or “Covered” means (for the purposes of Clauses 13.2.1, 13.2.2, 14.4 and paragraph 1.8 of Part B Schedule 9, paragraph 1.7 of Part C Schedule 9 and paragraph 1.7 of Part D Schedule 9) in the case of a product or a therapy that (i) such product or therapy would, were it not for the applicable licence granted and subsisting hereunder, infringe the applicable Patent Rights so licensed hereunder; or (ii) in the case of the Assigned Patents such product or therapy would, were it not for the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of such Assigned Patent, infringe the applicable Patent Rights so assigned;

“CRUK” means Cancer Research UK (registered as a company limited by guarantee in England and Wales under number 4325234) and registered charity (number 1089464 in England and Wales and registered in Scotland under number SC041666 and in the Isle of Man under number 1103);

“CRUK Funders” means Cancer Research Technology Limited, with company number 01626049 (“CRT”), CRUK, Leukaemia and Lymphoma Research (registered as a company limited by guarantee in England and Wales under number 738089 and registered charity number 216032 in England and Wales and registered in Scotland under number SC037529) (“LLR”) and Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund (a registered charity in England and Wales with number 290772) (“KKLF”);

“CRUK Indemnified Parties” has the meaning set out in Clause 23.1.1;

“CRUK Study” has the meaning set out in Clause 11.1.1(ii);

“Defaulting Party” has the meaning set out in Clause 24.4;

“Developing Country” or “Developing Countries” means those countries that are: (a) eligible for support from [***]; and (b) to the extent not included in (a), defined as at the Second Amendment Date by the [***], as such definitions may be amended from time to time by the World Bank:

“Direct Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 29.6;

“Disclosing Party” has the meaning set out in Clause 20.1;

“Disclosure Notification” has the meaning in Clause 5.2;

“Enforcement Action” has the meaning set out in Clause 19.2;

“Epitope Tag Field” means all uses and applications without restriction;

“Epitope Tag Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.12;

“Epitope Tag Product” means any product or therapy within the Epitope Tag Field: (i) which, were it not for the licence granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the Epitope Tag Patent Rights, would infringe the Epitope Tag Patent Rights; and/or (ii) the manufacture of which product or therapy were it not for the licence granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the Epitope Tag Patent Rights, would infringe the Epitope Tag Patent Rights; and/or (iii) where the manufacture of any materials used in connection with the manufacture of such product or therapy, were it not for the licence granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the Epitope Tag Patent Rights, would infringe the Epitope Tag Patent Rights (including without limitation the manufacture of the viral vector ultimately used for the manufacture of such product or therapy);

“Epitope Tag Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title Epitope Tag Program as conducted prior to the Amendment Date;

“Epitope Tag Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title Epitope Tag Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“Epitope Tag Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title Epitope Tag Know-How; and (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title Epitope Tag Materials together with all IP in the same;

“Existing Licences” has the meaning set out in Clause 4.9;

“Exploit” and “Exploiting” means to make, have made, import, export, use, sell or offer for sale, including to research, experiment, develop, commercialise, obtain and maintain Regulatory Approvals, manufacture, to have manufactured, hold or keep (whether for disposal or otherwise), have used, export, transport, distribute, promote, market or have sold or otherwise dispose of, and “Exploitation” shall mean the act of Exploiting;

“Extended Period” has the meaning set out in Clause 7.1;

“Field” means all uses and applications without restriction;

“Final Written Report” means with respect to the applicable Program, the final written report approved by MP and written following completion of the applicable Program in accordance with the applicable project plan, and which shall provide a complete report of the results, findings and activities arising from that Program;

“First Commercial Sale” means the first arm’s length commercial sale of the applicable Royalty Product in a country by Autolus or by a Sub-Licensee or by an Assignee Entity pursuant to this Agreement, in each case following the grant of a Marketing Approval for the applicable Royalty Product in such country;

“Funder” means an academic, charitable or other not-for-profit organisation including academic institutions, charities, and government bodies;

“GD2” means the specific Antigen (or part thereof) coded for by reference to the sequence defined in Schedule 1 under the GD2 Program;

“GD2 Clinical Study Results” means all data, information, know-how and other intellectual property and results arising from the CRUK Study including the protocol for the CRUK Study and the Test and Regulatory Data resulting from the CRUK Study;

“GD2 Diligence Obligation” has the meaning set out in Clause 11.1.1;

“GD2 Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.3;

“GD2 Product” means any product or therapy which (i) targets GD2 and is covered by, uses, incorporates or has been developed using any of the GD2 Program IP; or (ii) targets GD2 and has been developed using any of the UCL Background IP or Manufacturing Know-How; or (iii) were it not for the license to GD2 Program IP hereunder, would otherwise infringe any Patent Right licensed under the GD2 Program IP or, were it not for the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the GD2 Patent Rights, would otherwise infringe such assigned GD2 Patent Rights;

“GD2 Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title GD2 Program as conducted prior to the Effective Date;

“[***] Period” has the meaning set out in Clause 6.1;

“[***] Program” means the program of research concerning [***] being undertaken by [***] using the [***] as is used in the [***] and any other research undertaken by [***] with respect to [***] in collaboration with [***] in each case up to the Effective Date and thereafter during the [***] Period;

“[***] Program IP” means, excluding Program IP, UCL Background IP and Manufacturing Know-How, (i) all Know-How and inventions generated, created or developed pursuant to the [***] Program excluding CGK as of the licence grant date, and (ii) all Patent Rights filed in respect of the research undertaken pursuant to the [***] Program;

“GD2 Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title GD2 Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“GD2 Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title GD2 Know-How; (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title GD2 Materials together with all IP in the same; and (iv) all Know-How and materials (together with all IP in the same) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the GD2 Program prior to the Effective Date including the technology claimed or disclosed in the GD2 Patent Rights as of the Effective Date, other than that which is CGK as of the Effective Date or disclosed in the sections of the GD2 Patent Rights that refer to, describe or disclose prior art including CGK existing as of the Effective Date;

“[***] Grant” means the grant from [***], and associated grant terms and conditions, dated [***];

“iCAR Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.8;

“iCAR Product” means any product or therapy which, were it not for the licence to iCAR Patent Rights granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the iCAR Patent Rights, would otherwise infringe the iCAR Patent Rights in the relevant country of sale;

“iCAR Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title iCAR Program as conducted prior to the Amendment Date;

“iCAR Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title iCAR Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“iCAR Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2

under the title iCAR Know-How; and (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title iCAR Materials together with all IP in the same;

“Improvement” means (a) any improvement, enhancement, development or advancement (together with all Intellectual Property in the same) over any of the Original Program IP in each case as created, generated or developed by MP (in the course of his activities or role at or for UCL or UCLB) and/or the MP Laboratory, and which, if used, deployed or incorporated in the Exploitation of any product, process or service would result in such product, process or service being within the scope of or otherwise dependent upon (that is, in each case, in the absence of any licence, would otherwise infringe) any one or more claims of any of the Original Licensed Patents; and (b) any CAR developed or generated by MP (in the course of his activities or role at or for UCL or UCLB) or the MP Laboratory that targets any of GD2, BCMA, TRBC1, TRBC2, the CD19 Antigen and/or [***];

“Improvement Negotiation Period” means in respect of each Improvement or New Invention (as applicable), the period commencing with the date the applicable Disclosure Notification (complying with Clause 5.2.2) is deemed to have been received by Autolus and expiring [***] after the date such Disclosure Notification is deemed to have been so received;

“Improvement Period” has the meaning set out in Clause 5.1;

“Indemnity Claim” has the meaning set out in Clause 23.1;

“Indemnified Party” has the meaning set out in Clause 23.1;

“Insolvency Event” means the occurrence of any of the following events or circumstances (or any analogous event or circumstance in a jurisdiction other than England and Wales) in relation to the relevant entity: (i) being deemed unable to pay its debts as defined in section 123 Insolvency Act 1986 without any requirement to prove any matter stated in that section to a court, (ii) entering into a voluntary arrangement or any other composition, scheme or arrangement with (or assignment for the benefit of) its creditors; (iii) the appointment of a receiver, administrator or insolvency manager over the whole or the majority of its business or assets, and which appointment is not appealed or set aside within twenty (20) days; (iv) an order is made or a resolution is passed for its winding up (except for the purposes of a bona fide solvent reorganisation); (v) an order for bankruptcy or dissolution or the making of an administration order is made which is not appealed or set aside within thirty (30) days of it being made; or (vi) ceasing to carry on business for any period in excess of thirty (30) days or claiming the benefit of any statutory moratorium;

“Intellectual Property” or “IPR” or “IP” means all Patent Rights, claims in or rights to Patent Rights, rights in designs (including design patents, registered designs and unregistered designs), copyright, rights in software, database rights, rights in data, inventions, rights in Know-How, trade secrets and confidential information, and any and all other similar or equivalent rights to any of the foregoing situated in any country in the world, in each case for their full term and any extensions, together with applications for any of the foregoing, the right to apply for any of the foregoing in any part of the world and the right to claim priority in respect of any of the foregoing;

“[***] Materials” means the [***] (as listed in Schedule 2 under the title [***] Materials – [***] Materials), complementarity determining regions (“CDRs”) from such [***], and any derivatives, fragments, modifications, enhancements of such [***] or the CDRs from [***];

“[***]” means [***];

“[***] Agreements” means the agreements entered into between UCL and [***] (i) dated [***] for [***] to manufacture the viral vector used in the CARPALL Study, (ii) dated [***] for [***] to manufacture the viral vector used in the CARPALL Study, (iii) dated [***] for [***] to manufacture the viral vector used in the ALLCAR19 Study, and (iv) dated [***] for [***] to manufacture the viral vector used in the ALLCAR19 Study;

“Know-How” means all technical and other information, knowledge, ideas, concepts, discoveries, data, designs, know-how, trade secrets, inventions (which at the relevant time are not the subject of a Patent Right) formulae, methods, software sequences, models, procedures, designs for experiments, trials and tests and results of the same, testing methods, processes, specifications and techniques, clinical data and manufacturing data including all Test and Regulatory Data;

“Know-How Period” has the meaning set out in Clause 14.8;

“Laboratory Notebooks” means all laboratory notebooks in UCL’s possession, custody or control which emanate from laboratories at UCL, in so far as they concern or contain information relating to any of the Programs, Program IP, Materials or UCL Background IP;

“Licence” means one of the BCMA Licence, [***] Licence (if Autolus exercises its rights under Clause 2.4), GD2 Licence, Logic Gate Licence, NSG Licence, RQR8 Licence, TRBC1/2 Licence, ZipCAR Licence, ccCAR Licence, iCAR Licence, Epitope Tag Licence, Retrostim Licence, RapaiCASP9 Licence, TetCAR Licence, ZAP-CAR Licence, CAT19 Licence, TRBC2 Dx Licence, CAT19 CNS Licence, Manufacturing Licence, the Background Licence and the licences granted under Clause 2.3;

“Licensed Patents” means the Original Licensed Patents, the Additional Licensed Patents, the CAT19 Patent Rights and the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights. For the avoidance of doubt, notwithstanding their assignment to Autolus pursuant to the Patent Assignment, or subsequent assignment to an Assignee Entity, the Assigned Patents shall continue to be included within the definition of Licensed Patents;

“Limb (i)(b) Notice” has the meaning set out in Clause 11.1.1(ii);

“Logic Gate Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.4;

“Logic Gate Product” means any product or therapy which is covered by, uses or incorporates any of the Logic Gate Program IP;

“Logic Gate Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title Logic Gate Program as conducted prior to the Effective Date;

“Logic Gate Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title Logic Gate Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“Logic Gate Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title Logic Gate Know-How; (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title Logic Gate Materials together with all IP in the same; and (iv) all Know-How and materials (together with all IP in the same) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the Logic Gate Program prior to the Effective Date including the technology claimed or disclosed in the Logic Gate Patent Rights filed as of the Effective Date (or the Amendment Date for those Logic Gate Patents Rights filed as of the Amendment Date), other than that which is CGK as of the Effective Date (or, in respect of those Logic Gate Patent Rights filed as of the Amendment Date, the Amendment Date) or disclosed in the sections of the Logic Gate Patent Rights that refer to, describe or disclose prior art including CGK existing as of the Effective Date or Amendment Date, as applicable, provided that to the extent that any materials in (iii) or (iv) incorporate any of the following binders, CD5, CD19, CD22, CD23, CD33 and/or EGFRvIII, such binders together with IP in the same are excluded. References to CGK in this definition shall exclude CGK that became CGK through disclosure after the Effective Date by publication of the Logic Gate Patent Rights (filed as of the Effective Date), or by MP making a publication in accordance with this Agreement or by Autolus’ publication;

“Manufacturing Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.3;

“Manufacturing Know-How” means that Know-How generated by each of [***] prior to the Effective Date, irrespective of its use or application in any of the Programs, which is required for or beneficial to practice any of the Program IP licensed hereunder, including that listed in Schedule 4;

“Marketing Approval Application” or “MAA” means an application for a Marketing Approval;

“Marketing Approval” or “MA” means those Regulatory Approval(s) required by applicable laws and regulations in a particular country or territory in order to sell or commercially supply a medicinal product and/or device in that country or territory;

“Martin Pule” or “MP” means Dr Martin Pule of [***] for so long as he is employed by, consults for or otherwise holds any position at or undertakes or supervises any research at UCL or UCLB;

“Match Period” has the meaning set out in Clause 5.7;

“Materials” means Program Materials and Background Materials;

“Milestone” means a Success Milestone, an Additional Milestone or a Sales Milestone;

“Milestone Payment” means a Success Milestone Payment, an Additional Milestone Payment, a Sales Milestone Payment, an Additional LG Milestone Payment or an Additional ZC Milestone Payment;

“MP Laboratory” means from time to time prior to, on and following the Effective Date, those members of the research group(s) at UCL lead by MP, who at the relevant time were or are under the supervision or direction of MP;

“Net Receipts” has the meaning in Part B of Schedule 8;

“Net Sales” has the meaning in Part A of Schedule 8;

“New Invention” means any discovery, invention (whether patentable or not), Know-How or improvement concerning any CAR or CARs (including methods for manufacture of any CAR or CARs) which is not an Improvement and which has been discovered, generated, identified or invented by MP and/or by any member(s) of the MP Laboratory, and which is Controlled by UCLB either at the time of creation, development or generation or upon UCL or UCLB acquiring or being granted a licence to the same from the inventors or individuals responsible for the creation, development or generation of the same;

“[***] Contract” means the [***] contract entered into between (i) [***] and (ii) [***] on [***], together with the associated letter agreement between (i) [***] and (ii) [***] dated [***];

“Non-Defaulting Party” has the meaning set out in Clause 24.4;

“Notice Period” has the meaning set out in Clause 24.4.1;

“NSG Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.14;

“NSG Product” means any product or therapy which is covered by, uses or incorporates any of the NSG Program IP;

“NSG Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title New Suicide Gene Program conducted prior to the Effective Date together with the program of research conducted after the Effective Date and prior to the Amendment Date as described in Schedule 1 under the title (B) New Suicide Gene Project Plan;

“NSG Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title NSG Know-How; (ii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title NSG Materials together with all IP in the same; (iii) all Know-How and materials (including all IP in the same) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the NSG Program prior to the Effective Date, other than that which is CGK as of the Amendment Date; (iv) any Patent Rights filed by or on behalf of UCLB from time to time and in respect of any work undertaken by MP and/or the MP Laboratory for the NSG Program prior to the Amendment Date and all Patent Rights resulting therefrom, including those as set out in Schedule 1 (“NSG Patent Rights”); and (v) all Know-How and materials (including all IP in the same) developed after the Effective Date but prior to the Amendment Date by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the agreed project plan for the NSG Program as set out in Schedule 1 including the technology claimed or disclosed in the NSG Patent Rights (if any) as of the Amendment Date, other than that which is CGK as of the Amendment Date, or disclosed in the sections of the NSG Patent Rights that refer to, describe or disclose prior art including CGK existing as of the Amendment Date; references to CGK in this definition shall exclude CGK that became CGK through disclosure after the Effective Date by publication of the NSG Patent Rights or by MP making a publication in accordance with this Agreement or by Autolus’s publication;

“Option” means the [***] Option;

“Original Licensed Patents” means the BCMA-CAR Patent Rights, the [***] Patent Rights (if Autolus exercises its rights under Clause 2.4), the GD2 Patent Rights, the TRBC1/2 Patent Rights, the RQR8 Patent Rights, the NSG Patent Rights, the Logic Gate Patent Rights and the ZipCAR Patent Rights;

“Original Program” means one of the GD2 Program, the BCMA-CAR Program, the TRBC1/2 Program, the [***] Program (if Autolus exercises its rights under Clause 2.5), the RQR8 Program, the NSG Program, the Logic Gate Program or the ZipCAR Program, and “Original Programs” means any combination of two or more of the foregoing, as the context requires;

“Original Program IP” means the GD2 Program IP, the BCMA Program IP, the TRBC1/2 Program IP, the RQR8 Program IP, the Logic Gate Program IP, the NSG Program IP and the ZipCAR Program IP; and (ii) where the [***] Option has been exercised, the [***] Program IP;

“Original Program Licence” means any one of the BCMA Licence, GD2 Licence, Logic Gate Licence, RQR8 Licence, TRBC1/2 Licence, NSG Licence, ZipCAR Licence, and

where the [***] Option has been exercised, the [***] Licence, and “Original Program Licences” means any two or more of the foregoing;

“Original Royalty Product” means any one of the BCMA Product, GD2 Product, Logic Gate Product, RQR8 Product, TRBC1/2 Product, NSG Product, ZipCAR Product, and where the [***] Option has been exercised, [***] Product, and “Original Royalty Products” means any two or more of the foregoing;

“Other Technology” has the meaning set out in Clause 8.3;

“Party” or “Parties” means Autolus or UCLB, or both Autolus and UCLB, as the context requires, including their respective successors in title, permitted assignees and transferees from time to time (if any);

“Patent Assignment” means the deed of assignment between the Parties in respect of the Assigned Patents dated on the Third Amendment Date;

“Patent Prosecution Costs” means those professional service fees and costs reasonably charged by a Third Party for the provision of patent filing, prosecution (including defending oppositions and interferences), maintenance and renewal services with respect to the applicable Licensed Patent, including all official fees, charges and surcharges properly incurred in the provision of such services;

“Patent Rights” means all patent rights, claims in any patent right, applications for patents and the right to apply for patent rights in any part of the world including all divisionals, reissues, extensions, substitutions, confirmations, registrations, revalidations, additions, continuations in-part and any supplementary protection certificates or patent term extensions and where referred to in the context of a schedule hereto shall include all patent rights from time to time derived from, claiming priority from, issued or granted from those patent rights listed in such schedule;

“Patent Sale” has the meaning set out in Clause 15.1;

“Permitted Studies” means those clinical studies identified and briefly described in Schedule 7;

“Primary CNS Lymphoma” means lymphoma of CNS cells that has originated within the central nervous system as the primary site of the lymphoma, as opposed to a secondary lymphoma of the CNS;

“Program” means any one of the Original Programs, the Additional Programs or the CAT19 Program, and “Programs” means any combination of two or more of the Original Programs, Additional Programs and the CAT19 Program, as the context requires;

“Program IP” means the Original Program IP, the Additional Program IP, the CAT19 Program IP and the CAROUSEL Program IP;

“Program Licence” means one of the BCMA Licence, [***] Licence (if Autolus exercises its rights under Clause 2.5), GD2 Licence, Logic Gate Licence, NSG Licence, RQR8 Licence, TRBC1/2 Licence, ZipCAR Licence, ccCAR Licence, Epitope Tag Licence, iCAR Licence, RapaiCASP9 Licence, Retrostim Licence, TetCAR Licence, ZAP-CAR Licence, CAT19 Licence, TRBC2 Dx Licence and CAT19 CNS Licence;

“Program Materials” means those materials forming part of the Program IP;

“Purple Book Reference” has the meaning set out in Clause 18.8;

“Quarterly” or “Quarter” means a period of three calendar months each commencing on 31 March, 30 June, 30 September or 31 December;

“RapaiCASP9 Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.9;

“RapaiCASP9 Product” means any product or therapy which, were it not for the licence to RapaiCASP9 Patent Rights granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the RapaiCASP9 Patent Rights, would otherwise infringe the RapaiCASP9 Patent Rights in the relevant country of sale;

“RapaiCASP9 Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title RapaiCASP9 Program as conducted prior to the Amendment Date;

“RapaiCASP9 Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title RapaiCASP9 Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“RapaiCASP9 Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title RapaiCASP9 Know-How; and (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title RapaiCASP9 Materials together with all IP in the same;

“Recipient Party” has the meaning set out in Clause 20.1;

“Referral Notice” has the meaning set out in paragraph 1 of Part C Schedule 8;

“Regulatory Approval” means any and all approvals (including any applicable supplements, amendments, pre and post approvals, and approvals of applications for regulatory exclusivity), licenses, registrations, or authorisations of any federal, national, multinational, state, provincial or local regulatory agency, department, bureau, commission, council or other governmental entity necessary for the manufacture, distribution, use, testing, development, storage, import, export, transport, promotion, marketing and sale of a medicinal product in a country or countries;

“Regulatory Authority” means any governmental or regulatory authority responsible for assessing and/or granting Regulatory Approvals (including any ethics committees) and “Regulatory Authorities” shall mean more than one such authority;

“Regulatory Exclusivity” means on a country by country basis that a Third Party under applicable laws concerning the application for and grant of Marketing Approvals having jurisdiction over that country at the relevant time (i) is precluded from submitting a Marketing Approval Application for any Competitive Product; or (ii) in respect of any Competitive Product, is prohibited from relying upon Autolus’s, or its Affiliates’ or Sub-Licensee’s or any Assignee Entity’s product dossier or Regulatory Submission (from which such party obtained a Marketing Approval) concerning any Royalty Product, under any applicable abridged or streamlined procedure to obtain a Marketing Approval for such Competitive Product;

“Regulatory Submission” means in respect of a Royalty Product, the package or packages of data, pre-clinical and clinical trial data and materials, information, results, materials and samples (including any Test and Regulatory Data and/or the drug master file or part thereof) submitted to a Regulatory Authority in support of a Marketing Approval Application or any other Regulatory Approval;

“Retained Patents” means the RQR8 Patent Rights and the [***] Existing Patent;

“Retrostim Field” means all uses and applications without restriction;

“Retrostim Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.13;

“Retrostim Product” means any product or therapy within the Retrostim Field: (i) which, were it not for the licence granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the Retrostim Patent Rights, would infringe the Retrostim Patent Rights; and/or (ii) the manufacture of which product or therapy were it not for the licence granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the Retrostim Patent Rights, would infringe the Retrostim Patent Rights, and/or (iii) where the manufacture of any materials used in connection with the manufacture of such product or therapy, were it not for the licence granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the Retrostim Patent Rights, would infringe the Retrostim Patent Rights;

“Retrostim Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title Retrostim Program as conducted prior to the Amendment Date;

“Retrostim Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title Retrostim Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“Retrostim Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title Retrostim Know-How; and (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title Retrostim Materials together with all IP in the same;

“Royalty” or “Royalties” has the meaning set out in Clause 14.1;

“Royalty Expiry” has the meaning set out in Clause 14.6;

“Royalty Product” means any one of the Original Royalty Products, Additional Royalty Products or CAT19 Products, and “Royalty Products” shall be constructed to mean any combination of two or more of the Original Royalty Products, Additional Royalty Products and CAT19 Products, as the context requires;

“RQR8 Field” means all uses and applications without restriction except for any uses or activities relating to any allogeneic T-cell therapy (being the therapeutic transplantation of genetically engineered T-cell lymphocyte to a recipient patient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species), including any activities of research, development or commercialisation of a therapeutic relating to any allogeneic T-cell therapy;

“RQR8 Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.5;

“RQR8 Permitted Studies” means those studies identified and briefly described in Schedule 7 under the title RQR8 Permitted Studies;

“RQR8 Product” means any product or therapy within the RQR8 Field which is covered by, uses or incorporates any of the RQR8 Program IP;

“RQR8 Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title RQR8 Program conducted prior to the Effective Date;

“RQR8 Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title RQR8 Patents at all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“RQR8 Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title RQR8 Know-How; (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title RQR8 Materials together with all IP in the same; and (iv) all Know-How developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the RQR8 Program prior to the Effective Date including the technology claimed or disclosed in the RQR8 Patent Rights as of the Effective Date, other than that which is CGK as of the Effective Date or disclosed in the sections of the RQR8 Patent Rights that refer to, describe or disclose prior art including CGK existing as of the Effective Date;

“Sales Milestone” has the meaning set out in Clause 13.4;

“Sales Milestone Payment” has the meaning set out in Clause 13.4;

“Second Amendment Date” has the meaning set out in the first paragraph of this Agreement;

“SPC” has the meaning set out in Clause 18.8;

“SSA” means the Subscription and Shareholders’ Agreement between Autolus, UCLB, Dr Martin Pule, John Berriman and Syncona LLP dated as of the Effective Date;

“Sublicence” has the meaning set out in Clause 15.1;

“Sub-Licensee” means any person (including an Affiliate) to whom Autolus: (i) sub-licenses all or part of the Intellectual Property licensed to it under this Agreement in respect of Royalty Products; or (ii) licences any or all of the Assigned Patents in respect of Royalty Products;

“Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment” has the meaning set out in Clause 15.1;

“Success Milestone” has the meaning set out in Clause 13.1.1;

“Success Milestone Payment” has the meaning set out in Clause 13.1.1;

“Surrender” or “Surrendered” means in respect of any Patent Rights, any of (i) ceasing to maintain (by payment of renewal fees or otherwise) the applicable Patent Rights; (ii) withdrawing, surrendering, dedicating to the public or allowing the applicable Patent Rights to lapse; (iii) in the case of a pending application de-designating, or not validating or ratifying in, a country covered by the application or not entering into the national or regional phase in a country designated in the international or convention application or (iv) consenting to or ceasing to defend an application, action or litigation for revocation;

“Technology” collectively means all Program IP, Manufacturing Know-How, UCL Background IP and the Materials;

“Term” has the meaning in Clause 24.1;

“Territory” means all countries throughout the World;

“Test and Regulatory Data” means any and all pre-clinical and clinical test data, test designs and protocols, results and data from pre-clinical and clinical studies, information contained in or submitted in government licenses and applications therefor, government certifications and findings, and related materials, data from pre-clinical and clinical experiments demonstrating or supporting bioavailability, bioequivalence, data concerning any adverse drug reactions;

“TetCAR Field” means all uses and applications without restriction;

“TetCAR Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.10;

“TetCAR Product” means any product or therapy within the TetCAR Field which, were it not for the licence to TetCAR Patent Rights granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the TetCAR Patent Rights, would otherwise infringe the TetCAR Patent Rights in the relevant country of sale;

“TetCAR Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title TetCAR Program as conducted prior to the Amendment Date;

“TetCAR Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title TetCAR Patents and all Patent Rights

derived therefrom (“TetCAR Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title TetCAR Know-How; and (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title TetCAR Materials together with all IP in the same;

“Third Party” means any person other than the Parties or their respective Affiliates or MP;

“Third Party Access Rights” has the meaning set out in Clause 14.9;

“Tobacco Party” means: (i) any entity which develops, sells or manufactures tobacco products; and/or (ii) any entity which makes the majority of its profits from the importation, marketing, sale or disposal of tobacco products. Furthermore, Tobacco Party shall include any entity that is controlled by or controls any entity referred to in (i) or (ii); controlled and controls having the meaning defined in the definition of Affiliate;

“TP Fees” has the meaning set out in Clause 14.9;

“TRBC1” means the specific Antigen (or part thereof) coded for by reference to the sequence defined in Schedule 1 under the TRBC1/2 Program;

“TRBC1/2 Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.6;

“TRBC1/2 Product” means any product therapy which (i) targets TRBC1/2 and is covered by, uses, incorporates or has been developed using any of the TRBC1/2 Program IP; or (ii) targets TRBC1 and/or TRBC2 and has been developed using any of the UCL Background IP or Manufacturing Know-How; or (iii) were it not for the license to TRBC1/2 Program IP hereunder, would infringe any Patent Right licensed under the TRBC1/2 Program IP or, were it not for the assignment of the TRBC1/2 Patent Rights to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity), would infringe any TRBC1/2 Patent Rights;

“TRBC1/2 Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title TRBC1/2 Program conducted prior to the Effective Date;

“TRBC1/2 Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title TRBC1/2-CAR Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“TRBC1/2 Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title TRBC1/2 Know-How; and (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the titles “TRBC1/2 Materials” and “TRBC1/2 Materials – [***]” together with all IP in the same; and (iv) all Know-How and materials (together with all IP in the same) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the TRBC1/2 Program prior to the Effective Date including the technology claimed or disclosed in the TRBC1/2 Patent Rights as of the Effective Date, other than that which is CGK as of the Effective Date or disclosed in the sections of the TRBC1/2 Patent Rights that refer to, describe or disclose prior art including CGK existing as of the Effective Date;

“TRBC2” means the Antigen (or part thereof) coded for by reference to the sequence defined in Schedule 1 under the TRBC1/2 Program;

“TRBC2 Dx Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.17;

“TRBC2 Dx Product” means any product or therapy: (i) which, were it not for Autolus’ ownership of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights (or subsequent assignment or licence of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights to an Assignee Entity), would otherwise infringe any TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights; and/or (ii) the manufacture of which product or therapy were it not for Autolus’ ownership of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights (or subsequent assignment or licence of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights to an Assignee Entity), would infringe any TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights; and/or (iii) where the manufacture of any materials used in connection with the manufacture of such product or therapy, were it not for Autolus’ ownership of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights (or subsequent assignment or licence of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights to an Assignee Entity), would infringe any TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights;

“TRBC2 Dx Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title TRBC2 Dx Program as conducted prior to the Third Amendment Date;

“TRBC2 Dx Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title TRBC2 Dx Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights”); and (ii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title TRBC2 Dx Materials together with all IP in the same;

“UCL” means University College London, an institution incorporated in the United Kingdom by Royal Charter and having its address at Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT;

“UCL Background IP” means excluding Program IP and Manufacturing Know-How, (i) all Know-How listed in Part A of Schedule 3; (ii) excluding that listed in Part A of Schedule 3, all other Know-How (excluding binder domains) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant to or in conjunction with any of the Original Programs (or any combination of, or across any of, the Original Programs) prior to the Effective Date (or in the case of the New Suicide Gene Program, or the ZipCAR Program, respectively prior to the Amendment Date, or in the case of the [***] Program prior to the date of exercise of the [***] Option) to the extent that it is not CGK as of the Effective Date and UCLB Controls the same; (iii) excluding that listed in Part A of Schedule 3, all other Know-How (excluding binder domains) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant to or in conjunction with any of the Additional Programs (or any combination of, or across any of, the Additional Programs) prior to the Amendment Date to the extent that it is not CGK as of the Amendment Date and UCLB Controls the same; (iv) excluding that listed in Part A of Schedule 3, all other Know-How (excluding binder domains) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant to or in conjunction with any of the CAT19 Program prior to the Second Amendment Date to the extent that it is not CGK as of the Second Amendment Date and UCLB Controls the same; (v) excluding that listed in Part A of Schedule 3, all other Know-How (excluding binder domains) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant to or in conjunction with the CAROUSEL STUDY prior to the Third Amendment Date to the extent that it is not CGK as of the Third Amendment Date and UCLB Controls the same (vi) excluding that listed in Part A of Schedule 3, all other Know-How (excluding binder domains) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant to or in conjunction with the TRBC2 Dx Program on or after the Amendment Date but prior to the Third Amendment Date to the extent that it is not CGK as of the Third Amendment Date and UCLB Controls the same;

“UCLB Indemnified Parties” has the meaning set out in Clause 23.1.2;

“Unresolved Matter” has the meaning set out in Clause 33.2;

“Valid Claim” means a claim within (i) an issued or granted and unexpired Patent Right, including any Licensed Patent; or (ii) a pending application for a Patent Right including an application with respect to any Licensed Patents, which has not been pending for more than eight (8) years from the date of the priority filing from which such pending application originates, and in each case of (i) and (ii) above, which has not been held unenforceable, unpatentable or invalid by a decision of a court or government body of competent jurisdiction, or where appealed within the time allowed for appeal has not been held unenforceable, unpatentable or invalid by an appellate body of competent jurisdiction (including by the highest appellate court in the relevant jurisdiction where appealed to that court), or, which has not been withdrawn, cancelled, revoked, disclaimed, or rendered unenforceable through disclaimer or otherwise, or which has not been donated or dedicated to the public, Surrendered or which has not been deemed invalid by an interference or opposition panel or court as part of any interference or opposition proceeding;

“Year” means a period of twelve (12) months commencing on 1 January;

“ZAP-CAR Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.11;

“ZAP-CAR Product” means any product or therapy which, were it not for the licence to ZAP-CAR Patent Rights granted hereunder or the assignment to Autolus (or subsequent assignment or licence grant to an Assignee Entity) of the ZAP-CAR Patent Rights, would otherwise infringe the ZAP-CAR Patent Rights in the relevant country of sale;

“ZAP-CAR Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title ZAP-CAR Program as conducted prior to the Amendment Date;

“ZAP-CAR Program IP” means excluding Manufacturing Know-How, (i) those patent applications listed in Schedule 2 under the title ZAP-CAR Patents and all Patent Rights derived therefrom (“ZAP-CAR Patent Rights”); (ii) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title ZAP-CAR Know-How; and (iii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the title ZAP-CAR Materials together with all IP in the same;

“ZipCAR Licence” has the meaning set out in Clause 2.2.15;

“ZipCAR Product” means any product or therapy which is covered by, uses or incorporates any of the ZipCAR Program IP;

“ZipCAR Program” means the program of research defined in Schedule 1 under the title ZipCAR Program conducted prior to the Effective Date together with the program of research conducted after the Effective Date and prior to the Amendment Date as described in Schedule 1 under the title (B): ZipCAR Project Plan;

“ZipCAR Program IP” means, excluding Manufacturing Know-How (i) the Know-How described in Schedule 2 under the title ZipCAR Know-How; (ii) the materials listed in Schedule 2 under the ZipCAR Materials together with all IP in the same; (iii) all Know-How and materials (including all IP in the same) developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the ZipCAR Program prior to the Effective Date other than that which is CGK as of the Amendment Date; (iv) any Patent Rights filed by or on behalf of UCLB from time to time in respect of any work undertaken by MP and/or the MP Laboratory for the ZipCAR Program prior to the Amendment Date and all Patent Rights therefrom, including those as set out in Schedule 1 (“ZipCAR Patent Rights”); and (v) all Know-How and materials (including IP in the same) developed after the Effective Date but prior to the Amendment Date by MP and/or the MP Laboratory pursuant specifically to the agreed project plan for the ZipCAR Program as set out in Schedule 1, including the technology claimed or disclosed in the ZipCAR Patent Rights (if any) as of the Amendment Date, other than that which is CGK as of the Amendment Date, or disclosed in the sections of the ZipCAR Patent Rights that refer to, describe or disclose prior art including CGK existing as of the Amendment Date, provided that to the extent that any materials in (ii), (iii) or (v) incorporate the binder CD33, such binder together with IP in the same is excluded; references to CGK in this definition shall exclude CGK that became CGK through disclosure after the Effective Date by publication of the ZipCAR Patent Rights or by MP making a publication in accordance with this Agreement or by Autolus’s publication;

b.In this Agreement, unless the context requires otherwise:

c.use of the singular includes the plural and vice versa and use of any gender includes the other genders;

d.any reference to “this Agreement” is a reference to this Agreement as from time to time amended, varied or extended in any way; and,

e.“undertaking” shall have the meaning given by section 1161 Companies Act 2006 save that for the purposes of this Agreement and for the avoidance of doubt, an undertaking shall include a limited liability partnership.

f.In this Agreement unless otherwise specified:

g.any reference to a recital, clause, paragraph or schedule is to the relevant recital, clause, paragraph or schedule of or to this Agreement, and any reference in a schedule to a part or a paragraph (as opposed to a clause) is to a part or a paragraph of that schedule;

h.any reference to a “person” includes an individual, firm, partnership, body corporate, corporation, association, organisation, government, state, foundation and trust, in each case whether or not having separate legal personality;

i.“parent undertaking” and “subsidiary undertaking” shall have the respective meanings given by section 1162 Companies Act 2006 save that for the purposes of this Agreement, an undertaking shall be treated as a member of another undertaking if any of the shares in that other undertaking are registered in the name of another person (or its nominee) as security (or in connection with the taking of security) from the first undertaking or any of that first undertaking's subsidiary undertakings;

j.any reference to a statute, statutory provision or subordinate legislation (“legislation”) shall be construed as referring to that legislation as amended and in force from time to time and to any legislation which re-enacts, re-writes or consolidates (with or without modification) any such legislation;

k.any reference to an English legal term or concept or any court, official, governmental or administrative authority or agency in England includes, in respect of any jurisdiction other than England, a reference to whatever most closely approximates in that jurisdiction to the relevant English legal term;

l.any reference to an agreement includes any form of arrangement, whether or not in writing and whether or not legally binding;

m.“writing” shall include any modes of reproducing words in a legible and non-transitory form excluding (unless expressly stated to include) email, SMS and other temporary

transient electronic messaging systems and “written” shall be construed accordingly; and,

n.a period of time being specified which dates from a given day or the day of an act or event, it shall be calculated exclusive of that day.

o.In this Agreement, the words “other”, “including”, “includes”, “include”, “in particular” and any similar words, shall not limit the general effect of words that precede or follow them and accordingly, the ejusdem generis rule shall not apply.

p.Any undertaking by or obligation on a Party not to do any act or thing includes an undertaking not to allow, cause or assist the doing of that act or thing and to exercise all rights of control over the affairs of any other person which that Party is able to exercise (directly or indirectly) in order to secure performance of that undertaking, which in the case of UCLB shall include UCL as a person over whom UCLB can exercise control.

q.The index to and the headings in this Agreement are for information only and are to be ignored in construing the same.

r.Where this Agreement refers to a Person being “free” to do something, this shall be construed as that Person not being prevented, whether by law, equity or contract, from doing that thing.

2.LICENCE GRANT

a.UCL Background Licence

Subject to Clause 4, UCLB hereby grants to Autolus for the full duration of the Term and throughout the Territory a licence to the UCL Background IP and Background Materials (including the right to sub-license through multiple tiers) within the Field to use the same:

i..for any and all acts of Exploitation with respect to any and all of the Royalty Products, which licence shall be exclusive to Autolus (to the exclusion of UCLB, UCL and any Third Party); and

ii..without prejudice to Clause 2.1.1, for any other purpose or act of Exploitation without restriction (including in respect of Royalty Products if the licence under Clause 2.1.1 terminates), which licence shall be non-exclusive, royalty-free, irrevocable and perpetual;

(collectively the “Background Licence”). It is acknowledged that the Background Licence granted under Clause 2.1.1 shall include Exploitation of the [***] Product upon election of the [***] Option, and shall include Exploitation of the NSG Product and shall include Exploitation of the ZipCAR Product and that UCLB shall not (and shall procure that UCL shall not) grant any rights under UCL Background IP and Background Materials with respect to any and all acts of Exploitation with respect to the [***] Product until such time (if any) as Autolus’s right to exercise the [***] Option has expired. The Background Licence shall be assignable as part of any assignment of this Agreement in accordance with Clause 29. Autolus shall not be entitled to assign the Background Licence independently of the other Licences.

b.Program Licences

Subject to Clause 4, UCLB hereby grants to Autolus for the full duration of the Term and throughout the Territory an exclusive (save as provided in Clause 2.2.3 and Clause 2.2.6) licence (to the exclusion of UCLB, UCL and any Third Party) which shall be sub-licensable through multiple tiers:

i..with effect from the Effective Date to the BCMA Program IP within the BCMA Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction;

ii..with effect from the Effective Date to the [***] Existing Patent within the BCMA Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (collectively the licences under Clauses 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 being the “BCMA Licence”);

iii..with effect from the Effective Date to the GD2 Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction, save that where the provisions of Clause 9.7 apply and GD2 Clinical Study Results are deemed to be part of the GD2 Program IP, Autolus’s licence pursuant to this Clause 2.2.3 in respect of the GD2 Clinical Study Results only shall be exclusive to those aspects of the GD2 Clinical Study Results that relate directly to and only to the GD2 Product and non-exclusive to

all other aspects of the GD2 Clinical Study Results for use in connection with CARs (“GD2 Licence”);

iv..with effect from the Effective Date to the Logic Gate Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“Logic Gate Licence”);

v..with effect from the Effective Date to the RQR8 Program IP within the RQR8 Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (the “RQR8 Licence”);

vi..with effect from the Effective Date to the TRBC1/2 Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction save that this licence pursuant to Clause 2.2.6 in relation to the [***] only shall be limited to the [***] (i) for the purpose of Exploiting a TRBC1/2 Product in humans (including for the avoidance of doubt, use of [***] for pre-clinical studies in animals or otherwise for such Exploitation of a TRBC1/2 Product) and (ii) for Exploiting companion diagnostics for use with a TRBC1/2 Product; (“TRBC1/2 Licence”);

vii..with effect from the Amendment Date to the ccCAR Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“ccCAR Licence”);

viii..with effect from the Amendment Date to the iCAR Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“iCAR Licence”);

ix..with effect from the Amendment Date to the RapaiCASP9 Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“RapaiCASP9 Licence”);

x..with effect from the Amendment Date to the TetCAR Program IP within the TetCAR Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“TetCAR Licence”);

xi..with effect from the Amendment Date to the ZAP-CAR Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“ZAP-CAR Licence”);

xii..with effect from the Amendment Date to the Epitope Tag Program IP within the Epitope Tag Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (the “Epitope Tag Licence”);

xiii..with effect from the Amendment Date to the Retrostim Program IP within the Retrostim Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (the “Retrostim Licence”);

xiv..with effect from the Amendment Date to the NSG Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“NSG Licence”);

xv..with effect from the Amendment Date to the ZipCAR Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“ZipCAR Licence”);

xvi..with effect from the Second Amendment Date to the CAT19 Program IP within the CD19 Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“CAT19 Licence”);

xvii..with effect from the Third Amendment Date to the TRBC2 Dx Program IP within the Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“TRBC2 Dx Licence”); and

xviii..with effect from the Third Amendment Date to the CAROUSEL Program IP within the CD19 Field to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“CAT19 CNS Licence”),

it being acknowledged that each of the foregoing Licences granted under this Clause 2.2(i) may only be revoked or terminated pursuant to a right of termination under Clause 11.1.5, 11.2.3, 11.3.2 or Clause 24 (as applicable) in respect of the applicable Licence(s); and (ii) may all be assigned together (but not individually) as part of any assignment of this Agreement in accordance with Clause 29.

c.Manufacturing Know-How

Subject to Clause 4, UCLB hereby grants to Autolus for the full duration of the Term and throughout the Territory a non-exclusive licence under the Manufacturing Know-How (including the right to sub-license through multiple tiers) within the Field to use the same:

i..for any act of Exploitation of the Royalty Products in the Territory; and

ii..without prejudice to Clause 2.3.1 for any other act of Exploitation or purpose without restriction (including in respect of a Royalty Product if the licence under Clause 2.1.1 terminates), in which case such licence shall be royalty-free, irrevocable and perpetual;

the (“Manufacturing Licence”). The Manufacturing Licence may be assigned together (but not alone) as part of any assignment of this Agreement in accordance with Clause 29.

d.Option to a Licence under the [***] Program IP

At any time up until [***] following Autolus’s receipt of the Final Written Report concerning the [***] Program in accordance with the [***] project plan set out in Schedule 1 (“[***] Exercise Period”), Autolus shall have the right upon written notice to UCLB, to exercise its option for the grant of a licence on the terms of this Agreement to the [***] Program IP (“[***] Licence Notice”). Prior to service of a [***] Licence Notice:

i..UCLB shall keep Autolus informed, on a reasonably frequent basis (or otherwise upon request by Autolus), of (i) the status and performance of the [***] Program against the [***] project plan set out in Schedule 1; (ii) developments and advancements in the [***] Program since the last report; (iii) identification and disclosure of any [***] Program IP not previously disclosed to Autolus; (iv) disclosure at least 30 days in advance of filing of any draft patent filing for any [***] Patent Rights intended to be filed; and (v) details of all [***] Patent Rights that have been filed and their current prosecution status;

ii..Autolus shall have the right (prior to filing and thereafter) to participate with UCLB and input into any draft patent filing for any [***] Patent Rights that are filed or are intended to be filed and UCLB shall consider, take into account and implement any reasonable recommendations made by Autolus with respect to such filings or proposed filings;

iii..UCLB shall use reasonable endeavours to seek appropriate IP protection for any results and inventions arising from the [***] Program;

iv..UCL and UCLB shall ensure that all Intellectual Property generated by MP or the MP Laboratory in connection with the [***] Program shall be owned by UCLB and shall be held subject to the terms of this Agreement; and,

v..UCLB shall not, and shall procure that UCL shall not, assign, grant (whether conditional, optional or otherwise) any rights to, encumber, charge, mortgage, license, sell, Exploit, or waive any rights over any of the [***] Program IP, nor enable another to do so.

e.Automatically upon service of a [***] Licence Notice by Autolus, UCLB shall have granted to Autolus for the remaining duration of the Term (from the date of such notice) and throughout the Territory, an exclusive (to the exclusion of UCLB, UCL and any Third Party) licence to the [***] Program IP within the Field which shall be sub-licensable through multiple tiers to use the same for any act of Exploitation concerning any product, therapy, service or process without restriction (“[***] Licence”). Upon the grant of the [***] Licence, the licences to UCL Background IP, Background Materials and Manufacturing Know-How shall automatically be extended such that references to “Royalty Products” in Clauses 2.1.1 and 2.3.1 shall automatically include [***] Products and the relevant schedules in respect of Patent Rights shall be updated. The [***] Licence (i) may only be revoked or terminated pursuant to a right of termination under Clause 11.1.5(ii) in respect of the [***] Licence or Clause 24; and (ii) may be assigned but only as part of the assignment of this Agreement in accordance with Clause 29.

f.If Autolus does not serve a [***] Licence Notice on UCLB prior to expiry of the [***] Exercise Period, thereafter without otherwise affecting any other Licences, including in each case the exclusivity granted in respect of the same, Autolus shall cease to have any right or interest in or to the [***] Program IP and UCLB shall be free to develop and exploit the [***] Program IP as it thinks fit, without any reference to Autolus.

g.Option to a Licence under the NSG Program IP

UCLB acknowledges that Autolus has exercised its option for the grant of a licence on the terms of this Agreement to the NSG Program IP with effect from the Amendment Date.

h.Option to a Licence under the ZipCAR Program IP

UCLB acknowledges that Autolus has exercised its option for the grant of a licence on the terms of this Agreement to the ZipCAR Program IP with effect from the Amendment Date.

i.Schedule Updates

i..The Parties have agreed a list of Know-How and materials generated during the period commencing after the Effective Date and ending as of the Amendment Date which are included in the NSG Licence and ZipCAR Licence, but which are not necessarily exhaustive of all Know-How and materials licensed under the NSG Licence and ZipCAR Licence. The Parties further agree that such list, to the extent incomplete, may be updated from time to time pursuant to the provisions of Clause 9.1 to include Know-How and materials under the NSG Program and ZipCAR Program.

ii..Upon exercise of the [***] Option the Parties shall, purely for convenience and future reference purposes, co-operate to agree a list of Know-How and materials generated after the Effective Date that are included in the [***] Licence. The grant of the [***] Licence is not dependent on agreeing such list, and such list shall not fetter, vary or otherwise limit the terms of this Agreement or the scope or inclusion of Know-How or materials under the [***] Licence unless the Parties expressly agree in writing that it shall do.

3.SUB-LICENSING

a.Autolus shall be entitled to sub-license any of the Technology licensed to it hereunder or licence any of the Assigned Patents through multiple tiers and without restriction save that (i) no sub-licence or licence may be granted to a Tobacco Party and (ii) UCLB shall have a right to object to the grant of a sub-license or licence by Autolus to other Third Parties solely in the following specific circumstances:

i..UCLB may only object in respect of a proposed sub-licensee or licensee if, due to the nature of that proposed sub-licensee’s or licensee’s business, the grant of the sub-license or licence to that entity will, in the reasonable and measured opinion of UCLB, have a material detrimental impact on the reputation of UCL by its association; and

ii..if the circumstances in Clause 3.1.1 apply, UCLB shall only have the right to object provided that it serves written notice of its objection setting out the grounds for its objection within [***] of written notice from Autolus of the identity of the proposed sub-licensee.

b.If UCLB has objected to the grant of a sub-license or licence in accordance with Clause 3.1, Autolus may either accept that objection and not grant (or terminate) the sub-license or licence or if it disputes the objection the following shall apply:

i..UCLB shall procure that representatives from UCLB and UCL shall meet with Autolus within [***] of the objection to enable the Parties and UCL to discuss the proposed sub-license or licence and the reasons for the perceived risk that an association will have a material detrimental impact on UCL’s reputation and, in good faith, seek ways in which to overcome or mitigate such risk to a pragmatic and reasonably acceptable position;

ii..if UCLB agrees that the risk is acceptable or UCLB and Autolus agree on any conditions to include in a sub-license or licence to avert or mitigate the risk then Autolus shall be entitled to grant (or maintain) the sub-license or licence subject to any agreement reached between UCLB and Autolus;

iii..if within [***] of the objection, (i) UCLB and Autolus are unable to reach an agreement and Autolus still wishes to grant (or maintain) a sub-license or licence or (ii) representatives of UCLB and UCL do not or are unable to meet with Autolus; then Autolus shall be entitled to refer the objection to a person nominated by the chairman of the Wellcome Trust to the determination identified below (the “Appointed Expert”). The nomination shall be subject to the Appointed Expert agreeing to be so appointed and the terms of that appointment set by the Wellcome Trust. The costs of the Appointed Expert shall be borne by the Parties equally. The Appointed Expert shall be entitled to consider any information presented to the Appointed Expert by UCLB or Autolus (provided that

each Party shall copy to the other Party all information provided to the Appointed Expert at the same time) and any other information that the Appointed Expert may consider relevant. The Appointed Expert shall make his or her decision as expert and not as arbiter, and the decision of the Appointed Expert shall be final and binding save in the case of manifest error. If, in the Appointed Expert’s opinion the Appointed Expert considers the grant of a sub-licence or licence to the Third Party objected to by UCLB will, by virtue of the nature of the business of that Third Party entity, be materially detrimental to the reputation of UCL, then Autolus shall not grant (or shall terminate) such sub-licence or licence. In all other circumstances, irrespective of any objection by UCLB or UCL, Autolus shall be entitled to grant (or maintain) the sub-licence or licence without restriction or condition. UCLB and Autolus hereby irrevocably agree, accept and acknowledge that neither the Wellcome Trust, the Chairman of the Wellcome Trust nor the Appointed Expert shall have any liability to UCLB or Autolus (or any Third Party or any other person) by virtue of the provisions of this Clause or exercise of decisions pursuant this Clause, and UCLB and Autolus hereby undertake not to make or bring any claim against any of the Wellcome Trust, the Chairman of the Wellcome Trust or the Appointed Expert with respect to performance in connection with the foregoing or this Agreement.

c.In so far as Autolus grants a sub-licence of rights under the Technology to a sub-licensee or a licence of the Assigned Patents to a licensee (other than in respect of a material transfer agreement, contract research agreement or manufacturing agreement, provided they do not include rights to sell products or services incorporating the Technology) (“Commercial Licence”), Autolus shall in such circumstances enter into a written agreement with each sub-licensee or licensee (provided that this obligation to enter into a written agreement shall not apply where, and for so long as, the sub-licensee or licensee is an Affiliate of Autolus). Additionally,

i..Autolus shall ensure that the provisions of the sub-licence or licence agreement do not grant rights in the Technology beyond those granted hereunder and impose obligations and restrictions on the sub-licensee or licensee consistent with the obligations and restrictions imposed on Autolus hereunder under (i) Clauses 3, 16 and 20 and (ii) Clauses 23.1.1 and 23.2 to 23.5 should any CRUK Rights be sub-licensed;

ii..Autolus shall ensure that the sub-licence or licence agreement imposes obligations of confidentiality on the sub-licensee or licensee which are no less onerous than those set out in Clause 20;

iii..the sub-licence or licence agreement shall, if required by Autolus, be novated to UCLB (which novation UCLB will accept provided that, in the case of the Assigned Patents, such Assigned Patents have been assigned to UCLB) on termination of this Agreement, provided that (i) the sub-licensee or licensee is willing to accept the novation of any sub-licence or licence agreement upon such termination and make payment of sums otherwise payable under this Agreement for the sub-licensee’s (and its sub-sublicensees') Exploitation of the Technology or licensee’s (and its sub-licensees’) Exploitation of the Assigned Patents directly to UCLB; (ii) at the time of novation the sub-licensee or licensee is not in breach of its obligations to Autolus under the sub-licence agreement; (iii) the sub-licence or licence agreement does not impose on UCLB any obligations or commitments beyond those included in this Agreement; and (iv) the sub-licence or licence agreement includes terms (at a minimum) consistent with those in Clauses 3, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 23, 24.4, 24.5, 24.6, 24.7 and 24.8 of this Agreement failing which the sub-licence or licence agreement shall automatically terminate.

d.Autolus shall be liable to UCLB for all acts and omissions of its sub-licensees and licensees (other than those whose sub-license or licence has novated to UCLB) that, if committed by Autolus, would constitute a breach of any of the provisions of this Agreement.

e.Autolus shall provide UCLB with written notice of any Commercial Licence and, to the extent it is able to do so, provide UCLB with a copy of any Commercial Licence (with confidential and financial information redacted) promptly following its execution.

f.Notwithstanding the above, where the sub-licence relates only to UCL Background IP or Manufacturing Know-How the provisions of Clauses 3.3.1, 3.3.3, and 3.5 shall not apply and such sub-licences shall not terminate on termination of this Agreement.

4.RETAINED RIGHTS, ACADEMIC RESEARCH & RESTRICTIONS, COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMS

a.The licences to Program IP and the Background Licence, to the extent each of them are exclusive (including the [***] Program IP), are subject to: (a) UCLB reserving for and having the right to grant the limited non-assignable, worldwide, perpetual and irrevocable right, and (b) Autolus hereby granting to UCLB a limited, non-exclusive, non-assignable, worldwide, royalty free, registrable, perpetual and irrevocable licence under the Assigned Patents with the right to grant sub-licences, in each case:

i..to UCL to enable UCL to use the (i) licensed Program IP; and/or (ii) each of the UCL Background IP and Background Materials forming part of the exclusive licence pursuant to Clause 2.1.1; and/or (iii) Assigned Patents, solely to teach and undertake Academic Research at UCL and/or (subject to Clause 4.7) in collaboration with other Academic Organisations; and

ii..to CRUK to enable CRUK, and those scientists employed at Academic Organisations funded by CRUK and/or those scientists employed by CRUK and other Funders who have provided funding for the CRUK Study to use the GD2 Clinical Study Results to undertake academic research that is not Commercial Research alone or in collaboration with other Academic Organisations;

but for no other purposes (collectively the “Academic Rights”). For the avoidance of doubt, UCLB and/or UCL (including MP and MP Laboratory) are not precluded under this Clause 4, from using and/or disclosing for any purpose without any restriction, the UCL Background IP and the Background Materials that are subject to the non-exclusive licence granted to Autolus pursuant to Clause 2.1.2 where such use and/or disclosure does not relate to the use of any of the Program IP. Also, for the avoidance of doubt, this Clause 4 shall not apply to the exercise of rights by UCLB, UCL or any Third Party under the RQR8 Program IP outside the RQR8 Program Field, the TetCAR Program IP outside the TetCAR Field or the CAT19 Program IP outside the CD19 Field.

b.The Academic Rights shall be subject to the following:

i..UCLB and UCL shall be entitled to apply for, obtain and use Third Party funding from a Funder for any of the Academic Research, provided that:

(1)during the Improvement Period only and where the Academic Research relates to or is likely to give rise to Improvements, UCLB and UCL shall be entitled to accept such Third Party funding if there are no restrictions or conditions on UCLB and UCL by the Third Party Funder with respect to Exploitation of the funded Improvements other than the requirement that UCLB and/or UCL seek the consent of the Funder prior to UCLB’s grant of any commercial licence to exploit any such Improvement;

(2)during the Improvement Period only and where the Academic Research relates to or is likely to give rise to Improvements, UCLB and UCL shall not without the prior written consent of Autolus accept any such funding if such Third Party Funder imposes restrictions or conditions on the Exploitation of Improvements funded in whole or in part by that Third Party in addition to the requirement in (i) above;

(3)during the Improvement Period only and where the Academic Research relates to or is likely to give rise to CARs developed by MP and/or the MP Laboratory (but such research does not relate to Improvements), UCLB shall use its reasonable endeavours to obtain, or not accept a restriction over, commercialisation rights from such Third Party Funder, in which case, the provisions of Clause 4.2.1(i) and (ii) above shall apply (and the Parties acknowledge that where UCLB is unable to secure commercialisation rights from any Third Party Funder such Intellectual Property shall not fall within the definition of New Inventions);

(4)during the [***] Period only and where the Academic Research relates to the [***] Program IP, UCLB and UCL shall be entitled to accept such Third Party funding if there are no restrictions or conditions on UCLB and UCL by the Funder with respect to Exploitation of the [***] Program IP, other than the

requirement by the Third Party Funder that UCLB and/or UCL shall seek the consent of that Funder prior to UCLB’s grant of any commercial licence to exploit any such [***] Program IP; and

(5)during the [***] Period only and where the Academic Research relates to the [***] Program IP, UCLB and UCL shall not without the prior written consent of Autolus accept any such funding if such Third Party Funder imposes restrictions or conditions on the commercial exploitation of [***] Program IP funded in whole or in part by that Third Party in addition to the requirement in Clause 4.2.1(iv) above;

ii..UCLB shall and shall procure that UCL shall maintain the confidentiality of the Program IP (with the exception of information disclosed in the Licensed Patents once published) and shall impose the same restrictions on its Academic Collaborators (and enforce the same), save that UCL and its Academic Collaborators shall be entitled to publish the results of their Academic Research under these Academic Rights subject to and in accordance with the provisions of Clause 4.5;

iii..with the exception of the CRUK Study and the Permitted Studies, or as otherwise permitted under Clause 4.2.5, no studies intended to be (or required by applicable laws, ethical requirements or standards or otherwise to be) conducted in accordance with the standards of GLP (good laboratory practice), GMP (good manufacturing practice) and/or GCP (good clinical practice) may be conducted under the Academic Rights without the prior written consent of Autolus, and UCLB shall procure that an equivalent restriction is imposed on and complied with by all Academic Collaborators and shall ensure that the Program Materials and Background Materials (that are subject to the exclusive licence granted pursuant to Clause 2.1.1) are not provided to any Third Party for the purposes of any such study that has not been authorised by Autolus;

iv..with the exception of the CRUK Study and the Permitted Studies, no clinical studies or treatment of patients may be conducted under the Academic Rights except for academic clinical studies conducted with the involvement of MP and/or MP’s Laboratory, which studies shall only be conducted with the prior written consent of Autolus (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed), and UCLB shall procure that an equivalent restriction is imposed on and complied with by all Academic Collaborators and shall ensure that the Program Materials and Background Materials (that are subject to the exclusive licence granted pursuant to Clause 2.1.1) are not provided to any Third Party for the purposes of any such study that has not been authorised by Autolus;

v..CRUK shall be permitted to use the GD2 Clinical Study Results for the purposes of clinical research with the prior written consent of Autolus, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed;

vi..UCLB shall procure the lawful disclosure to Autolus (free of any restriction) of the Regulatory Submissions for each of the CARPALL Study,the ALLCAR19 Study and the CAROUSEL Study and, subject to the requirements of any Regulatory Authority, shall notify Autolus if there are any changes to the Regulatory Submissions for either study. Autolus shall be entitled to comment on the content of any draft Regulatory Submission and/or any proposed changes to any Regulatory Submission for the CARPALL Study, the ALLCAR19 Study, or the CAROUSEL Study in advance of their submission to any Regulatory Authority. UCLB shall procure that UCL shall consider any such Autolus comments but Autolus acknowledges that UCL shall be under no obligation to take any such comments into account and the contents of any Regulatory Submissions (and any amendments) shall be determined by UCL as sponsor of the CARPALL Study, the ALLCAR19 Study and the CAROUSEL Study in its absolute discretion;

vii..subject to the requirements of any Regulatory Authority, UCLB shall procure that UCL shall promptly provide to Autolus information regarding any Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reactions or other adverse events resulting from either the CARPALL Study, the ALLCAR19 Study or the CAROUSEL Study and which are reported to any Regulatory Authority; and

viii..Clause 4.2.6 and 4.2.7 may be subject to additional terms agreed in any collaboration agreement entered into in accordance with Clause 4.12;

save that where Program IP is in or comes into the public domain (other than as a result of a breach of any obligation of confidentiality owed by UCLB, UCL or an Academic Collaborator), the provisions of this Clause 4 shall not apply in respect of Academic Research relating to such Program IP, except where the Academic Research is conducted by MP and/or the MP Laboratory in which case these provisions shall continue to apply.

c.The Parties acknowledge that UCLB, UCL and/or MP have entered or have agreed to enter into agreements governing the Permitted Studies and that UCLB, UCL and/or MP are free to continue in those studies to the extent of the scope of such studies as outlined in Schedule 7 and the provisions of this Clause 4 shall not (with the exception of the CRUK Study and subject to Clause 4.11, the ALLCAR19 Study, the CARPALL Study and the CAROUSEL Study) apply to those Permitted Studies in that regard.

d.UCLB shall procure the lawful disclosure to Autolus (free of any restriction) of the protocol (once finalised) for the CRUK Study and, subject to the requirements of any Regulatory Authority, shall notify Autolus if there are any changes to the protocol after it has been finalised. The Parties acknowledge that RQR8 Permitted Studies listed with the identifiers DCAR19 and UCART19 in Schedule 7 are being conducted with a commercial Third Party and, as such, Autolus shall have no access to the protocol or results from those RQR8 Permitted Studies.

e.If UCL or any Academic Collaborator (which for the purposes of this Clause 4.5 shall include any of their respective academics, employees or students), wish to publish (including by way of publication of any thesis) (i) any of the Program IP; or (ii) with respect to each Improvement or New Invention for the duration of the period prior to and during the applicable Improvement Negotiation Period, any results of Academic Research that amount to Improvements or New Inventions; or (iii) for the duration of the [***] Period, any results of Academic Research that relate to [***] Program IP (each of (i), (ii) and (iii) being “Academic Information”) then UCLB shall procure that:

i..UCL and the Academic Collaborator shall refrain from making any publication (or submitting for approval any publication) of any of the information in the Academic Information (or the Academic Information in its entirety) pending conclusion of all steps required under this Clause 4.5;

ii..UCL or the Academic Collaborator(s) must first, via UCLB, give to Autolus, in advance, a copy of the proposed publication containing the Academic Information and which is intended to be disclosed or published, or submitted for publication at least [***] before its presentation or intended submission for publication (“Academic Reports”);

iii..upon receipt of the Academic Reports, Autolus shall within [***] of receipt either approve or (where Autolus has legitimate commercial concerns including wanting to seek patent protection of the relevant Academic Information) refuse the request for publication, and failing receipt of Autolus’s notice within the [***] time period, the request for publication shall be deemed to be approved in the form in which the Academic Reports were provided to Autolus pursuant to Clause 4.5.2;

iv..where the request for publication is refused, the refusal shall be communicated to UCLB in writing, following which UCLB shall procure that UCL and the Academic Collaborator(s) shall refrain from making any publication of the Academic Reports (and the Academic Information contained in such Academic Reports) for a period no less than [***] (or no less than [***] if agreed by UCLB) from the date of notification from Autolus refusing the request for publication;

v..if consent is given to the request for publication, or where refused the period of [***] (or such longer period as agreed) pursuant to Clause 4.5.4 has expired, UCL and/or the Academic Collaborator(s) may proceed to publish the Academic Reports in the form in which they were provided to Autolus pursuant to Clause 4.5.2;

vi..notwithstanding the above, this Clause 4.5 shall not prevent or hinder any student from submitting for degrees of UCL or any Academic Collaborator any thesis containing Academic Information or from following the procedures of UCL or any Academic Collaborator for examination and for admission to postgraduate degree

status provided that such procedures require the thesis to be placed on restricted access within the library of UCL for at least [***] from the date of placement of the thesis at the library of UCL.

f.Where Autolus has exercised its right to refuse the request for publication of any Academic Reports, then Autolus and UCLB shall promptly and collaboratively work together in order to assess, and where appropriate, file and seek appropriate patent protection for the Academic Information. Where UCLB files for patent protection, the costs for seeking such protection shall be borne by UCLB.

g.UCL shall have the limited right to sub-license the Academic Rights through one tier only, to Academic Collaborators for named staff to work on with respect to a collaborative Academic Research project in conjunction with UCL (a “Collaborative Research Project”). Such sub-licence shall:

i..only be granted provided that all results and Intellectual Property arising from a Collaborative Research Project shall be subject to Autolus’s right to exercise its rights over Improvements in accordance with the provisions of Clause 5 (and the Parties acknowledge that this obligation shall not apply in respect of results or Intellectual Property which are not Improvements);

ii..be in writing and the Intellectual Property licensed, and Materials provided, shall be limited for use solely by the named individuals at the Academic Collaborator and for that Collaborative Research Project only;

iii..be subject to all the conditions and restrictions set out in this Clause 4, which UCL and UCLB shall ensure are binding on such Academic Collaborator, with UCLB procuring compliance;

iv..automatically terminate on conclusion of the Collaborative Research Project, and require the return of any Materials provided by UCL (or its academics or laboratories) under or pursuant to the Collaborative Research Project;

v..not permit, and positively restrict, the Academic Collaborator from undertaking any of the studies referred to in Clauses 4.2.3 and 4.2.4 without Autolus’s prior written consent; and,

vi..be promptly notified to Autolus, within [***] of grant of such sub-licence and, to the extent it is able to do so, provide Autolus with a copy of the agreement with respect to the Collaborative Research Project (with confidential and financial information redacted) promptly following its execution.

h.UCLB shall procure the compliance of any Academic Collaborator(s) with the provisions of this Clause 4 by including these terms in an agreement with the Academic Collaborator(s). UCLB shall be responsible to Autolus for any act or omission of a sub-licensee who is granted a sub-license by UCL under Clause 4.7 where such act or omission if committed by UCL or UCLB would be a breach of this Agreement.

i.UCLB warrants and represents to Autolus that the agreements disclosed to Autolus and identified in Part A of Schedule 6 comprise all licences, consents, waivers and/or permissions (whether express or implied) granted by UCL and/or UCLB in respect of any of the Program IP or UCL Background IP (that is subject to the exclusive licence pursuant to Clause 2.1.1) to any Third Party (“Existing Licences”), save that Existing Licences shall not include arrangements relating to the use of the RQR8 Program IP outside of the RQR8 Field or arrangements relating to the use of the UCL Background IP for purposes which are unrelated to any of the Program IP or Royalty Products. Notwithstanding the foregoing, UCLB shall not be deemed in breach of the requirements or restrictions under this Clause 4 with respect to those Existing Licences provided that such Existing Licences shall not be amended after the Effective Date without the prior written consent of Autolus (not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed) nor shall their duration be extended or consent granted under them to allow materials to be provided to a Third Party. The Parties confirm that UCL has agreed to provide to [***] CAT19 Materials for use in the research collaboration between [***] and UCL referred to in Part A of Schedule 6 and that the Existing Licence relating to such research collaboration shall apply.

j.Save for the limited right granted to UCL under Clause 4.1 to undertake Academic Research, UCLB shall retain no other rights that deviate from or otherwise encumber, limit or affect the licences (including their scope, termination and duration) granted to Autolus hereunder.

k.CARPALL, ALLCAR19 and CAROUSEL Studies

The Parties acknowledge that:

i..in respect of the ALLCAR19 Study, UCL has various reporting commitments to [***] and [***] is entitled to use, publish and disclose CD19 Clinical Study Results relating to the ALLCAR19 Study in accordance with the terms of the [***] Contract;

ii..in respect of the CARPALL Study, UCL has various reporting commitments to [***], and [***] is entitled to use CD19 Clinical Study Results relating to the CARPALL Study in accordance with the terms of the [***] Grant;

iii..in respect of the CAROUSEL Study, UCL has various reporting commitments to [***] in accordance with the terms of the CAROUSEL Clinical Study Agreement;

iv..in respect of the ALLCAR19 Study, [***] is entitled to use CD19 Clinical Study Results relating to the ALLCAR19 Study in accordance with the terms of the [***] Contract;

v..the [***] are permitted to use, publish and disclose the CD19 Clinical Study Results in accordance with the terms of the agreements entered into between [***] and UCL that govern the conduct of the relevant clinical study;

vi..[***] is entitled to use, publish and disclose certain CD19 Clinical Study Results in accordance with the [***] Agreements;

vii..where there is any conflict or inconsistency between the provisions of the CD19 Clinical Study Agreements and the provisions of this Clause 4 in respect of the use, publication or disclosure of the CD19 Clinical Study Results, the provisions of this Clause 4 shall not apply to the use, publication or disclosure of the CD19 Clinical Study Results by [***], [***], [***], or [***] (as applicable) and the provisions of the relevant CD19 Clinical Study Agreements shall prevail, (provided that any such use, publication or disclosure may be subject to further terms agreed in any collaboration agreement entered into in accordance with Clause 4.12);

viii..where [***], [***] or [***] (as applicable) propose to make any publication or presentation which includes any of the CD19 Clinical Study Results and submits the same to UCL for review, UCLB shall procure that UCL shall provide a copy of the draft publication to Autolus for review as soon as reasonably practicable, but Autolus acknowledges that it may receive the proposed publication or presentation less than [***] before its presentation or intended submission for publication;

ix..subject to Clause 4.11.8, Autolus shall be entitled to review any draft publications relating to the CD19 Clinical Study Results submitted to UCL by [***], [***] or [***] (as applicable) in accordance with the principles set out in Clause 4.5, but subject to Clause 4.11.10 and to the extent consistent with UCL’s rights under the relevant CD19 Clinical Study Agreements;

x..in respect of any draft publications or presentations relating to the CD19 Clinical Study Results and/or the CAROUSEL Clinical Study Results, Autolus confirms that under Clause 4.5.3, Autolus’ grounds to refuse publication shall be for the purposes of a delay to seek patent protection in respect of any CD19 Clinical Study Results and/or CAROUSEL Clinical Study Results (as applicable) in accordance with Clause 4.6 or to prevent the publication of any of Autolus’ Confidential Information; and

xi..where there is any conflict or inconsistency between the provisions of the CD19 Clinical Study Agreements and/or the CAROUSEL Clinical Study Agreement and the provisions of this Clause 4, UCLB shall not be under any obligation to amend the terms of any CD19 Clinical Study Agreement and/or the CAROUSEL Clinical Study Agreement (or otherwise impose on the parties to the CD19 Clinical Study Agreements and/or CAROUSEL Clinical Study Agreement any obligation required under this Clause 4 which is not included in any CD19 Clinical Study Agreement and/or the CAROUSEL Clinical Study Agreement) and UCLB shall not be in breach of the provisions in this Clause 4 to the extent of any such conflict or inconsistency. The provisions of Clauses 4.7 and 4.8 shall not apply to the CD19 Clinical Study Agreements or the CAROUSEL Clinical Study Agreement and the conduct of the CARPALL Study and ALLCAR19 Study shall be under the terms of the CD19 Clinical Study Agreements and the conduct of the CAROUSEL Study shall be under the terms of the or the CAROUSEL Clinical Study Agreement.

UCLB confirms that any site agreements in respect of the ALLCAR19 Study entered into with any CD19 Clinical Study NHS Foundation Trusts after the Second Amendment Date shall be on substantially the same terms as those study site agreements entered into prior to the Second Amendment Date.

l.Autolus and UCL propose to collaborate on the ALLCAR19 Study and CARPALL Study. Autolus shall use commercially reasonable efforts to enter into collaboration and funding agreements with UCL with respect to i) the ALLCAR19 Study as soon as practicable after the Second Amendment Date and ii) any extension of the CARPALL Study as soon as practicable after UCLB has procured the release of all the CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data generated before the Second Amendment Date. UCLB shall use commercially reasonable efforts to facilitate such discussions between UCL and Autolus with a view to two separate collaboration agreements being entered into within this timescale. Such agreements will include terms typical for a clinical research collaboration, including a joint governance structure to lead this program, and a contribution of expertise and funding to be agreed in order to establish a manufacturing process suitable for commercial scale and lay the foundation for a registration study. The total value of such commitment by Autolus shall be mutually agreed by Autolus and UCL in the applicable collaboration and funding agreement.

m.In respect of the ALLCAR19 Study, notwithstanding the provisions of Clause 4.12, Autolus confirms that, as a minimum, it shall pay to UCL the sum of £875,000 (eight hundred and seventy-five thousand pounds), being [***] (the “Autolus Funding Commitment”). The Parties acknowledge that the consent given [***] to permit the licensing of the Test and Regulatory Data arising from the ALLCAR19 Study to Autolus under this Agreement is dependent on the Autolus Funding Commitment.

n.The parties intend that the collaboration agreement relating to the ALLCAR19 Study referred to in Clause 4.12 shall include details of Autolus’ total funding commitment in respect of the ALLCAR19 Study (which may be higher than the Autolus Funding Commitment, but not lower), together with payment terms. The Autolus Funding Commitment is binding on Autolus, irrespective of whether or not the parties enter into any such collaboration agreement. Autolus shall pay the Autolus Funding Commitment to UCL in quarterly instalments. UCL shall be entitled to invoice Autolus for the Autolus Funding Commitment in quarterly instalments in such amounts as reflect the instalments payable by [***] under the [***] Contract, as amended from time, and the parties acknowledge that the quarterly instalments will vary in amount from quarter to quarter. UCL shall invoice Autolus for the first quarterly instalment in April 2018. Autolus shall pay all invoices within [***] of the date of receipt of the invoice from UCL.

5.ACCESS TO IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW INVENTIONS

a.The provisions of this Clause 5 shall apply to each and every Improvement and New Invention that is generated, reduced to practice or otherwise discovered or identified at any time up until and including the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date (“Improvement Period”). For clarity, in respect of CD19 CARs or binders, the Improvement Period shall commence on the Second Amendment Date. UCLB shall procure that UCL, MP and the MP Laboratory shall comply with the terms of this Clause 5 and notify UCLB of all Improvements and New Inventions in order that UCLB shall be able to comply with this Clause 5.

b.From the Effective Date until expiry of the Improvement Period, UCLB shall notify Autolus of each and every Improvement and New Invention generated, developed or arising in such period within [***] of UCLB’s receipt of an invention disclosure form describing the Improvement or New Invention (in respect of each Improvement and each New Invention, each notification to Autolus being a “Disclosure Notification”). In respect of Improvements and New Inventions which UCLB is obliged to notify to Autolus:

i..UCLB shall procure the exclusive right (to the exclusion of UCL and the inventor(s)) to license, assign, exploit or otherwise grant any rights to that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) to, any Third Party, and shall ensure that such Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) is kept confidential including by its Academic Collaborators (subject to the publications procedure under Clause 4.5) until Autolus ceases to have any rights (exercisable,

negotiable or otherwise) to that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) under the terms of this Clause 5;

ii..UCLB shall procure that the Disclosure Notification shall provide (i) reasonable details of that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) with a similar level of detail as that which UCLB provided to Syncona Management LLP for the purpose of Syncona Management LLP evaluating the Program IP and (ii) any draft or pending application for registered patent protection in respect of that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable); in each case disclosure to Autolus shall be subject to the confidentiality obligations of this Agreement;

iii..UCLB shall procure that Autolus shall have reasonable access to those individuals at UCL that invented, generated, discovered or developed that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) in order to allow a confidential discussion as to the nature and features of that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) and its application;

iv..UCLB shall not, until Autolus ceases to have any rights (exercisable, negotiable or otherwise) to that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) under the terms of this Clause 5, encumber, charge, mortgage, license, sell, assign, Exploit or otherwise grant any other right or enable any Third Party to Exploit the Improvement or New Invention (as applicable);

v..provided that Autolus acknowledges that Improvements and New Inventions may be subject to the rights of Funders in accordance with Clause 4.2.1 and that Autolus’s ability to exercise its rights under this Clause 5 may be dependent on any such Funder providing its consent to the terms of Exploitation as agreed by the Parties in accordance with Clause 4.2.1, which UCLB shall use reasonable endeavours to obtain; In particular the consent of CRUK, KK and LLF may be required in respect of any licence of Improvements relating to TRBC1/2 and the consent of KK and LLF may be required in respect of any licence of Improvements relating to BCMA CAR.

c.Following the date of the Disclosure Notification, Autolus shall have the right, exercisable at any time up until expiry of the Improvement Negotiation Period (irrespective of whether that is before or after the Improvement Period) to exercise its right of first negotiation in respect of obtaining a worldwide, assignable, sub-licensable (through multiple tiers) licence within the Field of the applicable Improvement or New Invention that is the subject of the Disclosure Notification, such licence to be exclusive or non-exclusive, as agreed by the Parties.

d.Upon Autolus exercising its right of first negotiation in respect of an Improvement or a New Invention (as applicable) by way of serving a written notice on UCLB, the following shall apply until expiry of the applicable Improvement Negotiation Period for that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable), unless extended by agreement between the Parties:

i..unless the Parties agree to terminate negotiations during the Improvement Negotiation Period, Autolus and UCLB shall promptly and actively negotiate throughout the Improvement Negotiation Period, in good faith and acting reasonably, fair and reasonable terms for and a conclusive agreement upon which that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) may be licensed to Autolus;

ii..in so far as UCLB fails to comply with the provisions of Clause 5.4.1, the Improvement Negotiation Period shall be extended by a period equal to, or otherwise fairly calculated to, compensate for any delay in or absence from a negotiation by UCLB in accordance with the principles under Clause 5.4.1;

iii..in its negotiations around the fair and reasonable financial and other terms for a licence of Improvements (as opposed to New Inventions), UCLB shall have regard to the existing licensing and financial structure under this Agreement with respect to the Royalty Product to which such Improvement relates or is applicable.

e.If Autolus, by written notice, elects not to continue with negotiations over an Improvement or a New Invention, then without prejudice to the remainder of this Clause 5 or any other Improvements or New Inventions, the Parties shall be released from their then current

obligations to negotiate in accordance with Clause 5.4 with respect to that particular Improvement or New Invention.

f.Subject to UCLB’s compliance with Clause 5.4.1, if the Improvement Negotiation Period has expired with respect to an Improvement or New Invention (as applicable), and that Improvement or New Invention (as applicable) has not been licensed to Autolus, then:

i..in respect of that Improvement, subject to the terms of Clause 5.7, UCLB shall be entitled to (i) instigate negotiations with Third Parties for the grant of a licence of that Improvement; or (ii) engage in negotiations solicited by Third Parties to agree terms for the grant of a licence of that Improvement to that Third Party; or

ii..in respect of that New Invention, Autolus shall cease to have any further rights to negotiate or match terms for any licence of rights to that New Invention under this Clause 5, save that the foregoing shall be without prejudice to any other New Inventions.

g.In negotiating with any Third Party to grant a licence of an Improvement to that Third Party, for a period of [***] after the expiry of the Improvement Negotiation Period (“Match Period”) or Autolus having served notice under Clause 5.5:

i..UCLB shall not accept or agree any term (or overall set or combination of terms) that are equal to or less preferential or favourable to UCLB than the most preferential or favourable matching or equivalent term (or, as applicable, matching or equivalent set or combination of terms) as offered by Autolus to UCLB; and,

ii..where UCLB has reached an agreement (in principle) on all material terms for the licence of the Improvement with the Third Party (which is in compliance with Clause 5.7.1), but prior to concluding the definitive binding agreement on such terms with the Third Party, UCLB shall promptly first offer such terms to Autolus for acceptance within the Match Period whereupon:

(1)during such Match Period UCLB shall not execute or enter into such agreement with any Third Party or otherwise look to license or otherwise Exploit or grant rights to Exploit the Improvement with any Third Party; and,

(2)if such terms are accepted by Autolus, UCLB shall conclude the definitive agreement with Autolus on those same terms (or, if the Parties agree otherwise, more preferential or favourable terms for Autolus); or,

(3)if rejected by Autolus, UCLB shall conclude the definitive agreement with that Third Party on those same terms.

h.The provisions of Clause 5.7 shall apply each and every time that UCLB instigates in or engages in negotiations with any Third Party concerning an Improvement during the Match Period, such that if negotiations with a Third Party break down and either re-commence with that Third Party or new negotiations begin with a different Third Party to that Improvement, the provisions of Clause 5.7 shall continue to apply again.

i.Where during the Improvement Period MP and/or any member of the MP Laboratory generates, identifies or invents any discovery, invention (whether patentable or not), Know-How or improvement concerning any CAR or CARs (including methods for manufacture of any CAR or CARs) which is not an Improvement and which has been discovered, generated, identified or invented together with another Academic Organisation(s) such that UCLB does not Control the same and it does not fall within the definition of New Inventions, UCLB shall use reasonable endeavours to agree with the other Academic Organisation(s) that UCLB shall be the lead commercialisation partner and that the relevant technology will be offered to Autolus in accordance with this Clause 5.

6.ACCESS TO [***] PROGRAM

a.The provisions of this Clause 6 shall apply to the [***] Program as it is developed from time to time up until the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date (“[***] Period”). UCLB shall procure that UCL and [***] shall comply with the terms of this Clause 6 and notify UCLB of the progress, development and generation of IP under the [***] Program in order that UCLB shall be able to comply with this Clause 6. During the [***] Period, UCLB shall keep Autolus appraised on a reasonable basis of the progress and development of the [***] Program and the inventions arising therefrom.

b.If at any time during the [***] Period, any bona fide decision is made by UCLB, UCL or [***] to seek a licensee to Exploit any of the [***] Program IP or any bona fide approach is

made by a Third Party to seek rights to or under any of the [***] Program IP, and in respect of which UCLB genuinely intends to engage in, UCLB shall provide written notice to Autolus together with (under the confidentiality obligations of this Agreement):

i..a description of the [***] Program and related [***] Program IP; and

ii..a copy of any application for Patent Rights in respect of any invention arising from the [***] Program that has been filed in respect of inventions arising from the [***] Program.

c.Following service of a notice in accordance with Clause 6.2:

i..at Autolus’s request, UCLB shall use reasonable endeavours to procure that Autolus shall have access to those individuals at UCL that work on the [***] Program or invented, generated, discovered or developed the [***] Program IP in order to allow a confidential discussion as to the nature and features of the [***] Program and the [***] Program IP and its application; and,

ii..Autolus shall have the option to negotiate with UCLB to agree terms for the grant of a licence (which may be exclusive or non-exclusive as the Parties agree) to [***] Program IP.

d.Upon exercise of its right to negotiate with UCLB, UCLB and Autolus shall negotiate the terms for such licence in good faith and acting reasonably and seeking fair and reasonable commercial terms and Autolus’s right to negotiate with Autolus shall expire [***] following Autolus’s receipt of UCLB’s notice of served under Clause 6.2.

e.If Autolus, by written notice, elects not to continue with negotiations over the [***] Program IP, then the Parties shall be released from their then current obligations to negotiate in accordance with Clause 6.3.2. If the Parties are unable to agree licence terms within the [***] period referred to in Clause 6.4 above, then UCLB shall be under no further obligation to Autolus and shall be free to license or commercialise the same [***] Program IP as it thinks fit.

f.UCLB confirms that save for having to seek the consent of the Wellcome Trust and the National Institute for Health Research for the Exploitation of the [***] Program IP, it otherwise Controls that [***] Program IP existing as of the Effective Date. For the avoidance of doubt, nothing in this Agreement shall impose any restrictions or controls on UCL’s ability to publish and to undertake Academic Research or obtain Third Party funding from a Funder for Academic Research or otherwise collaborate with any Academic Organisation in respect of the [***] Program and, as a result, the [***] Program IP may be subject to rights of Third Party Funders and may not be Controlled by UCLB. UCLB shall procure that during the [***] Period, UCL shall not and [***] shall not undertake any Commercial Research with respect to the [***] Program or accept Third Party funding other than from Funders for the [***] Program. Autolus acknowledges that UCLB or UCL shall not under any circumstances be required to restrict [***] from undertaking any work (academic or commercial) either independently or in collaboration with any Third Party, on any program (including a [***] program) that is not a [***] Program.

g.Upon the Parties concluding terms for a license to the [***] Program IP as provided for in this Clause 6, UCLB shall procure full disclosure to Autolus of the [***] Program including the [***] Program IP and relevant UCL Background IP used for the same.

h.Until the expiry of the [***] Period, UCLB shall not, and shall procure that UCL and [***] shall not, grant any rights to, license, assign, grant an option to, Exploit, or otherwise encumber, mortgage, charge or otherwise waive rights in respect of the [***] Program IP, save that this shall not prevent UCLB, UCL and/or [***] from securing funding from Funders pursuant to Clause 6.6 above and/or collaborating with Academic Organisations.

7.ACCESS TO [***]

a.The provisions of this Clause 7 shall apply to the [***] Program as it is developed from time to time up until expiry of the [***] Period. The “[***] Period” shall be for a minimum of [***] from the Effective Date, and may be extended by Autolus (upon written notice served prior to the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date) for the Extended Period. The “Extended Period” shall mean the day commencing on the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date and ending on the earlier of (i) Autolus and UCLB concluding a definitive agreement for a licence to any of the [***] Program IP; (ii) Autolus terminating its rights under this Clause 7 by written notice; or (iii) the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date.

b.The Parties acknowledge and agree that Autolus has served notice to extend the [***] Period beyond its [***], and is under the obligation to reimburse UCLB [***] of those Patent Prosecution Costs incurred by UCLB for activities during the Extended Period in respect of the [***] Patents that are the subject of the [***] Option. Autolus shall not be responsible for any Patent Prosecution Costs incurred before or after the Extended Period.

c.UCLB shall and shall procure that UCL (including MP and the MP Laboratory) shall comply with the terms of this Clause 7 and notify UCLB of the progress, development and generation of Intellectual Property under the [***] Program in order that UCLB shall be able to comply with this Clause 7.

d.From the Effective Date until expiry of the [***] Period, UCLB shall:

i..from time to time (and upon reasonable request from Autolus):

(1)notify Autolus of the development, progress and advances made in the [***] Program since the last update report was provided;

(2)notify Autolus of any change in status of MP’s position at UCL (including termination of the same) or the MP Laboratory;

(3)disclose to Autolus (under the confidentiality obligations of this Agreement) any planned application for a Patent Right in respect of any invention arising from the [***] Project at least [***] prior to it being filed, and thereafter keep Autolus informed of all developments in the prosecution of such Patent Right(s); and,

(4)procure the exclusive right (to the exclusion of UCL and the inventor(s)) to license, assign, exploit or otherwise grant any rights to the [***] Program IP until Autolus ceases to have any rights (exercisable, negotiable or otherwise) to the [***] Program under the terms of this Clause 7;

ii..use reasonable endeavours to procure that Autolus shall have access to those individuals at UCL that work on the [***] Program or invented, generated, discovered or developed any of the [***] Program IP in order to allow a confidential discussion as to the nature and features of the [***] Program and the [***] Program IP and its application;

iii..not, until Autolus ceases to have any rights (exercisable, negotiable or otherwise) to the [***] Program under the terms of this Clause 7, encumber, charge, mortgage, license, sell, assign, Exploit or otherwise grant any other right or enable any Third Party to Exploit the [***] Program IP,

provided that Autolus acknowledges that certain [***] Program IP (i) existing as of the Effective Date is subject to those rights of Third Party Funders which are disclosed in Schedule 6 and described as having funded such [***] Program IP; and (ii) arising after the Effective Date may be subject to the rights of Third Party Funders in accordance with Clause 4.2.1; and that in case of (i) and (ii) Autolus’s ability to exercise its rights under this Clause 7 in respect of such [***] Program IP may be dependent on any such Third Party Funder providing its consent to the terms of Exploitation as agreed by the Parties in accordance with Clause 4.2.1; In particular consent of [***] may be required in respect of any licence of [***] Program IP developed prior to or after the Effective Date.

e.Autolus shall have the right, exercisable at any time up until expiry of the [***] Period to exercise its right of first negotiation in respect of obtaining a worldwide, assignable, sub-licensable licence (which may be exclusive or non-exclusive as the Parties may agree), within the Field of the [***] Program IP (or, as the Parties may agree, any part thereof).

f.Upon Autolus exercising its right of first negotiation in respect of the [***] Program by way of serving a written notice on UCLB, the following shall apply until expiry of the [***] Period (unless extended by agreement between the Parties):

i..unless the Parties agree to terminate negotiations during the [***] Period, Autolus and UCLB shall promptly and actively negotiate throughout that period, in good faith and acting reasonably, fair and reasonable terms for a conclusive agreement upon which the [***] Program IP may be licensed to Autolus;

ii..in so far as UCLB fails to comply with the provisions of Clause 7.6.1, does not actively and properly participate in such negotiations or does not act reasonably or in good faith, the [***] Period shall be extended by a period equal to, or otherwise fairly calculated to, compensate for any delay in, or absence from a negotiation by UCLB in accordance with the principles under Clause 7.6.1.

g.If Autolus, by written notice, elects not to continue with negotiations over the [***] Program IP, then the Parties shall be released from their then current obligations to negotiate in accordance with Clause 7.6.

h.Subject to UCLB’s compliance with Clause 7.6.1, upon expiry of the [***] Period and provided that Autolus has not been granted an exclusive license to the [***] Program IP, UCLB shall then be entitled to negotiate with any Third Party to grant a licence to or otherwise Exploit the [***] Program IP subject always to the BCMA Licence with respect to the [***] Existing Patent.

i.Upon the Parties concluding terms for a license to the [***] Program IP as provided for in this Clause 7, UCLB shall procure full disclosure to Autolus of the [***] Program including the [***] Program IP and relevant UCL Background IP used for the same.

The provisions of this Clause 7 shall be without prejudice to UCLB’s obligations under Clause 18 with respect to the [***] Existing Patent.

8.INFORMATION AND ACCESS TO MARTIN PULE’S OTHER PROGRAMS & OTHER RESTRICTIONS

a.During the Improvement Period, the Parties shall hold regular meetings to review the activities of MP and the MP Laboratory. Such meeting shall be held every month, or at such intervals as the Parties shall otherwise agree.

b.At each meeting UCLB shall update Autolus (under the confidentiality obligations of this Agreement) in respect of:

i..research activities being undertaken by MP and the MP Laboratory, together with progress and advances made under all research activities since the last meeting was held;

ii..any change in status of MP’s position at UCL (including termination of the same) or the MP Laboratory;

iii..any collaboration with Academic Collaborators entered into by MP and/or the MP Laboratory; and,

iv..any proposed applications for Patent Rights;

provided that the foregoing: (i) shall not require any disclosure of research activities being undertaken by MP on behalf of [***] pursuant to his [***] existing as of the Effective Date; and (ii) shall not require disclosure of any of research activities being undertaken by MP and/or the MP Laboratory where UCL, MP and/or MP Laboratory are restricted from disclosing any such information as a result of obligations of confidentiality owed to a Third Party.

c.For any new inventions generated, reduced to practice or otherwise developed by or under the supervision of MP (whilst employed at UCL) and/or the MP Laboratory (including therapeutic immune therapies, engineered T-cells, CARs or BiTEs, and any manufacturing techniques and/or research tools relating to the foregoing) from time to time up until the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date and in respect of which Autolus does not have any rights pursuant to Clauses 5, 6 or 7 (“Other Technology”), UCLB shall provide and procure that Autolus shall have a right of first review according to Clause 8.4.

d.Where Other Technology is Controlled by UCLB or UCL and where UCLB or UCL makes any bona fide decision to seek a licensee to Exploit any Other Technology, or any bona fide approach is made by a Third Party to seek rights to or under any of the Other Technology which UCLB or UCL genuinely intends to engage in, UCLB shall not, and shall procure that UCL shall not, disclose the Other Technology to any Third Party for the purposes of instigating or encouraging any licensing discussions nor offer to license the Other Technology to any Third Party, in each case prior to disclosing to Autolus at least [***] in advance (and in no less detail than it will disclose to any Third Party) the same Other Technology.

e.Commercial Restrictions

i..The Parties acknowledge that Autolus’s business is primarily based upon the Exploitation of CARs and this licence of Technology and involvement of MP as an employee to Autolus is crucial and fundamental to its business. Accordingly, in recognition of the foregoing UCLB hereby agrees and undertakes that for a period of [***] after the Effective Date UCLB shall procure that for so long as MP is employed by or holds any position or undertakes or supervises any research at UCL during such period, that with respect to any CARs:

(1)MP shall not undertake any Commercial Research himself or through the MP Laboratory;

(2)without Autolus’s prior written consent, neither MP or UCL shall accept or use any funding to enable MP to undertake any Commercial Research himself or through the MP Laboratory; and

(3)without Autolus’s prior written consent, MP shall not participate in, contribute to or otherwise supervise any Commercial Research;

save that the foregoing shall not prevent MP (i) undertaking that Commercial Research which is on-going as of the Effective Date and which is the subject of the those agreements disclosed to Autolus and listed in Part B of Schedule 6, (ii) from undertaking any Approved Activity as such term is defined in the SSA (effective at the same date as the Effective Date); and (iii) from undertaking Commercial Research on behalf of Autolus. For the avoidance of doubt, the provisions of this Agreement do not apply to any work (commercial, academic or otherwise) conducted in relation to CARs in any laboratory of UCL without any assistance from and/or involvement of MP.

ii..Should Autolus be sold (comprising the transfer of all shares in Autolus to a Third Party or the sale of all assets of the business of Autolus to a Third Party) and MP ceases to be employed or provide consultancy to Autolus (in the case of a share sale) or the Third Party acquirer (in the case of either a share sale or asset sale) then the restriction under Clause 8.5 shall terminate on the earlier of (i) [***] after the Effective Date; or (ii) [***] following the completion of the relevant sale.

9.MATERIALS TRANSFER AND ENABLEMENT OF THE LICENSED RIGHTS

a.From the Effective Date and thereafter until the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date:

i..UCLB shall procure the disclosure to Autolus by UCL, MP and the MP Laboratory of all Technology licensed hereunder in accordance with the timeline and practical disclosure steps set out in Schedule 5;

ii..After compliance with Clause 9.1.1, UCLB shall thereafter continue to disclose to Autolus, and procure the disclosure to Autolus by UCL, MP and the MP Laboratory, of any Technology not disclosed under Clause 9.1.1, at Autolus’s request from time to time;

iii..UCLB shall procure that each of UCL, MP and the MP Laboratory shall help facilitate any technology transfer or teach-in (including any demonstrations) concerning any of the Technology; and,

iv..it being understood that such disclosure should be in the English language and should be disclosed in a structured and helpful manner to enable the proper understanding, benefit and access to the technology in respect of each Program and the Program IP.

b.Where the Technology comprises Materials, UCLB shall procure the delivery of a reasonable quantity of such Materials and UCL shall itself be entitled to retain a reasonable quantity of the Materials for the exercise of its Academic Rights subject to and in accordance with the provisions of Clause 4.

c.With respect to materials which as of the Effective Date are not Program Materials, have been used in connection with any of the Original Programs, but are not Controlled by UCLB and so do not fall within the definition of Background Materials, UCLB shall use its reasonable endeavours to obtain consent for the transfer of such materials to Autolus (and for the licensing of associated Intellectual Property) or otherwise assist Autolus in obtaining access to and the right to use such materials. Where UCLB uses its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain such consent, it shall not be obliged to make any payment but, should any payment be demanded by the relevant Third Party Autolus may, at its discretion, make such payment to obtain consent. This Clause 9.3 shall not apply in respect of materials that are “off the shelf”, such as reagents and other commercially available Third Party materials.

d.UCL shall retain ownership and possession of all Laboratory Notebooks and UCLB shall procure throughout the Term:

i..physical access for Autolus (including the right for Autolus to physically borrow from UCL’s possession and copy), upon reasonable notice, of any Laboratory Notebooks in so far as they concern any of the Programs, Program IP, Materials or UCL Background IP;

ii..that all Laboratory Notebooks shall be kept reasonably safe and secure and protected from loss, damage or destruction in accordance with standard UCL process; and,

iii..that all Laboratory Notebooks shall not be destroyed without first offering the same to be transferred to Autolus.

e.UCLB shall co-operate and collaborate with Autolus to provide, and procure, guidance, information and know-how from time to time from MP and MP Laboratory about Program IP and the Technology.

f.UCLB shall not and shall procure that UCL (including MP and the MP Laboratory) shall not transfer, lend, supply or otherwise provide (i) any Laboratory Notebooks to any Third Party and/or (ii) any Program Materials to any Third Party except (a) in the exercise of UCL’s Academic Rights subject to and in accordance with the provisions of Clause 4; and/or (b) with respect to those specific parts of the Laboratory Notebooks or specific Program Materials under (1) the RQR8 Program IP in the exercise of UCLB’s rights to the extent permitted outside of the RQR8 Field; and/or (2) the TetCAR Program IP in the exercise of UCLB’s rights to the extent permitted outside of the TetCAR Field.

g.Without prejudice to Clause 4.4, UCLB shall procure the transfer to Autolus of a copy of the Test and Regulatory Data resulting from the CRUK Study, once such Test and Regulatory Data has been released by the sponsor and UCLB has authority from any applicable Regulatory Authority to disclose the same to Autolus. Upon the disclosure of such Test and Regulatory Data to Autolus, the GD2 Licence shall automatically be extended to include a licence to the GD2 Clinical Study Results and the GD2 Program IP shall be deemed to include GD2 Clinical Study Results.

h.UCLB shall procure the transfer to Autolus of a copy of the Test and Regulatory Data resulting from the CARPALL Study and ALLCAR19 Study which shall include the CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data once such CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data has been released by the sponsor and UCLB has authority to disclose the same to Autolus. The frequency and timing of such transfers of the CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data is detailed in Schedule 11. Upon the disclosure of such CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data to Autolus, the CAT19 Licence shall automatically be extended to include a licence to the CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data released and the CAT19 Program IP shall be deemed to include such CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data.

i.UCLB shall procure the transfer to Autolus of a copy of the Test and Regulatory Data resulting from the CAROUSEL Study which shall include the CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data once such CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data has been released by the sponsor and UCLB has authority to disclose the same to Autolus. The frequency and timing of such transfers of the CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data is detailed in Schedule 11. Upon the disclosure of such CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data to Autolus, the CAT19 CNS Licence shall automatically be extended to include a licence to the CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data released and the CAROUSEL Program IP shall be deemed to include such CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data.

j.UCLB shall procure that UCL (including MP and those engaged in the MP Laboratory) shall:

i..keep the Program IP confidential (subject to any disclosure in accordance with patent prosecution of the Licensed Patents);

ii..not disclose the Program IP to any Third Party, other than as expressly permitted in the course of Academic Research pursuant to Clause 4; and,

iii..not enable or assist any Third Party to Exploit any of the Program IP other than (i) as expressly permitted in the course of Academic Research pursuant to Clause 4, or (ii) in connection with (1) the RQR8 Program IP to the extent permitted outside of the RQR8 Field; (2) the Epitope Tag Program IP to the extent permitted outside of the Epitope Tag Field; (3) the Retrostim Program IP to the extent permitted outside of the Retrostim Field; and/or (4) the TetCAR Program IP to the extent permitted outside of the TetCAR Field.

10.OPTION TO ACQUIRE PROGRAM IP

a.UCLB acknowledges that Autolus has exercised its right to acquire ownership of all of the Licensed Patents, but excluding all Retained Patents, as set forth in Schedule 14 (collectively, the “Assigned Patents”), with effect from the Third Amendment Date.

b.Autolus acknowledges that the assignment of the Assigned Patents with effect from the Third Amendment Date shall not extinguish Autolus’s (or its successors) obligation to pay Royalties for sales of Royalty Product or other financial commitments under Clauses 13, 14 and 15.

c.Autolus shall not be entitled to assign the Assigned Patents to any third party other than in accordance with the following provisions. Autolus shall be entitled to assign the Assigned Patents in whole or part to:

i..an acquirer of all or substantially all of Autolus’s business provided Autolus complies with Clause 29.2; or

ii..a third party which is not acquiring all or substantially all of Autolus’s business provided that:

i.the provisions of Clause 3.1 and 3.2 shall apply with respect to any proposed assignment as if it were a sub-licence and Autolus shall procure that such third party and its successors in title to the Assigned Patents agree to, and comply with, legally binding provisions in substantially the same form as Clause 3 in respect of any licences granted by such Third Party under the Assigned Patents;

ii.the assignment to such third party and its successors in title to the Assigned Patents shall be made subject to the non-exclusive licence under the Assigned Patents granted by Autolus to UCLB purusant to Clause 4.1; and

iii.prior to such assignment becoming effective, Autolus and UCLB shall agree in good faith, and enter into, a reasonable and proportionate legally binding agreement which safeguards UCLB’s interests as regards the third party assignee and any successors to the Assigned Patents in the following: (a) the Royalties and Milestones and other financial commitments under Clauses 13, 14 and 15 in respect of Royalty Products developed and sold by an Assignee Entity; (b) the maintenance and defence of such Assigned Patents; and (c) the assignment of such Assigned Patents to UCLB on termination of a Program Licence or this Agreement as a whole pursuant to Clauses 25.1.2, 25.2.2, and/or 25.4.2.

11.DILIGENCE OBLIGATIONS

a.Diligence Obligations for Original Royalty Products

i..With respect to diligence obligations on Autolus concerning the GD2 Product, the Parties agree as follows:

iv.The “GD2 Diligence Obligation” shall mean (i) either (a) Autolus has initiated a follow-up clinical study with the same CAR construct as used in the CRUK Study; or if necessary (b) Autolus has initiated formal pre-clinical development of a new GD2 Product not used in the CRUK Study; and (ii) as soon as is reasonably practicable following marketing approval of the GD2 Product in each of the relevant territories, Autolus (or its Sub-licensee) has commenced sale of the GD2 Product in either (a) the [***] (if reimbursement has been granted in the [***]) and one other Core Country or one of [***] or (b) at least any two of [***] or any of the Core Countries (other than the [***]), in the event reimbursement is not granted in the [***];

v.If Autolus fails to achieve limb (i)(a) of the GD2 Diligence Obligation within [***] of completion (being delivery of the final written report to Autolus concerning the study) of the Cancer Research UK sponsored GD2-CAR clinical trial (CRUKD/15/001) (“CRUK Study”), UCLB may serve written notice on Autolus to terminate the GD2 Licence which termination shall be effective within [***] of Autolus’s receipt of the same unless Autolus has previously served or within the [***] period serves notice on UCLB that it has or will initiate pre-clinical development as an alternative under limb (i)(b) of the GD2 Diligence Obligation (a “Limb (i)(b) Notice”);

vi.If Autolus, having served a Limb (i)(b) Notice, fails to achieve limb (i)(b) of the GD2 Diligence Obligation within [***] of completion of the CRUK Study, UCLB may serve written notice on Autolus to terminate the GD2 Licence in which case the provisions of Clauses 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 shall govern the right to terminate the GD2 Licence;

vii.Autolus shall be obliged to use its commercially reasonable efforts to fulfil limb (ii) of the GD2 Diligence Obligation following marketing approval of the GD2 Product and the provisions of Clauses 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 shall govern any allegation of breach of such obligation or termination of the GD2 Licence under this Clause 11.

ii..Subject to Clause 11.1.3, and without prejudice to Clause 11.1.1, Autolus shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop Original Royalty Products under any of the Program Licences in respect of the Original Program IP (other than a GD2 Product) provided that it is acknowledged that Autolus shall not be obliged to develop an Original Royalty Product under each and every Program Licence in respect of the Original Program IP at all times during the relevant period. It is recognised that in complying with the above, Autolus shall have the right to determine in its sole discretion the prioritisation, on a purely commercial basis, of the various Royalty Products for development, and that Autolus’s compliance with the foregoing shall be assessed on the basis of the whole of its Royalty Product (Original Royalty Product, Additional Royalty Product and CAT19 Product) and other product development portfolio.

iii..Once all of the Tranche 3 Subscription Shares (as such term is defined in the SSA) have been issued by Autolus, the diligence obligations set out under Clause 11.1.2 above shall cease to apply other than for Autolus seeking to develop one BCMA Product, a [***] Product (if the licence has been exercised) and a TRBC1/2 Product.

iv..Non-compliance with Clause 11.1.1 and/or 11.1.2 shall not result in a right to terminate this Agreement or any financial or equitable remedy (including any remedy in damages), but UCLB’s sole remedy for non-compliance shall be limited to the right to terminate those specific Original Program Licences granted under this Agreement for which Autolus is in breach in accordance with Clause 11.1.5. It is acknowledged that notwithstanding any delay in development of one or more Original Royalty Products, a breach of Clause 11.1.1 and/or 11.1.2 may be remedied by Autolus subsequently undertaking activities to develop the applicable Original Royalty Product following UCLB’s written notice referred to below and, as such, a delay in development timeline shall not be an un-remediable breach. Prior to exercising any right of termination UCLB shall first be obliged to provide Autolus with a written notice setting out the basis for its allegation of breach by Autolus under Clause 11.1.1 and/or 11.1.2, which notice shall set out the deficiencies by Autolus and set out a series of reasonable activities UCLB consider sufficient to remedy the breach. For the avoidance of doubt, UCLB's list of suggested activities shall not be a definitive list of what is required to remedy any breach. Upon Autolus’s receipt of such notice, the Parties shall, promptly, in good faith and acting reasonably, (i) discuss ways for Autolus to remedy or undertake activities in compliance with the obligations under Clause 11.1.1 and/or 11.1.2 and (ii) agree a reasonable period of time within which Autolus will be required to undertake such activities. If the Parties fail to agree the period which Autolus has to undertake the activities, Autolus shall have [***] from the date Autolus or UCLB serves written notice stating in its view that an agreement under (ii) cannot be reached to comply with its obligations under Clause 11.1.1 and/or 11.1.2 for the Original Royalty Product(s) in respect of which the breach has occurred.

v..Provided that Clause 11.1.4 has been complied with and the process set out therein followed, and provided that following the [***] period (or such other period agreed between the Parties) Autolus is still in breach of the same obligations under Clause 11.1.1 and/or 11.1.2 in respect of the development of one or more Original Royalty Products that were the subject of the original breach notice under Clause 11.1.4, UCLB shall be entitled upon immediate written notice to terminate the Program Licence(s) granted as follows:

viii.UCLB shall be entitled to terminate the GD2 Licence where, in breach of its obligations hereunder, Autolus has not met and failed to remedy the GD2 Diligence Obligation; and

ix.UCLB shall be entitled to terminate, on an Original Program Licence by Original Program Licence basis, the Original Program Licence applicable to the Original Royalty Product where, in breach of its obligations hereunder in respect of such Original Royalty Product, Autolus has not met and has failed to remedy its diligence obligation under Clause 11.1.1 and/or 11.1.2 to develop such Royalty Products.

b.Diligence Obligations for Additional Royalty Products

i..Autolus shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to develop at least one Additional Royalty Product under each of the Additional Program Licences (with the exception of the iCAR Program Licence in respect of which no diligence obligations shall apply under this Agreement), it being acknowledged that (i) an individual Additional Royalty Product may utilise technology under more than one of the Additional Program Licences and hence fulfil the foregoing diligence obligation for more than one Additional Program Licence and (ii) should all the Patent Rights either licensed hereunder or assigned to Autolus under the Patent Assignment that are applicable to an Additional Royalty Product either be Surrendered or cease to have any Valid Claim Autolus shall be deemed to have complied with its foregoing obligation. The foregoing obligation is subject to the following:

x.UCLB shall be entitled to assess Autolus’s compliance with the foregoing obligation [***], by assessing the development work undertaken by or on behalf of Autolus under each of the Additional Program Licences over [***] (each period being an “Assessment Period”). For this purpose, [***] before the end of any Assessment Period in respect of each Additional Program Licence, Autolus shall provide UCLB with a written report that is detailed enough for UCLB to assess if Autolus’ activities are in accordance with this Clause 11.2;

xi.Autolus’s diligence obligation under this Clause 11.2.1 shall, subject to the remaining provisions of this Clause 11.2.1, expire upon the [***] anniversary of: [***];

xii.Autolus will have met its diligence obligations under this Clause 11.2.1 for any Additional Program Licence where, in an applicable Assessment Period:

(a)Autolus has spent an amount equivalent to GBP £[***] on development activities under the Additional Program Licence in question. Where development of a Royalty Product utilises technologies licensed under more than one Additional Program Licence, in order to assess if an amount equivalent to GBP £[***] has been spent on development activities under the Additional Program Licence in question, the total amount of investment made by Autolus in the applicable Assessment Period shall be apportioned equally (on a numerical basis and not a value basis) across the applicable Additional Program Licences, or where Autolus reasonably believes that it is more appropriate for the apportionment to be across the applicable Additional Program Licences in which investment has been made on a value basis (rather than on an equal numerical basis) then at the time of reporting pursuant to Clause (i), Autolus shall disclose to UCLB the details of the basis according to which Autolus has determined the apportionment of investment to be allocated for each of the Additional Program Licences by reference to value. UCLB shall in good faith consider Autolus’ proposal. If UCLB agrees with Autolus, or does not object to Autolus’ proposal in writing within [***] of Autolus’ notification, the apportionment of the investment for the Royalty Product across the Additional Program Licences shall be carried out in accordance with the proposal put forward by Autolus. If UCLB does not agree with Autolus’ proposal and notifies Autolus in writing within [***] of Autolus’ notification setting out the reasons for its disagreement, the investment made by Autolus with respect to the Royalty Product in the applicable Assessment Period shall be apportioned equally across the applicable Additional Program Licences; or

(b)Autolus has conducted research and development activities over the applicable Assessment Period which in UCLB’s reasonable opinion are sufficient to demonstrate that Autolus has used commercially reasonable efforts to develop one or more Additional Royalty Products under the Additional Program Licence in question;

ii..If Autolus (or its Sub-licensee) has filed any IND, CTA or comparable application for undertaking any clinical trial in respect of an Additional Royalty Product, then notwithstanding the provisions of Clause 11.2.1(iii), Autolus shall be deemed to have fulfilled its diligence obligations under this Clause 11.2 with respect to such Additional Royalty Product and the Additional Program Licence(s) applicable to such Additional Royalty Product;

iii..If Autolus does not meet (or is not deemed to have met) its diligence obligations for any Additional Program Licence in any Assessment Period, (i) UCLB shall be entitled to terminate the specific Additional Program Licence in question by serving written notice of termination on Autolus within [***] of expiry of the applicable Assessment Period in which case the termination of the Additional Program Licence shall have immediate effect, but failing which the Additional Program Licence may not be terminated for non-compliance during such Assessment Period; and (ii) UCLB shall not have a right to terminate this Agreement as a whole or any financial or equitable remedy (including any remedy in damages), but UCLB’s sole remedy for non-compliance shall be limited to the right to terminate the Additional Program Licence in question.

c.Diligence Obligations for the CAT19 Product

With respect to diligence obligations on Autolus concerning the CAT19 Product, the Parties agree as follows:

i..The “CAT19 Diligence Obligation” shall mean (i) either (a) Autolus has initiated a follow-up clinical study with a CAT19 1st Gen Product, or (b) Autolus has initiated formal pre-clinical development of a CAT19 Binder Product; and (ii) as soon as is reasonably practicable following marketing approval of the CAT19 Product in each of the relevant territories, Autolus (or its Sub-licensee) has commenced sale of the CAT19 Product in either (a) the [***] (if reimbursement has been granted in the [***]) and one other Core Country or one of [***] or (b) at least any two of [***] or any of the Core Countries (other than the [***]), in the event reimbursement is not granted in the [***].

ii..If Autolus fails to achieve the CAT19 Diligence Obligation under limb (i) within [***] of completion of the ALLCAR19 Study (being delivery of the final written report to Autolus concerning the relevant study) or fails to use its commercially reasonable efforts to fulfil limb (ii) of the CAT19 Diligence Obligation following Marketing Approval of the CAT19 Product, then UCLB may serve written notice on Autolus to terminate the CAT19 Licence and the CAT19 CNS Licence, in which case the provisions of Clauses 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 shall govern the right to terminate the CAT19 Licence and the CAT19 CNS Licence (in which case, references in Clauses 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 to Original Program Licences and Original Royalty Product shall be read as the CAT19 Licence and CAT19 Product and CAT19 CNS Licence and CAT19 CNS Product and references within Clauses 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 to Clause 11.1.1 and Clause 11.1.2 shall be read as references to Clause 11.3.1).

iii..The Parties recognise the importance of making pharmaceutical products available in Developing Countries, to the extent practicable. However, the Parties acknowledge the early stage nature of the CAT19 Program IP and acknowledge that a substantial investment would be required to bring CAT19 Products to market in Developing Countries, especially given the clinical infrastructure required to support the administration of a CAR T-cell therapy, the unfamiliarity of such therapies to local regulatory authorities and the uncertainty associated with pricing and reimbursement strategies in Developing Countries.

d.Diligence Provisions relating to all Programs

i..It is acknowledged that Exploitation by or on behalf of Autolus, Autolus’s Affiliates and/or Sub-licensees or Assignee Entities of any Royalty Product shall, for the purposes of this Clause 11, be considered activities of Autolus for assessing its

use of commercially reasonable efforts and compliance with Clause 11. Without prejudice to the provisions of Clause 11.2.1(i), with effect from UCLB ceasing to have a director or observer status on the board of Autolus, thereafter by [***] of each year, Autolus shall provide UCLB with a written report that will include a summary of its development timelines and major development steps in relation to the Royalty Products that were taken in the previous twelve (12) months and will include development timelines, budget and major development steps that Autolus anticipates shall be undertaken with respect to the Royalty Products for the following twelve (12) months. In addition to the foregoing (but without prejudice to the provisions of Clause 11.2.1(i)), UCLB shall be entitled, if reasonable, to request details of FTE resource allocation and CRO costs incurred by Autolus. The foregoing obligation shall cease to apply with effect from the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date.

ii..Upon termination of any Program Licence pursuant to this Clause 11, UCLB shall have the option to negotiate with Autolus to agree terms for the assignment of or grant of an exclusive licence to those Autolus Improvements Controlled by Autolus free of restrictions and encumbrances and which specifically relate to the Program Licence that has been terminated. The foregoing right of UCLB to negotiate an assignment or licence with Autolus for the Autolus Improvements shall expire [***] following notice of termination served under Clause 11.1.5, Clause 11.2.3 or Clause 11.3.2. This Clause 11.4.2 shall survive the termination of this Agreement for [***] from the date of termination during which UCLB shall have a right to exercise its right under Clause 11.4.2.

iii..Autolus shall, by written notice, promptly notify UCLB in the event that its Board takes any decision to permanently terminate development of any Royalty Products under a particular Program Licence, whereupon Autolus shall have no further obligation to develop or Exploit any Royalty Product applicable to that Program Licence and the relevant Program Licence shall terminate as of the date of Autolus’s written notice and the relevant provisions of Clause 25 shall apply.

12.UCLB MANAGEMENT FEE AND SHARES

a.Autolus shall, during the Term of this Agreement, make a maximum of [***] payments to UCLB each of GBP £[***], with each annual payment being made within [***] of receipt of a VAT invoice addressed to Autolus, the first of which shall be issued no earlier than the first anniversary of the Effective Date, and thereafter for the remaining three (3) annual payments they shall be issued on each subsequent anniversary of the Effective Date.

b.In consideration of UCLB entering into the Agreement with effective date 25 September 2014, Autolus has issued and allocated to UCLB 4,769,994 B Ordinary Shares (as such terms is defined in the SSA) in Autolus.

c.In consideration of UCLB granting the Additional Program Licences (except the TRBC2 Dx Licence) to Autolus pursuant to the deed of variation of the Agreement with effective date 2 March 2016, Autolus has issued and allocated to UCLB 1,000,000 additional B Ordinary Shares (as such term is defined in the SSA) each credited as fully paid up to £1.00 per B Ordinary Share. In addition, Autolus has paid UCLB the sum of £150,000 (one hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling) within 14 days of the Amendment Date.

d.In consideration of UCLB entering into this Amended and Restated Licence Agreement effective as of the Second Amendment Date, Autolus shall pay UCLB within [***] of the Second Amendment Date:

i..the sum of £1,000,000 (one million pounds sterling); and

ii..the sum of £500,000 (five hundred thousand pounds sterling) in recognition of the Second Amendment Date being a date no later than [***].

e.In consideration of the transfer of a copy of all the CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data generated as at the Third Amendment Date, Autolus shall pay UCLB the sum of £[***] within [***] of the Third Amendment Date.

f.In consideration of UCLB entering into this Amended and Restated Licence Agreement effective as of the Third Amendment Date, Autolus shall pay UCLB within [***] of the Third Amendment Date the sum of £[***] in recognition of the TRBC2 Dx Licence.

13.MILESTONE PAYMENTS

a.One-Off Success Milestone Payments

i..During the Term of this Agreement, upon the occurrence of any milestone applicable to the relevant Royalty Product set out in the table below (each a “Success Milestone”) Autolus shall, in accordance with Clause 16, pay a sum equal to the amount set against that Success Milestone in the table below (each amount being a “Success Milestone Payment”).


Royalty Product	Success Milestone	Success Milestone Payment ([***])
GD2 Product	[***]	[***]
BCMA Product	[***]	[***]
TRBC1/2 Product	[***]	[***]
TRBC1/2 Product	[***]	[***]
[***] Product	[***]	[***]
NSG Product	[***]	[***]
Logic Gate Product	[***]	[***]
Logic Gate Product	[***]	[***]
ZipCAR Product	[***]	[***]
ZipCAR Product	[***]	[***]
ccCAR Product	[***]	[***]
Epitope Tag Product	[***]	[***]
iCAR Product	[***]	[***]
RapaiCASP9 Product	[***]	[***]
Retrostim Product	[***]	[***]
TetCAR Product	[***]	[***]
ZAP-CAR Product	[***]	[***]
CAT19 Product	[***]	[***]
CAT19 Product	[***]	[***]
CAT19 Product	[***]	[***]
CAT19 Product	[***]	[***]
CAT19 Product	[***]	[***]
TRBC2 Dx Product	[***]	[***]
TRBC2 Dx Product	[***]	[***]
TRBC2 Dx Product	[***]	[***]

ii..The payment of Success Milestone Payments under Clause 13.1.1 above is subject to the following:

xiii.each Success Milestone Payment set out above shall be payable once only, irrespective of the number of Royalty Products achieving the applicable Success Milestone;

xiv.the aggregate maximum payment under Clause 13.1.1 and 13.1.2 shall never exceed GBP £[***] ([***] pounds sterling);

xv.if a particular Royalty Product triggers two or more Success Milestones (on the basis that by definition it may fall within more than one definition of a Royalty Product), then:

(c)if the occurrence of the Success Milestones are simultaneous with each other, then only the highest value applicable Success Milestone Payment triggered at that time shall be payable in respect of that Royalty Product, and the other Success Milestone Payments triggered at the same time shall not be payable; or

(d)if the occurrence of the Success Milestones are sequential, then with the exception of the Success Milestones referred to in Clause (C) the Success Milestone Payment attributable to the first Success Milestone applicable to that Royalty Product shall be paid in full, and the Success Milestone Payment attributable to the next sequential Success

Milestone shall be payable at [***] of the Success Milestone value set out in the table above, and no further Success Milestones shall be payable in respect of that Royalty Product;

(e)with respect to the TRBC1/2 Product, there shall be no reduction in the Success Milestone Payment identified as number (4)(ii), in the above table by virtue of such Success Milestone being a sequential Success Milestone in respect of the same Royalty Product (TRBC1/2 Product), unless such Success Milestone is a [***], where upon it shall be payable at [***] of the Success Milestone value set out at (4(ii)) in the table above, and no further Success Milestones shall be payable in respect of that TRBC1/2 Product;

(f)in calculating Net Sales for the applicable Royalty Product (i) the currency exchange mechanism set out in this Agreement to calculate the relevant Net Sales shall be applied and (ii) sales of any Complementary Diagnostic Product shall be excluded from Net Sales for the purposes of calculating whether a Success Milestone has been triggered;

(g)in the case of Success Milestones 7 and 8 above concerning Logic Gate Products, the reference to a “first Logic Gate Product” and a “second Logic Gate Product” shall mean that the first and second Logic Gate Products shall each [***]; and,

(h)in the case of Success Milestones 9 and 10 above concerning ZipCAR Products, the reference to a “first ZipCAR Product” and a “second ZipCAR Product” shall mean that the first and second ZipCAR Products shall each [***].

b.Additional Milestone Payments

i..During the Term, if Success Milestones 7 and 8 have both been achieved (irrespective of whether UCLB has received payments with respect to either or both of Success Milestones 7 and 8), should any subsequent Logic Gate Product achieve [***] (being any Logic Gate Product that [***]), Autolus shall, in accordance with Clause 16, pay to UCLB a one-off milestone payment of GBP £[***] upon the [***] of such subsequent Logic Gate Product (“Additional LG Milestone Payment”) provided that at the time of [***]. A “Milestone Logic Gate Product” is any Logic Gate Product in respect of which a Success Milestone Payment or Additional LG Milestone Payment has been paid or is payable. For the avoidance of doubt, subject to the requirement of [***], there shall be no limit on the number of Additional LG Milestone Payments that may be payable under this Clause 13.2.1. Upon there ceasing to be [***], this Clause 13.2.1 shall cease to apply.

ii..During the Term, if Success Milestones 9 and 10 have both been achieved (irrespective of whether UCLB has received payments with respect to either or both of Success Milestones 9 and 10), should any subsequent ZipCAR Product achieve [***] (being a ZipCAR Product that [***]), Autolus shall, in accordance with Clause 16, pay to UCLB a one-off milestone payment of GBP £[***] upon [***] of such subsequent ZipCAR Product (“Additional ZC Milestone Payment”) provided that at the time of [***]. A “Milestone ZipCAR Product” is any ZipCAR Product in respect of which a Success Milestone Payment or Additional ZC Milestone Payment has been paid or is payable. For the avoidance of doubt, subject to the requirement of [***], there shall be no limit on the number of Additional ZC Milestone Payments that may be payable under this Clause 13.2.2. Upon there ceasing to be [***], this Clause 13.2.2 shall cease to apply.

c.By way of example only to assist interpretation of Clauses 13.1 to 13.2.2 (inclusive) assuming:

i..a Royalty Product is a [***] Product, a [***] Product and a [***] Product, the first set of Success Milestones to be achieved for this Royalty Product would, on a simultaneous basis, be the Success Milestones for the [***] (number [***] in above table) and [***] Product (number [***] in the above table). Upon achievement of the foregoing simultaneous Success Milestones, the payment provisions of Clause [13.1.2(iii)(A) ]would apply and so UCLB would be entitled to receive a

payment of £[***] (the higher of the simultaneous Success Milestones). The second set of Success Milestones to be achieved for this Royalty Product would be the Success Milestone for the [***] Product (number [***] in the above table). As the Success Milestone for the [***] Product ([***]) in respect of the Royalty Product would be achieved after achievement of the Success Milestones [***], the Success Milestone for the [***] would be a sequential Success Milestone that would be subject to the provisions of Clause [13.1.2(iii)(B)]. Accordingly, if the Success Milestone for the [***] is achieved in relation to the aforementioned Royalty Product, UCLB would be entitled to receive a payment of £[***] ([***] of the Success Milestone ([***]));

ii..a Royalty Product is a [***] Product, a [***] Product and a [***] Product, the only Success Milestone for which a payment is due to UCLB would be the Success Milestone for the [***] Product (number [***] in the above table). Accordingly, if the Success Milestone for the [***] Product is achieved in relation to the aforementioned Royalty Product, UCLB would be entitled to receive a payment of £[***].

d.Sales Milestones

i..During the Term Autolus shall pay to UCLB each of the following one-off sales-related milestone payments (each a “Sales Milestone Payment”) payable in the Year that aggregate annual global Net Sales of all Royalty Products first exceed the following thresholds (each a “Sales Milestone”) calculated from the Effective Date:


Aggregate annual global Net Sales of all Royalty Products			Sales Milestone Payment ([***])
GBP £[***]			[***]
GBP £[***]			[***]

ii..In calculating aggregate annual global Net Sales, (i) the currency exchange mechanism set out in this Agreement to calculate the relevant Net Sales shall be applied; and (ii) sales of any Complementary Diagnostic Product shall not be included in Net Sales for the purposes of calculating whether a Sales Milestone has been triggered. Each of the Sales Milestone Payments in this Clause 13.4.2 shall be paid once only irrespective of the number of Royalty Products and shall be paid in accordance with Clause 16.

14.ROYALTIES

a.On a Program Licence by Program Licence basis, in partial consideration of the grant of that particular Program Licence, during the Royalty Term Autolus shall pay to UCLB a royalty on Net Sales of the applicable Royalty Product supplied by Autolus or its Sub-Licensees or any Assignee Entity within the applicable field under that Program Licence within the Territory, such royalty calculated as the percentage value of the Net Sales at the following rates subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, and in particular the remaining provisions of this Clause 14 (individually per Royalty Product a “Royalty” and collectively the “Royalties”):


Royalty Product and Field			Royalty Rate
Net Sales of BCMA Products within the BCMA Field			[***]
Net Sales of [*] Product within the Field (with effect from grant of the [*] Licence)			[***]
Net Sales of GD2 Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of Logic Gate Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of NSG Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of RQR8 Product within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of TRBC1/2 Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of ZipCAR Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of ccCAR Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of Epitope Tag Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of iCAR Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of RapaiCASP9 Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of Retrostim Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of TetCAR Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of ZAP-CAR Products within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of CAT19 1st Gen Product within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of CAT19 CNS Product within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of CAT19 Binder Product within the Field			[***]
Net Sales of TRBC2 Dx Products within the Field			[***]

b.Subject to Clause 14.4, only one Royalty Rate shall be payable per Royalty Product and the Royalty payable on a Royalty Product shall be calculated only once and payable only once.

c.The Royalty Rate in respect of a Royalty Product set out above shall be adjusted, as applicable, in accordance with the provisions of Clause 14.4 to 14.10, and the order of reduction or adjustment in the Royalty Rate or Royalty due shall be applied sequentially in the order of those remaining clauses.

d.Multiple Royalty Product Adjustments

No Royalty Product shall trigger more than one Royalty payment, such that if a product or therapy falls within two or more categories of Royalty Product (such as a GD2 Product being Covered by RQR8 Program IP) then the maximum Royalty payable for that particular product or therapy shall be calculated as a percentage of the Net Sales for such Royalty Product at a rate being the sum of [***] payable pursuant to Clause 14.1 for such Royalty Product, plus [***] of the next [***] payable pursuant to Clause 14.1 for such Royalty Product.

e.Adjustment to Royalty Rate for Sub-Licensees

Excluding the Royalty Rate for the GD2 Product, where Autolus has granted rights under the Technology to any Sub-Licensee in respect of any Royalty Product and at the effective date of such sub-licence, the Royalty Product has only been the subject of preclinical development (being any development activities prior to commencement of a phase I trial) conducted by or on behalf of Autolus, then the Royalty due to UCLB on Net Sales of that Royalty Product made by the Sub-Licensee, irrespective of the Royalty Rate(s) applicable to such Net Sales set out above, shall not exceed [***] of the sums received by Autolus from such Sub-Licensee in respect of such Net Sales.

f.Royalty Rate Reductions

In respect of each Royalty Product and on a country by country basis, the Royalty Rate applicable to the Net Sales for such Royalty Product shall be reduced by the percentages set out in the table below where the applicable circumstance exists or does not exist, as the context requires. Furthermore, where a product or therapy falls within two or more definitions of a Royalty Product, then the following circumstances shall be assessed on an individual Royalty Product by Royalty Product basis (and hence separate Program IP by Program IP basis) such that the Royalty Rate in respect of the product or therapy falling within one Royalty Product definition may be adjusted differently to the Royalty Rate that would be applicable for such same product or therapy also falling within a second definition for another Royalty Product.


Circumstance in the country of sale in respect of the applicable Royalty Product			Percentage reduction to the Royalty Rate
(A) the sale of the Royalty Product in the country of sale would were it not for the specific Licence granted hereunder in respect of Licensed Patents under one category of Program IP specific to that Royalty Product or the ownership by Autolus or the relevant Assignee Entity of the relevant Licensed Patents, at the time of sale infringe a Valid Claim of such Licensed Patents included in that Program IP.			[***]% (with respect to the Royalty Rate applicable only to the use of any Licensed Patents excluding the Epitope Tag Patents and Retrostim Patent Rights)
(B) where the Royalty Product is either an Epitope Tag Product and/or a Retrostim Product (i) such Royalty Product would were it not for the specific Licence granted hereunder in respect of the Epitope Tag Patent Rights and/or Retrostim Patent Rights, as applicable to that Royalty Product, or the ownership by Autolus or the relevant Assignee Entity of the Epitope Tag Patent Rights and/or Retrostim Patent Rights, at the time of sale infringe a Valid Claim of the Epitope Tag Patent Rights and/or Retrostim Patent Rights in that country of sale; (ii) the manufacture of such Royalty Product or the manufacture of any component used in its manufacture would, were it not for the specific Licence granted hereunder in respect of the Epitope Tag Patent Rights or the ownership by Autolus or the relevant Assignee Entity of the Epitope Tag Patent Rights, have infringed a Valid Claim of the Epitope Patent Tag Rights at the time of sale in the country of sale for such Royalty Product (as if such Royalty Product or any component used in the manufacture of such Royalty Product had been manufactured in the country of sale) and/or (iii) the manufacture of such Royalty Product or the manufacture of any component used in its manufacture would, were it not for the specific Licence granted hereunder in respect of the Retrostim Patent Rights, or the ownership by Autolus or the relevant Assignee Entity of the Retrostim Patent Rights have infringed a Valid Claim of the Retrostim Patent Rights at the time of its sale in the country of sale for such Royalty Product (as if such Royalty Product or any component used in the manufacture of such Royalty Product had been manufactured in the country of sale).			[***]% (with respect to the Royalty Rate applicable only to the use of Epitope Tag Patents or Retrostim Patent Rights only)
(C) Circumstance (A) above does not exist, but the Original Royalty Product or the CAT19 1st Gen Product or the CAT19 CNS Product benefits from Regulatory Exclusivity in that country of sale.			[***]%
(D) Neither of the circumstances (A) or (C) exists, but the sale of the Original Royalty Product or CAT19 1st Gen Product or CAT19 CNS Product is made in the country during the Know-How Period applicable to that Original Royalty Product or the CAT19 1st Gen Product or CAT19 CNS Product.			[***]%
(E) Neither of the circumstances (A) or (C) exists, but the sale of the CAT19 Binder Product is made in the country during the Know-How Period applicable to the CAT19 Binder Product, provided that the CAT19 Binder Product is not Covered by any Program IP in addition to the CAT19 Program IP at the time of sale.			[***]%
(F) (i) in the case of an Original Royalty Product or CAT19 Product, [*] for that applicable Original Royalty Product or CAT19 Product; or (ii) in the case of an Additional Royalty Product (that is not an Epitope Tag Product or a Retrostim Product), [*] for that applicable Additional Royalty Product; or (iii) in the case of an Epitope Tag Product or a Retrostim Product, neither circumstance (A) or (B) apply for such Epitope Tag Product or Retrostim Product (each being a “Royalty Expiry”).			[***]%

g.By way of example only to assist interpretation of the foregoing, assuming a Royalty Product is (i) both a [***] Product and a [***] Product, but that in the country of sale there are no Valid Claims remaining under the [***] Patent Rights and one Valid Claim remains under the [***] Patent Rights which would, were it not for the Licence to the [***] Program

IP or the ownership by Autolus or the relevant Assignee Entity of the [***] Patent Rights, be infringed by the sale of such Royalty Product, and there remains Regulatory Exclusivity then the applicable royalty would be [***] being [***] of the [***] Royalty Rate and [***] of the [***] Royalty Rate; or (ii) both a [***] Product and an [***] Product, but that in the country of sale there are no Valid Claims remaining under the [***] Patent Rights or [***] Patent Rights, but one Valid Claim remains under the [***] Patent Rights in the country of sale of the [***] Product, which Valid Claim would, were it not for the Licence to the [***] IP or the ownership by Autolus or the relevant Assignee Entity of the [***] Patent Rights, be infringed at the time of the sale of such [***] Product, by the manufacture of such [***] Product or by the manufacture of materials subsequently used in the manufacture of the such [***] Product (as if such manufacture was taking place in the country of sale), and the Royalty Product is sold during the Know-How Period, then the total applicable royalty would be[***], being [***] of the [***] Royalty Rate [***][***][***] and [***] of the [***] Royalty Rate [***][***][***].

h.For the purposes of Clause 14.6:

i..the “Know-How Period” means (a) with respect to Original Royalty Products the period of time in a particular country commencing with the Effective Date and expiring on the earlier of (i) the [***] of the Effective Date or (ii) [***] from the date of First Commercial Sale in the country in question for the applicable Original Royalty Product, and (b) with respect to a CAT19 1st Gen Product the period of time in a particular country commencing with the Second Amendment Date and expiring on the earlier of (i) the [***] of the Second Amendment Date or (ii) [***] from the date of First Commercial Sale in the country in question for the applicable CAT19 1st Gen Product and (c) with respect to a CAT19 Binder Product the period of time in a particular country commencing with the Second Amendment Date and expiring on the earlier of (i) the [***] of the Second Amendment Date or (ii) [***] from the date of First Commercial Sale in the country in question for the applicable CAT19 Binder Product, and (d) with respect to a CAT19 CNS Product the period of time in a particular country commencing with the Third Amendment Date and expiring on the earlier of (i) the [***] of the Third Amendment Date or (ii) [***] from the date of First Commercial Sale in the country in question for the applicable CAT19 CNS Product; and,

ii..no Royalty shall be payable on an Additional Royalty Product unless condition (A) or condition (B) exists at the time of sale.

i.Royalty Stacking

If Autolus, its Affiliates or any Sub-Licensee or any Assignee Entity in-licenses or acquires (a) any rights for Exploitation of the BioVec cell line referred to in Schedule 13 for the purpose of Exploiting the same GD2 Product that is the subject of the CRUK Study; or (b) any Patent Rights from any Third Party or, subject to Clause 14.10 from UCLB, and such Patent Rights are required (as reasonably assessed, based on such rights blocking Exploitation) to Exploit any Royalty Product(s) in any way (“Third Party Access Rights”); to the extent Autolus, its Affiliates or its Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity is required (under (a) and/or (b)) to pay any consideration, royalties, monies, milestones, or other fees under or in connection with the aforementioned use of such cell line and/or Third Party Access Rights applicable to any Royalty Product(s) (“TP Fees”), such TP Fees shall be deductible from Royalties otherwise due on those Royalty Product(s) as follows:

i..the deduction from Royalties of the TP Fees payable in respect of the [***][***][***] shall be limited to [***], and only [***] of the value of those TP Fees [***] may be deducted;

ii..in the case of TP Fees paid for Third Party Access Rights, a maximum deduction of [***] of the total Royalty that would otherwise be payable were it not for this Clause;

iii..for the purpose of this Clause, Third Party Access Rights shall include the in-licensing or acquisition of [***] or equivalent technology in so far as it relates to [***] but shall not include the in-licensing of any other unpatented technology.

j.If Autolus, its Affiliates or any Sub-Licensee or any Assignee Entity in-licenses any Patent Right from UCLB that is (i) in the name of UCLB as of the Effective Date; and/or (ii) is filed by or on behalf of or at the direction of UCLB within [***] after the Effective Date in

respect of any invention recorded in an invention disclosure form logged in UCLB’s database and categorised as “Biopharm” and with the status “being assessed” as of [***] prior to the Effective Date, then where such Patent Right is required to Exploit any Royalty Product(s) in any way (as reasonably assessed, based on such rights blocking Exploitation), if Autolus, its Affiliates or any Sub-Licensee or any Assignee Entity is required under the terms of such licence to pay any consideration, royalties, monies, milestones, or other fees under or in connection with such rights, the Royalty in respect of such Royalty Product(s) shall be reduced by [***].

k.Diminished Royalty Product

i..If a Third Party (that is not authorised as a Sub-licensee or an Assignee Entity to Exploit a particular Royalty Product) commences Exploitation of any Competitive Product in a country within the Territory that infringes any of the Intellectual Property licensed hereunder or any Assigned Patents (each an “Competing Entrant”), and UCLB and/or Autolus commence litigation against such Competing Entrant in respect of such Competitive Product, then in so far as any Royalties are due for sales of Royalty Product(s) in the country where litigation is ongoing and in respect of which the Competitive Product is competitive, such Royalties will be paid into escrow by Autolus pending resolution of such litigation. Upon conclusion of such litigation, the Royalties due on those Royalty Products sold during the period in which the litigation was on-going, shall be re-calculated (based on the final outcome of the patent position, status of Regulatory Exclusivity available and Know-How Period as at the conclusion of the litigation) and the funds held in escrow shall be distributed according to such re-calculation.

ii..All interest earned on the sums paid into escrow pursuant to this clause shall accrue to the benefit of the escrow account for distribution in accordance with Clause 14.11.

l.Royalty Term

The Royalty Term shall commence on the Effective Date and on a country by country basis and Royalty Product by Royalty Product basis, shall expire automatically upon there being a Royalty Expiry in such country for such Royalty Product. Upon such expiry the rights and licences granted under this Agreement to Autolus in respect of such Royalty Product and country (including any sub-licences granted by Autolus in respect thereof) shall become irrevocable, perpetual, royalty free and fully paid up.

15.SUB-LICENSEE PAYMENTS

a.If Autolus, upon (i) granting a sub-license of any Technology or a licence of Assigned Patents to a Sub-Licensee for the right to Exploit one or more Royalty Products (each being a “Sublicence”), or (ii) assigning any Assigned Patent to a third party (each being a “Patent Sale”) receives in consideration of that grant or sale any Net Receipts, Autolus shall, subject to Clause 15.2 and Clause 16, make payments to UCLB from time to time calculated by reference to a percentage of Net Receipts received by Autolus under the Sublicence or Patent Sale in accordance with the applicable percentage set out below (“Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment”):

i..where (i) the Sublicence includes a sub-licence under any of the BCMA Licence, the [***] Licence, the GD2 Licence, the Logic Gate Licence, the NSG Licence, the RQR8 Licence, the TRBC1/2 Licence and/or the ZipCAR Licence or a licence under any Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence but not under any Additional Program Licences, or (ii) the Patent Sale includes assignment of any of the [***] Patent Rights, the GD2 Patent Rights, the Logic Gate Patent Rights, the NSG Patent Rights, the TRBC1/2 Patent Rights and/or the ZipCAR Patent Rights: -


Circumstances at the time of grant of the Sublicence or Patent Sale			Percentage of Net Receipts
At the time of grant of the Sublicence or completion of such Patent Sale, the aggregate investment (by way of cash or debt) in Autolus from its incorporation date by its shareholders or investors for the development of the Technology is less than GBP £[***]			[***]%
At the time of grant of the Sublicence or completion of such Patent Sale, the aggregate investment (by way of cash or debt) in Autolus from its incorporation date by its shareholders or investors for the development of the Technology is equal to or more than GBP £[***] (unless the circumstances below apply)			[***]%
At the time of grant of the Sublicence or completion of such Patent Sale, at least [*] have passed since the aggregate investment (by way of cash or debt) in Autolus from its incorporation date by its shareholders or investors for the development of the Technology first equalled or exceeded GBP £[*] (in which case none of the above provisions shall apply)			[***]%

ii..where (i) the Sublicence is in respect of any of the ccCAR Licence, the Epitope Tag Licence, the iCAR Licence, the RapaiCASP9 Licence, the Retrostim Licence, the TetCAR Licence, and/or the ZAP-CAR Licence or a licence under any Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence (and does not include a sub-licence under any of the Original Program Licences or a licence under any Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence), or (ii) the Patent Sale is in respect of any of the ccCAR Patent Rights, the Epitope Tag Patent Rights, the iCAR Patent Rights, the RapaiCASP9 Patent Rights, the Retrostim Patent Rights and/or the ZAP-CAR Patent Rights (and does not include a sub-licence under any of the Original Program Licences or a licence under any Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence):


Circumstances at the time of grant of the Sublicence or Patent Sale			Percentage of Net Receipts
The Sublicence is granted or Patent Sale is completed within [***] following the Amendment Date			[***]%
The Sublicence is granted or Patent Sale is completed between [*] and [*] following the Amendment Date			[***]%
The Sublicence is granted or Patent Sale is completed anytime after [***] following the Amendment Date			[***]%

iii..where the Sublicence is in respect of the CAT19 Licence and/or under the CAT19 CNS Licence (and does not include a sub-licence under any of the Original Program Licences or the Additional Program Licences or a licence under any Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence):


Circumstances at the time of grant of the Sublicence			Percentage of Net Receipts
The Sublicence is granted within [***] following the Second Amendment Date			[***]%
The Sublicence is granted between [*] and [*] following the Second Amendment Date			[***]%
The Sublicence is granted anytime after [***] following the Second Amendment Date			[***]%

iv..where Autolus grants sub-licences under any of the Original Program Licences, the Additional Program Licences, the CAT19 Licence and/or under the CAT19 CNS Licence or a licence under any Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence or assigns an Assigned Patent which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence to the same Sub-Licensee or Asignee Entity (irrespective of whether such sub-licences, licences or patent assignments form part of the same, separate or a connected Sublicence or Patent Sale), then subject first to any reduction of the value of Net Revenues attributable to Intellectual Property that is not exclusively Technology (pursuant to Clause 15.2), for the purposes of calculating the Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment due to UCLB in respect of the Original Program Licences, the Additional Program Licences, the CAT19 Licence and/or the CAT19 CNS Licence or Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence the following shall apply:

xvi.to the extent Clause 15.2.1 applies, an adjustment will be made to the total value (after any adjustment pursuant to the provisions of Clause 15.2.1) after which the remaining value of the Net Receipts shall first be divided in proportion to the value fairly and reasonably attributable to the Original Program Licences and/or Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under the Original Program Licences, the value fairly and reasonably attributable to the Additional Program Licences and/or Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under the Additional Program Licences, the value fairly and reasonably attributable to the CAT19 Licence and the value fairly and reasonably attributable to the CAT19 CNS Licence;

xvii.at UCLB’s request, Autolus shall provide details to UCLB of the basis of Autolus’ proposed apportionment of the total value of Net Receipts between the Original Program Licences and/or Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under the Original Program Licences, the Additional Program Licences and/or Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under the Additional Program Licences, the CAT19 Licence and the CAT19 CNS Licence pursuant to (i); and,

xviii.following an agreed apportionment of the total value of Net Receipts between the Original Program Licences and/or Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under the Original Program Licences, the Additional Program Licences and/or Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under the Additional Program Licences, the CAT19 Licence and the CAT19 CNS Licence pursuant to (i), the Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment shall be calculated) using the applicable percentages set out in the tables under Clauses 15.1.1, 15.1.2, and 15.1.3.

b.Each Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment under Clause 15.1 is subject to the following:

i..where the Sublicence or Patent Sale includes a grant of rights to Intellectual Property which is not exclusively Technology, then for the purposes of calculating the Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment, the value of Net Receipts shall first be adjusted to a value attributable to the Technology sub-licensed, or in the case of the Assigned Patents, licensed or assigned, to the Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity (as applicable) which will be calculated in direct proportion to the value fairly and reasonably attributed to Technology licensed hereunder (or in the case of the Assigned Patents, assigned to Autolus or Assignee Entity) as against all other Intellectual Property licensed or assigned to the Third Party under the Sublicence or Patent Sale (as applicable). At UCLB’s request Autolus shall provide details to UCLB of the basis of any proposed apportionment;

ii..either party may refer any dispute relating to any apportionment of values either under any of Clauses 15.1.4 and/or 15.2.1 to the Expert in accordance with Part C of Schedule 8;

iii..Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments in respect of Net Receipts received under a particular Sublicence or Patent Sale shall, on a country by country basis, cease to be payable:

xix.under Clause 15.1.1 where Licensed Patents are sub-licensed, or in the case of Assigned Patents licensed or assigned, to the Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity (as applicable) in that country, upon the later of (i) the [***]; or (ii) [***] after the Effective Date;

xx.under Clause 15.1.1 where no Licensed Patents are sub-licensed to the Sub-Licensee in that country or in the case of Assigned Patents licensed or assigned, [***] after the Effective Date;

xxi.under Clause 15.1.2 upon [***] under the Additional Program Licences so sub-licensed or assigned;

xxii.under Clause 15.1.3 where Licensed Patents are sub-licensed to the Sub-Licensee in that country, upon the later of (i) [***] in that country; or (ii) [***] after the Second Amendment Date;

xxiii.under Clause 15.1.3 where no Licensed Patents are sub-licensed to the Sub-Licensee in that country, [***] after the Second Amendment Date; and

xxiv.under Clause 15.1.4, according to the relevant periods set out above under this Clause 15.2.3 applicable to the Technology licensed under the Original Program Licences, the Additional Program Licences and/or the CAT19 Licence; and/or the relevant Assigned Patents which were previously licensed under any such Program Licence.

c.In the event that any of the Milestones are achieved by a Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity (as opposed to by Autolus) in respect of a particular Royalty Product then Autolus shall be entitled to offset against the corresponding Milestone Payment payable to UCLB the amount of Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments payable to UCLB in respect of a Sublicence to that Royalty Product or Patent Sale of Assigned Patents Covering such Royalty Product on or before the date that the Milestone Payment is triggered. In the event that any Milestone Payment is triggered by a second or subsequent Royalty Product (derived from the same Program IP), the right to offset Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments against such Milestone Payment shall exclude any previous Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments to the extent that they have already been offset in relation to the previous Milestone Payment provided that any excess of a Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment not offset shall be capable of offset against future Milestone Payments relating to Royalty Products derived from the same Program IP. Where the amount of the Milestone Payment exceeds the Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments that can be offset against it, Autolus shall pay to UCLB the shortfall against that Milestone Payment in accordance with Clause 13.

16.REPORTING AND PAYMENT PROVISIONS

a.Payment Provisions for Milestone Payments and Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments

Milestone Payments and Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments shall all be made in accordance with the following procedure:

i..Autolus shall, within [***], of the occurrence of a Milestone or receipt of Net Receipts triggering a Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment, notify UCLB of such occurrence, and in the case of a receipt of Net Receipts Autolus shall include in its notification confirmation of what sum is payable by way of a Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment and its notification shall include the information listed in Schedule 10 in so far as relevant to the calculation of a Milestone or Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payment;

ii..UCLB shall send to Autolus a VAT invoice addressed to Autolus in respect of the applicable payment due under either Clause 13 or Clause 15;

iii..Autolus shall pay such invoice within [***] of the date of receipt of the same by Autolus.

b.Payment Provisions for Royalties

i..With effect from the First Commercial Sale of the first Royalty Product to be sold and throughout the remainder of the Royalty Term, Autolus shall provide UCLB with a written report showing the gross selling price of those Royalty Products (triggering Royalties or Milestones) sold by Autolus and its Sub-Licensees or any Assignee Entity in the preceding Quarter together with the calculations of Net Sales, which report shall include the information listed in Schedule 10 to the extent relevant to the calculation of Net Sales.

ii..Quarterly reports shall be due within [***] of the close of every Quarter. Autolus shall keep accurate records in sufficient detail to enable the Royalties and payable hereunder to be determined.

iii..After receipt of the Quarterly report referred to in Clause 16.2.2, UCLB shall send to Autolus a VAT invoice addressed to Autolus in respect of the applicable payment due under Clause 14 as indicated in the royalty report.

iv..Royalties shall be due and payable within [***] of the date such invoice is received by Autolus in accordance with Clause 16.2.3. Payments of Royalties due in whole or in part may be made in advance of such due date.

c.Late Payments

Any payment of any amount under this Agreement not received on the due date specified in accordance with this Clause 16 shall accrue interest thereafter on the sum due and owing from the date payment is due until the date payment is received at an annual interest rate equal to [***].

d.Currency Conversion

All amounts payable pursuant to this Agreement shall be payable in Pounds Sterling by bank transfer to a bank account designated from time to time in writing by UCLB. In calculating Net Sales, Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments and Royalties under this Agreement, where receipts are received in a currency other than Pounds Sterling, such sums shall be calculated as Pounds Sterling by converting such sums according to the spot rate for the Pound Sterling against the applicable currency as of midday on the day at the end of the applicable calendar Quarter, as such rate is advertised by the Financial Times in London.

e.Withholding

All amounts due under the Agreement shall be made after deduction of any withholding taxes, charges or other duties in the country of payment. Where any amount due to be paid under this Agreement is subject to any withholding or similar other tax, the Parties shall take reasonable steps to do such reasonable acts and things and sign such deeds and documents as reasonably appropriate to assist them to take advantage of any applicable double taxation agreements or other legislative provisions to reduce the rate of withholding or similar taxes with the object of paying the sums due under deduction of a reduced rate of withholding tax or on a gross basis. In the event there is no double taxation agreement or other legislative provision or the reduced rate of withholding tax under the relevant double taxation agreement is greater than zero per cent., Autolus (or its agent) shall promptly pay such withholding or similar tax by deducting the relevant amount from the payment due to UCLB, and send to UCLB proof of such withholding or similar tax in a form in accordance with the relevant taxation authority as evidence of such payments. Similarly, in so far as withholding or similar taxes are payable on sums ultimately due hereunder but are required to be made by Autolus’s Affiliates or Sub-Licensees, such withholding may be made and Autolus shall work with UCLB to obtain from Autolus’s Affiliates and Sub-Licensees proof that such withholding has been properly accounted for to the relevant tax authority and such documents as are reasonably necessary to allow UCLB to take advantage of any double taxation agreement, other legislative provision or reduced rate as may be available to it.

f.Royalty Audits

i..UCLB shall have the right to appoint, [***] on at least [***] prior written notice to Autolus, an independent certificated accountant reasonably acceptable to Autolus to undertake an audit of Autolus’s accounts and records relevant to the sales of Royalty Products, Net Sales and Net Receipts to verify the accuracy of any payments due in respect of Royalties and Net Receipts. The independent certified accountant shall spend no more than [***] at the premises of Autolus for the purpose of undertaking the audit. Thereafter, Autolus shall within [***] of receiving a written request from the independent accountant provide any additional information that is reasonable and reasonably requested for the purpose of assisting with the audit, provided that the foregoing obligation shall expire [***] after the audit. The independent auditor shall be required to enter into a confidentiality agreement on reasonable and standard terms with Autolus and shall not be entitled to disclose any confidential information of Autolus from the audit but shall be able to disclose whether or not Autolus is in compliance with its

reporting obligations and the levels of Royalty and Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments declared and paid, and any discrepancy in the amount of Royalties and Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments declared as against those calculated to be due. To comply with its obligations under this Clause 16.6.1, Autolus shall include obligations in its Sublicences and any assignment of the Assigned Patents to obtain and make available to the auditor appropriate information from Sub-Licensees and any Assignee Entity of an Assigned Patent to enable the independent auditor to verify the accuracy of Royalties, Net Receipts and Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments.

ii..If, as a result of an audit being undertaken, any additional amount is found to be owed by Autolus to UCLB, such additional amount shall be paid within [***] after receipt of the accountant’s report, along with interest at the annual interest rate of [***] from the date that such additional amount should have first been paid until paid in full. If the amount underreported as Royalties or Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments for the relevant periods that are the subject of the audit, are in excess of [***]. in the relevant audit, then Autolus shall in full and final settlement of any claim of breach reimburse UCLB for those reasonable and customary costs charged by the independent auditor for conducting such audit (upon production of accompanying receipted invoices in respect of the same). If the accountant determines that there has been an overpayment by Autolus, the amount of such overpayment shall be refunded to Autolus within [***] after receipt of the accountant’s report, or at Autolus’s discretion, set-off against a future payment of Royalties or Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments.

g.Fair Market Value

Any disagreement between the Parties as to the fair market value for the purpose of calculating any Net Sales pursuant to Part A of Schedule 8 of this Agreement shall be referred to an expert for resolution in accordance with the provisions of Part C of Schedule 8. The value of such Net Sales in dispute shall (i) not be included in the calculation of the percentage of underreported royalties referred to in Clause 16.6.2 for the purposes of determining responsibility for the auditor's fees; and (ii) be excluded from any late payment charges or allegations of breach for non-payment until such time as the dispute is resolved, a value attributed and at least [***] has passed from such final determination. Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, if the expert determines that the fair market value is such that UCLB is entitled to additional sums, UCLB shall be entitled to charge interest on any outstanding amount on a daily basis at a rate equivalent of [***], such interest shall be payable from the date UCLB issues a notice disputing the fair market value until the date the UCLB receives such additional payment.

17.BUY-OUT OPTION

a.On a Royalty Product by Royalty Product basis, once the aggregate Net Sales for a Royalty Product have exceeded GBP £[***], Autolus shall thereafter have a right, exercisable on written notice at any time, to negotiate with UCLB to buy out UCLB’s rights to Royalties, Milestone Payments and Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments Sales Milestone Payments on such Royalty Product (for each Royalty Product a “Buy-Out Option”). The reference to “buy out” in this Clause shall mean that UCLB shall cease to be entitled to Royalties in exchange for some other cash consideration.

b.Upon exercising the Buy-Out Option by way of Autolus serving a written notice on UCLB, the following shall apply until expiry of [***] after the date Autolus’s notice is deemed served (unless extended by agreement between the Parties):

i..Autolus and UCLB shall promptly and actively negotiate throughout the [***] period, in good faith and acting reasonably, fair and reasonable terms for, and the, conclusive agreement upon which the buy-out may be exercised;

ii..in so far as UCLB does not actively and properly participate in such negotiations or does not act reasonably or in good faith, the [***] period shall be extended by a period equal to, or otherwise fairly calculated to, compensate for any delay in or absence from a negotiation by UCLB in accordance with the principles under Clause 17.2.1.

18.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROSECUTION AND MAINTENANCE

a.Ownership

i..Nothing in this Agreement shall assign or purport to assign any Intellectual Property rights owned by one Party to the other Party.

ii..With the exception of the Assigned Patents, ownership of which has been assigned to Autolus with effect from the Third Amendment Date, UCLB is and shall at all other times remain the sole and exclusive owner of all right, title and interest in and to any and all Program IP. UCLB shall not assign, mortgage, encumber or otherwise gift or provide an option over any of the Licensed Patents or Program IP without the prior written consent of Autolus.

iii..Autolus is and shall at all times remain the sole and exclusive owner of all right, title and interest in and to any and all Intellectual Property that it owns or Controls (other than by virtue of the licences granted hereunder) as of or after the Effective Date.

b.Patent Prosecution

i..In respect of the Retained Patents:

xxv.UCLB shall not Surrender any of them without the prior written consent of Autolus;

xxvi.UCLB shall ensure that all documents and correspondence that it, or its agents or other licensees receive in connection with any of such Retained Patents shall be promptly and in any event within seven (7) days forwarded to Autolus, and without limiting the foregoing, UCLB shall keep Autolus promptly informed in advance of any steps taken regarding the RQR8 Patent Rights and the [***] Existing Patent;

xxvii.UCLB shall promptly notify Autolus of any threatened or actual claim of invalidity or revocation or opposition of any of the Retained Patents and shall provide full details and all such information available to it regarding such threatened or actual claim;

xxviii.in respect of the RQR8 Patent Rights, if the validity of any of them is challenged and UCLB (or its other licensees) does not defend such challenge, then Autolus shall have the right (but not the obligation) to control, direct and conduct such proceedings. UCLB shall do (or not do) all such things as are reasonably directed by Autolus to enable Autolus to control, direct and conduct such proceedings, including allowing Autolus’s legal representatives to conduct such litigation in UCLB’s name where required or beneficial provided that Autolus indemnifies UCLB and/or its Affiliates for any Third Party costs, damages, expenses or liability incurred by UCLB and/or its Affiliates as a direct result of assisting Autolus subject to Clause 18.8. Autolus shall pay UCLB’s and/or its Affiliates for any reasonable (economy) travel and reasonable subsistence costs incurred by UCLB and/or its Affiliates as a result of assisting Autolus under this Clause 18.2.1(iv). Autolus shall consult and co-operate with UCLB and its licensees outside of the RQR8 Field if it elects to defend such challenge;

xxix.UCLB shall provide assistance to and co-operate with Autolus in accordance with this Clause 18 without any further cost to Autolus, save that (i) if UCLB personnel are required to participate in any opposition proceeding (or comparable proceeding before patent offices and courts) which requires full time involvement for more than [***] per annum per Program IP under any Program Licence, then for such excess co-operation beyond the [***] for that Program IP Autolus shall reimburse UCLB its reasonable costs, and (ii) this provision shall be without prejudice to the indemnity given in Clause 18.2.1(iv); and,

xxx.any enforcement of the Licensed Patents shall be subject to Clause 19.

ii..[***]

c.In respect of the RQR8 Patent Rights:

i..Autolus shall be responsible for [***]. of those Patent Prosecution Costs properly incurred by UCLB in the prosecution and maintenance of the RQR8 Patent Rights provided that UCLB’s Third Party licensee outside the RQR8 Field and/or UCLB is responsible for and pays [***] of those Patent Prosecution Costs;

ii..UCLB shall keep Autolus informed of developments in the prosecution and maintenance of the RQR8 Patent Rights and shall provide Autolus with copies of

all material correspondence to and from its patent attorneys or patent offices in relation to the RQR8 Patent Rights and shall provide Autolus reasonable notice of and the opportunity at its own cost to participate in any conference calls or meetings with UCLB’s patent attorneys in relation to the drafting, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of the RQR8 Patent Rights;

iii..UCLB shall consult with Autolus in connection with UCLB’s and its Third Party licensee’s strategy for the prosecution and maintenance of the RQR8 Patent Rights;

iv..UCLB shall take into account any reasonable comments and suggestions of Autolus in relation to the prosecution and maintenance of the RQR8 Patent Rights; and

v..UCLB shall notify Autolus in advance of any step(s) UCLB proposes be taken which would change the specification or reduce the scope of the claims of the RQR8 Patent Rights in the RQR8 Field, and having done so shall take into account any reasonable comments and suggestions promptly proposed by Autolus in relation to such steps.

d.Section intentionally left blank.

e.Autolus and UCLB shall, promptly after the Effective Date, and thereafter throughout the Term appoint a designated and named member of its respective personnel, experienced in and responsible for Intellectual Property matters, which person shall act as the liaison between Autolus and UCLB (and UCLB’s other licensees as necessary) with respect to the Licensed Patents and obligations thereto under this Agreement and shall make themselves available at reasonable times and on reasonable notice to address any matters concerning the Licensed Patents.

f.Validation and Maintenance of Assigned Patents

Autolus shall have the sole discretion to determine, on a reasonable basis and following its notification to UCLB, in which countries to maintain or Surrender the Assigned Patents. Notwithstanding the foregoing discretion, if Autolus wishes to Surrender any of the Assigned Patents in any of the Core Countries then the following shall apply:

i..prior to taking any steps to Surrender an Assigned Patent in a Core Country, Autolus shall first provide UCLB with at least [***] notice of its intention identifying the Assigned Patent and applicable Core Countries;

ii..UCLB shall have a right of step-in (to be exercised within [***] of notice from Autolus under Clause 18.6.1) to take over such Assigned Patent in the applicable Core Country and if it exercises such right (i) UCLB shall thereafter be responsible for all costs and expenses associated with such Assigned Patent for that applicable Core Country; (ii) Autolus’s licence to that Assigned Patent for that applicable Core Country shall continue in such Core Country and the Assigned Patent concerned shall continue to be a Licensed Patent in respect of such Core Country; and,

iii..if UCLB does not exercise its step-in right in accordance with Clause 18.6.2, then Autolus shall be entitled without breach of this Agreement to Surrender such Assigned Patent in such Core Countries.

g.SPCs and Patent Notifications

i..Without the prior written consent of Autolus, UCLB shall not file any supplementary protection certificate or patent term extension right (“SPC”) under any Retained Patents with respect to the issue of any Regulatory Approval (including any Marketing Approval) for any product. Upon Autolus’s request, UCLB shall file and, at Autolus’s direction, control and expense, prosecute an application for an SPC against any of the Retained Patents with respect to any product.

ii..Where any country in the Territory requires the holder of a Regulatory Approval with respect to a medicinal product or medical device to designate one or more Patent Rights as being Patent Rights that protect such medicinal product or medical device (including the purple book listing required by the FDA) (an “Purple Book Reference”), then Autolus shall have the sole right to specify which (if any) Patent Rights should be listed in such references and UCLB shall list any of the Retained Patents if Autolus wishes to do so.

h.Indemnity Conditions

Autolus’s obligation to continue to indemnify UCLB pursuant to Clauses 18.2.1(iv) and 19.2.2(ii) is conditional upon:

i..UCLB taking those steps, doing those things or refraining from doing those things requested of it by Autolus for the duration of the indemnification;

ii..UCLB not making any admission or settlement (or taking steps to do so) concerning the proceedings without the prior written consent of Autolus;

iii..Autolus having sole conduct of the applicable proceedings for the duration of the indemnification;

iv..any damages, account of profits, financial remedy or costs recovered from Third Parties (whether in UCLB’s name or otherwise) in respect of the applicable proceedings being for the sole account of Autolus.

19.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ENFORCEMENT

a.A Party shall notify the other of any information it has regarding any Third Party infringement of (i) the Intellectual Property licensed under or pursuant to this Agreement; and/or (ii) the Assigned Patents, in each case in so far as such infringements are related to any products, services or processes.

b.In respect of any alleged, threatened or actual infringement of the Intellectual Property licensed or sub-licensed hereunder (“Enforcement Action”) the following, subject to Clause 19.3, shall apply:

i..With respect to the Assigned Patents, Autolus shall have the sole right to determine whether or not it wishes to bring proceedings for the Enforcement Action. With respect to other Licensed Patents, Autolus shall have the first right to determine whether or not to bring such proceedings, and only if Autolus elects not to bring proceedings itself shall UCLB have the right to decide whether or not to bring proceedings for the Enforcement Action (but in doing so UCLB shall have regard to the advice and recommendations of Autolus);

ii..where Autolus, in exercising its right under Clause 19.2.1, decides to enforce any of the Licensed Patents or other Intellectual Property licensed hereunder, then:

xxxi.at Autolus’s expense, Autolus shall have the right to control, direct and conduct such proceedings;

xxxii.UCLB shall allow Autolus’s legal representatives to conduct any litigation in UCLB’s name (i) where required by law in the country of the Enforcement Action or (ii) to the extent beneficial to the enforcement or relief sought; and (iii) in doing so UCLB shall do (or not do) all such things as are directed by Autolus to enable Autolus to control, direct and conduct such proceedings provided that Autolus indemnifies UCLB and/or its Affiliates for any Third Party costs, damages, expenses or liability incurred by UCLB and/or its Affiliates directly as a result of assisting Autolus control, direct and conduct such proceedings subject to Clause 18.8 (it being acknowledged that UCLB shall have the right to be separately advised (but not represented before the proceedings) by its own counsel at UCLB’s own expense). Autolus shall pay UCLB’s and/or its Affiliates’ costs for any reasonable (economy) travel and reasonable subsistence costs incurred by UCLB and/or its Affiliates as a result of assisting Autolus under this Clause (ii);

xxxiii.UCLB shall use its reasonable endeavours to procure that UCL and MP shall do all such things as are reasonably directed by Autolus to assist or enable Autolus to control, direct and conduct such proceedings;

xxxiv.Autolus shall have the right to nominate, change or amend any Purple Book Reference and UCLB shall co-operate in such nomination, change or amendment to list any of the Licensed Patents if Autolus wishes to do so; and,

xxxv.Autolus shall keep UCLB promptly and fully informed of any and all steps and events in any proceedings (including promptly responding to any requests for information and allowing UCLB to attend any meetings) and shall give due consideration to any reasonable comments and suggestions of UCLB with respect to such Enforcement Action;

iii..UCLB shall keep Autolus promptly and fully informed of any and all steps and events in any proceedings (including promptly responding to any requests for information and allowing Autolus to attend any meetings) which are not being

directed or controlled by Autolus relating to any of the Licensed Patents or other Intellectual Property licensed hereunder and shall give due consideration to any reasonable comments and suggestions of Autolus with respect to such action;

iv..any recovery of damages or other financial remedy obtained in respect of the Enforcement Action shall, after deduction of all litigation costs (comprising attorney fees, expert fees, taxes, charges, disbursements, court fees and other costs incurred in connection with proceedings), be (i) in the case of an Enforcement Action in respect of a Competitive Product be treated as Net Sales, and (ii) in all other cases be for the account of Autolus; and,

v..any defence of the validity of the Licensed Patents, where validity is put in issue after commencement of proceedings for the Enforcement Action shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Clause 18 shall be subject to this Clause 19.

c.For the avoidance of doubt, an Enforcement Action and Autolus’s right to conduct such action where the RQR8 Patent Right has been infringed, shall only be in so far as the infringement is within the RQR8 Field.

d.Where either Party becomes aware of an infringement or potential infringement of the RQR8 Patent Rights, the Parties shall consult with each other and with UCLB’s Third Party licensee outside of the RQR8 Field to decide the best way to respond to such infringement. Where Autolus pursues any Enforcement Action of the RQR8 Patent Rights in accordance with Clause 19.3 and if the alleged infringement is both within and outside the RQR8 Field or there is any challenge to the validity of the RQR8 Patent Rights, Autolus shall co-operate with UCLB’s Third Party licensee in relation to the conduct of such action and its settlement.

20.CONFIDENTIALITY

a.The Parties acknowledge that in connection with this Agreement, either Party may disclose or may have disclosed itself or on its behalf (a “Disclosing Party”) to the other Party (each a “Recipient Party”) information belonging to such Party which information is marked or stated in writing to be “confidential” or “trade secret” information or where the circumstances of the disclosure and/or the nature of the information otherwise reasonably give notice of the confidential character of the information (“Confidential Information”). All such Confidential Information of a Disclosing Party shall, subject to Clause 20.3, be maintained in confidence by each Recipient Party and shall not be used by the Recipient Party for any purpose except for its proper execution of its obligations under this Agreement and the Exploitation of any Product or as otherwise expressly authorised (including, in respect of any confidential Know-How to the extent such Know-How is licensed to the Receiving Party) under this Agreement or to the extent otherwise agreed in writing by the Disclosing Party provided that the Recipient Party may disclose any Confidential Information disclosed to it by the Disclosing Party to the extent that such disclosure by the Recipient Party is:

i..to its employees, directors, consultants or sub-contractors but only on a “need to know” basis provided each such employee, director, consultant or sub-contractor is subject to obligations of confidentiality consistent with the obligations of confidentiality in this Clause 20;

ii..to its sub-licensees in respect of confidential Know-How that is licensed to the Recipient Party, but only on a “need to know” basis provided each such sub-licensee is subject to obligations of confidentiality consistent with the obligations of confidentiality in this Clause 20;

iii..to an Ethics Committee or Regulatory Authority in connection with any Ethics Committee Application or seeking or maintaining any Regulatory Approval for any product or therapy in accordance with this Agreement; provided, however, that reasonable measures shall be taken to assure confidential treatment of such Information;

iv..on a “need to know” and confidential basis to its, or its Affiliates’, legal and financial advisors to the extent such disclosure is reasonably necessary in connection with such Party’s activities as expressly permitted by this Agreement or for the conduct of its, or such Affiliates’, business;

v..to a prospective acquirer or licensee and such Third Party’s employees, advisors and representatives in each case on a “need to know” confidential basis for the sole purpose of considering such transaction provided that such persons are

under substantially similar obligations of confidentiality and non-use as the Recipient Party is pursuant to this Clause 20.

b.Throughout the Term of this Agreement and thereafter, each Recipient Party shall exercise a reasonable degree of care being at least the same degree of care as it uses to protect its own Confidential Information of similar nature to preserve the confidentiality of all Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party. Each Recipient Party shall safeguard Confidential Information against disclosure to third parties, including Affiliates, employees and persons working or consulting for such Party that do not have an established current need to know such Confidential Information for purposes in connection with this Agreement or to whom the Recipient Party is not entitled to disclose the same pursuant to this Clause 20.

c.The obligation of confidentiality contained in this Clause 20 shall not apply to any part of any Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party:

i..that was in the possession of the Recipient Party, without any restriction on use or disclosure, prior to receipt from the Disclosing Party;

ii..that was at the time of disclosure by or on behalf of the Disclosing Party, in the public domain by public use, publication or general knowledge;

iii..that became general or public knowledge through no fault of a Recipient Party following disclosure hereunder;

iv..that was properly obtained, without confidentiality or non-use restrictions, by the Recipient Party from a Third Party who was not under a confidentiality or non-use obligation to the Disclosing Party;

v..that was documented to have been independently developed by or on behalf of the Recipient Party without the assistance of the Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party.

d.The foregoing obligations of confidentiality and non-use shall not be breached by a Recipient Party disclosing Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party to the extent the same is required to be disclosed by order of any court, governmental authority, Regulatory Authority or other regulatory body (including any listing authority or financial regulator) provided, however, that the Recipient Party should give the Disclosing Party prior notice of any such disclosure so as to afford the Disclosing Party a reasonable opportunity to seek, at the expense of the Disclosing Party such protective orders or other relief as may be available in the circumstances.

e.Except for any press release agreed by the Parties, neither party shall during the Term, disclose any financial terms of this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other Party except for such disclosure as may be reasonably necessary to either Party's bankers, investors, attorneys or other professional advisors or in connection with any actual or proposed merger, sale or acquisition or as may be required by law in the offering of securities or in securities or regulatory filings or otherwise.

f.The Parties acknowledge that confidential information may have been disclosed pursuant to the CDA to employees, partners and representatives of Syncona LLP who themselves may provide services or advice to or sit on the board of Autolus UCLB hereby agrees that notwithstanding the terms of the CDA employees, partners and representatives of Syncona Management LLP, Syncona Partners LLP and Syncona LLP who received confidential information from UCLB under the CDA shall be entitled to disclose the same to Autolus and its employees, directors, consultants or sub-contractors subject to the terms of this Clause 20.

21.WARRANTIES AND COVENANTS

a.Autolus and UCLB each respectively represent and warrant to the other at the Effective Date that each of the warranties at Part A of Schedule 9 in respect of itself, its Affiliates, its assets, its knowledge or its Intellectual Property is accurate as at the Effective Date.

b.UCLB represents and warrants to Autolus at the Effective Date that except as disclosed in a Disclosure Letter dated as of the Effective Date each of the warranties at Part B of Schedule 9 is accurate at the Effective Date.

c.UCLB represents and warrants to Autolus at the Amendment Date that except as disclosed in a Disclosure Letter dated as of the Amendment Date each of the warranties at Part C of Schedule 9 is accurate at the Amendment Date.

d.UCLB represents and warrants to Autolus at the Third Amendment Date that except as disclosed in a Disclosure Letter dated as of the Third Amendment Date each of the warranties at Part E of Schedule 9 is accurate at the Third Amendment Date.

e.For warranties given by UCLB in respect of its knowledge or awareness, such knowledge or awareness shall be limited to the actual knowledge or awareness at the Effective Date or the Amendment Date, as applicable, (without having made any searches or enquiries, other than of UCLB’s Biopharm marked database) of the senior management team of UCLB (director status and above) and [***].

f.For warranties given by UCLB at the Second Amendment Date in respect of its knowledge or awareness, such knowledge or awareness shall be limited to the actual knowledge or awareness at the Second Amendment Date, (without having made any searches or enquiries, other than of UCLB’s Biopharm market database) of the senior management team of UCLB (director status and above) and [***].

g.For warranties given by UCLB at the Third Amendment Date in respect of its knowledge or awareness, such knowledge or awareness shall be limited to the actual knowledge or awareness at the Third Amendment Date, (without having made any searches or enquiries, other than of UCLB’s Biopharm market database) of the senior management team of UCLB (director status and above) and [***].

h.Save for the warranties and representations expressly set forth above by reference to Schedule 9, (i) the Parties exclude all other warranties and representations of any kind, whether express or implied in connection with this Agreement, save that the foregoing shall not exclude or limit any liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation and (ii) without prejudice to the above, UCLB does not give any warranty, representation or undertaking:

i..as to the efficacy, usefulness, fitness for purpose, quality, safety or commercial or technical viability of the Technology and/or any Royalty Products;

ii..that any of the Licensed Patents are or will be valid or will proceed to grant.

22.LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

a.Special, Indirect and Other Losses

In no event shall any Party or any of their respective Affiliates be liable for breach of contract, statutory duty, negligence or in any other way for special, indirect, incidental, punitive or consequential damages or for any indirect economic loss or indirect loss of profits suffered by any other Party or their respective Affiliates.

b.No Exclusion

UCLB’s total aggregate liability to Autolus for any and all loss or damage suffered by Autolus as a result of breach of or otherwise in connection with this Agreement and the Patent Assignment in respect to any and all claims arising under this Agreement or the Patent Assignment shall be limited to GBP £[***], provided that in the event that any breach of warranty 1.5 and/or 1.6 of Schedule 9 gives rise to loss suffered by Autolus in excess of this cap, the cap shall be increased to the sum of GBP £[***] such that UCLB’s total aggregate liability for any and all claims arising under or in connection with this Agreement shall be limited to the sum of GBP £[***].

c.Nothing in this Agreement shall limit or be construed to limit in any way any liability a Party (or its respective Affiliates) may have to the other Party (or its Affiliates) under this Agreement in respect of (i) death or personal injury caused by that Party’s (or its respective Affiliates’) negligence; (ii) any fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation or (iii) any other liability which, by rule of law, may not be excluded or limited by contract between parties.

23.INDEMNITY AND INSURANCE

a.Subject to Clause 23.2, Autolus shall indemnify and hold harmless:

i..the CRUK Funders and their respective officers and employees as well as those researchers and contributors who participated in the conduct of the CRUK Study, including Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (“CRUK Indemnified Parties”), from and against any and all Third Party (excluding any of the Indemnified Parties) claims, proceedings, liabilities, damages and expenses (including, reasonable legal fees) arising from or in connection with Autolus’s and/or its sublicensees’ exercise of the CRUK Rights granted to Autolus hereunder;

ii..UCLB and/or its Affiliates and any officers, employees, contractors and/or consultants of UCLB and/or its Affiliates (“UCLB Indemnified Parties”), from and

against any and all Third Party (excluding any of the Indemnified Parties) claims, proceedings, liabilities, damages and expenses (including, reasonable legal fees) arising from or in connection with Autolus’s and/or its sublicensees’ exercise of any of the rights (i) granted to Autolus hereunder or (ii) assigned to Autolus under the Patent Assignment;

iii..each of the foregoing Third Party claims, proceedings, liabilities, damages and expenses (including, reasonable legal fees) being an “Indemnity Claim” and CRUK Indemnified Parties and UCLB Indemnified Parties collectively being the “Indemnified Parties” or individually an “Indemnified Party”. For the purposes of this Clause, “CRUK Rights” shall mean those parts of the licences hereunder to Autolus where (i) CRT is the head licensor to UCLB which includes the GD2 Clinical Study Results and the [***]; or (ii) the CRUK Funders have directly funded the development of the licensed Intellectual Property being certain of the BCMA Program IP.

b.Autolus’s obligation to indemnify the Indemnified Parties in respect of an Indemnity Claim is dependent upon compliance with the following provisions:

i..promptly after receipt by an Indemnified Party of any claim or alleged claim or notice of the commencement of any action, administrative or legal proceeding, or investigation to which the indemnity provided for in Clause 23.1 may apply, UCLB or the Indemnified Party shall give written notice to Autolus of such fact and provide all information available to it and relevant to the Indemnity Claim to Autolus;

ii..the Indemnified Party shall permit Autolus to have sole control, conduct, defence and settlement of the Indemnity Claim and shall not make any admission or reach any settlement with the Third Party other than at Autolus’s written direction or with Autolus’s prior written consent;

iii..the Indemnified Party shall co-operate in good faith with Autolus in the conduct of any defence or settlement and shall provide reasonable assistance and do all things as may be reasonably required to enable any Indemnified Claim to be defended and shall provide promptly to Autolus (i) copies (or originals where available) of all correspondence and documents relevant to the Indemnified Claim; (ii) reasonable access to all personnel of the Indemnified Party (including its consultants) to assist with defence of the Indemnified Claim and (iii) all other information, documents or assistance as may be reasonably required;

iv..Autolus shall have the right at its sole discretion to bring any counterclaim in the name of:

xxxvi.any CRUK Indemnified Parties provided it receives the prior written consent of the applicable CRUK Indemnified Parties (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed) to bring such counterclaim; and/or,

xxxvii.any UCLB Indemnified Parties provided it first notifies the applicable UCLB Indemnified Parties of its intention to bring such counterclaim.

v..Autolus shall have the right at its sole discretion to settle or compromise any Indemnity Claim except that Autolus shall not without the prior written consent of the Indemnified Party:

xxxviii.admit any liability on the part of any Indemnified Party; or,

xxxix.in respect of any product liability claims the subject of the Indemnity Claim, not make any public statement that amounts to any admission of wrongdoing on the part of the Indemnified Party.

vi..Should any damages, financial remedy, costs or other recovery be made in favour of the Indemnified Party or Autolus, such sums shall be for the sole account of Autolus.

c.Autolus shall consult with the Indemnified Party on the defence and/or settlement of any Indemnified Claim and in so far as is reasonable, Autolus shall consider any reasonable suggestions of the Indemnified Party in the conduct of the defence or settlement of the Indemnity Claim.

d.Should Autolus assume conduct of the defence the Indemnified Party may retain separate legal advisers at its sole cost and expense, save that if Autolus denies the applicability of the indemnity or reserves its position in relation to the same, the indemnity

in Clause 23.1 shall extend to the Indemnified Party’s costs and expenses so incurred if Autolus’s position is established to be substantively incorrect.

e.Upon termination or expiry of this Agreement, Autolus’s obligation to provide an indemnity to the Indemnified Parties pursuant to Clause 23.1 for any actions or proceedings shall expire [***] after the termination or expiry of the Agreement, save in respect of any product liability actions or proceedings in which case no limit of time shall apply.

f.Autolus shall maintain, at its own cost, comprehensive and customary insurance including product liability insurance in an amount and for a period sufficient to cover Autolus’s liabilities under this Agreement. [***] Autolus shall upon UCLB’s request, provide UCLB with a copy of the latest certificate evidencing the coverage required hereby, and the amount thereof. UCLB shall be entitled to provide a copy of such certificate to CRT. Such insurance shall be with a reputable insurance company.

24.TERMINATION

a.This Agreement shall take effect on the Effective Date and shall continue thereafter unless and until terminated in accordance with this Clause 24 or if earlier until such time as the Royalty Term in each country in the Territory has expired and no further Sublicence Or Patent Sale Payments or Milestone Payments are due, in which case all Licences, the Manufacturing Licence and UCL Background Licence granted hereunder shall automatically convert to a perpetual, irrevocable, royalty free licence (the “Term”).

b.The Parties may, by mutual written agreement, agree that this Agreement be terminated in whole or on a Program Licence by Program Licence basis.

c.Autolus may terminate this Agreement upon thirty (30) days prior written notice to UCLB on a (i) Program Licence by Program Licence basis; or (ii) in respect of all Licences.

d.Either Party (a “Non-Defaulting Party”) may terminate this Agreement (without prejudice to its other rights and remedies) with immediate effect by written notice to the other Party (the “Defaulting Party”) if:

i..the Defaulting Party commits a material breach of its material obligations under this Agreement (it being acknowledged that UCLB may not terminate under this Clause for any breach of Clause 11) and, if the breach is capable of remedy, fails to remedy it during the longer period of (i) [***] or (ii) such other period as the Parties may, acting in good faith having regard to the nature of the breach and the time required to remedy the same, agree in writing (the “Notice Period”), in each case starting on the date of receipt of notice from the Non-Defaulting Party which specifies the breach in reasonable detail and requires it to be remedied. If the Defaulting Party in good faith disputes that it has committed a material breach under this Agreement, or that it has not cured the claimed breach within the Notice Period, it may refer the matter to the dispute resolution procedure under Clause 33 provided that the termination shall not be effective until conclusion of all dispute resolution procedures pursued by any Party including any proceedings before a court to determine the validity of the termination notice; or

ii..the Defaulting Party suffers an Insolvency Event.

e.Without prejudice to Clause 24.4, UCLB may (unless the non-payment is remedied in the [***]) terminate this Agreement upon [***] prior written notice if Autolus has not paid sums in excess of £[***] which are properly due under this Agreement, provided that the sums are not subject to a bona fide dispute between the Parties. In the event of a payment dispute:

i..each Party shall provide the other with written reasons as to why it believes any disputed sums are either not payable or payable (as applicable):

ii..the Parties shall attempt to resolve the payment dispute by following the escalation process for dispute resolution set out in Clause 33.2; and

iii..where the Parties are unable to resolve the payment dispute by way of the escalation process set out in Clause 33.2, the Parties shall seek to resolve the dispute by following the dispute resolution procedure set out in Clauses 33.3 and/or 33.9.

f.Following resolution of any payment dispute, Autolus shall pay UCLB any amount agreed or adjudged to be due, together with interest thereon, such interest shall be payable at a rate of [***], for the period from when such amount was originally due until the date that UCLB receives the agreed or adjudged sums. If Autolus fails to pay UCLB the requisite payment within [***] of the date of receipt of invoice from UCLB requesting the agreed or

adjudged sums, UCLB shall be entitled to terminate this Agreement with immediate effect by written notice at the end of the [***].

g.If the disputed amount is a part of a larger payment, Autolus shall pay UCLB the non-disputed amount no later than [***] after receipt of the invoice from UCLB requesting the non-disputed amount, failing which UCLB shall be entitled to terminate the Agreement pursuant to the provisions of Clause 24.5.

h.The Parties shall continue to perform their obligations under this Agreement, notwithstanding any dispute between the Parties with respect to payment.

i.Save as provided under this Clause 24 (but without prejudice to the rights to terminate individual Program Licences under Clause 11), the Parties shall have no other right to terminate this Agreement including under any right according to common law.

25.CONSEQUENCES OF TERMINATION

a.Upon termination of a Program Licence under Clause 24, other than the Background Licence granted pursuant to Clause 2.1.2 and the Manufacturing Licence granted pursuant to Clause 2.3.2:

i..the applicable Program Licence shall automatically terminate;

ii..Autolus shall, at its expense, assign to UCLB any Assigned Patents relating solely to such Program Licence; and,

iii..Autolus shall cease to have rights under this Agreement to Exploit the Royalty Product applicable to such Program Licence and all of its rights and obligations under this Agreement concerning such Royalty Product shall cease including the rights under Clauses 2.1.1 and 2.3.1 applicable to such Program Licence.

b.Upon termination of a Program Licence under Clause 11.1.5, 11.2.3, or 11.3.2 other than the Background Licence granted pursuant to Clause 2.1.2 and the Manufacturing Licence granted pursuant to Clause 2.3.2:

i..the applicable Program Licence shall automatically terminate;

ii..Autolus shall, at its expense, assign to UCLB any Assigned Patents relating solely to such Program Licence;

iii..Autolus shall cease to have rights under this Agreement to Exploit the Royalty Products applicable to such Program Licence and all of its rights and obligations under this Agreement concerning such Royalty Products shall cease including the rights under Clauses 2.1.1 and 2.3.1 applicable to such Program Licence; and,

iv..subject to Clause 25.3, UCLB shall have the option to negotiate with Autolus to agree terms for the grant of an exclusive licence to those Autolus Improvements Controlled by Autolus and free of any restriction or encumbrance, such licence to be limited to the Exploitation of those Autolus Improvements relating to the specific Program Licence relating to Program IP that has been terminated, provided that those Autolus Improvements are only used together with that same applicable Program IP.

c.Upon termination of a Program Licence under Clause 11.4.3, UCLB and Autolus shall negotiate the terms for any licence pursuant to Clause 25.2.3 in good faith and seeking fair and reasonable commercial terms and UCLB’s right to negotiate with Autolus shall expire [***] following notice of termination.

d.Upon termination of this Agreement as a whole under Clause 24:

i..all Licences other than the Background Licence granted pursuant to Clause 2.1.2 and the Manufacturing Licence granted pursuant to Clause 2.3.2 shall automatically terminate;

ii..Autolus shall, at its expense, assign to UCLB any Assigned Patents;

iii..Autolus shall cease to have rights under this Agreement to Exploit any Royalty Products and all of its rights and obligations under this Agreement concerning Royalty Products shall cease; and,

iv..where termination is effected by UCLB for Autolus’s breach, UCLB shall have the option to negotiate with Autolus to agree terms for the grant of an exclusive licence to those Autolus Improvements Controlled by Autolus and free of any restriction or encumbrance, such licence to be limited to the Exploitation of those Improvements together with the Technology, such option and negotiation rights to expire [***] following notice of termination served under Clause 24.

e.The termination of any Licence hereunder shall be without prejudice to the survival of any sub-licence novated to UCLB pursuant to the conditions under Clause 3.3.3.

f.Termination or expiry of this Agreement for whatever reason shall not affect the accrued rights (including those relating to any payments due or payable hereunder) of any Party arising under or out of this Agreement at the date of termination or expiry and all provisions which are expressed to survive this Agreement or continue after the Term and the provisions of Clauses, 3.3.3, 4.1, 18.9, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31 and 33 shall survive termination or expiry and remain in full force and effect

26.FORCE MAJEURE

a.In this Agreement “force majeure” shall mean any cause preventing a Party from performing any or all of its obligations (other than an obligation to pay sums due) which arises from or is attributable to acts, events, omissions or accidents beyond the reasonable control of the Party so prevented including to the extent that these are beyond such control industrial disputes, nuclear accident or acts of God, war or terrorist activity, riot, civil commotion, malicious damage, accident, fire, flood, storm.

b.If a Party is prevented from performance of any of its obligations under this Agreement by force majeure, that Party shall as soon as reasonably possible serve notice in writing on the other Parties specifying the nature and extent of the circumstances giving rise to force majeure, and shall subject to service of such notice have no liability in respect of any delay in performance or any non-performance of any such obligation save for any payment obligation which shall continue in full force and effect (and the time for performance shall be extended accordingly) to the extent that the delay or non-performance is due to force majeure.

c.If a Party is prevented from performance of substantially all or all of its obligations by force majeure for a continuous period of more than [***] in total, the other Party may terminate this Agreement forthwith on service of written notice upon the Party so prevented, in which case the Parties shall not have any liability to the other except that rights and liabilities which accrued prior to such termination shall continue to subsist.

27.FURTHER ASSURANCE

a.During the Term, UCLB shall at its own cost execute all such documents and do or cause to be done all such other things as Autolus may from time to time require in order to enable and provide Autolus with the benefit of the Licences granted to it hereunder and otherwise to give full effect to this Agreement.

b.During the Term UCLB shall comply with its obligations under Clauses 9.1 to 9.5 so it may facilitate Autolus using its commercially reasonable endeavours in accordance with its obligations under Clause 11.

c. Without limiting its obligations under Clause 27.1, UCLB shall complete (or procure the completion of) such documents and take such other steps as shall be necessary or desirable to enable Autolus to be recorded on any registry as the licensee of the Intellectual Property licensed to it hereunder.

d.UCLB shall procure the assistance of UCL and require UCL to do or refrain from doing things which would otherwise constitute a breach of the terms of this Agreement.

28.PUBLICITY

a.Upon execution of this Agreement, the Parties shall agree the content and timing for a joint public statement release. Until the [***] anniversary of the Effective Date, if either Party wishes to make any formal press release regarding the development of any Royalty Products, the Parties will, acting reasonably and in good faith, agree the terms of the publicity statement. Thereafter should Autolus wish to include UCL’s or UCLB’s name in a press release or if a press release by Autolus concerns the launch of a Royalty Product, again the Parties will, acting reasonably and in good faith, agree the terms of the publicity statement. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, a Party shall not be prevented from complying with its obligations to make public statements regarding this Agreement, its subject matter or developments under this Agreement pursuant to the rules of any stock market or other laws applicable to it.

b.In order to enable UCLB and UCL to monitor the benefit that they are providing, and to enable UCL to demonstrate the impact of its research activities, to society and the economy, as reasonably requested by UCLB, Autolus shall provide to UCLB non confidential information on how it has used the Technology and the societal and economic benefits generated therefrom.

c.Autolus acknowledges that UCLB and UCL shall be entitled to make use of any information received from Autolus (and the information contained therein) pursuant to

Clause 28.2 in applications for research or other granted related funding and in submissions to Higher Education funding bodies such as HEFCE and/or HEIF (or any replacements for either of those entities) and like entities, and to use Autolus’s name in their general publicity materials subject to Autolus’s prior written approval, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld.

29.ASSIGNMENT

a.Save as provided in Clause 29, neither Party shall without the prior written consent of the other Party assign any of its rights or obligations under this Agreement, or purport to do any of the same. Any purported assignment in breach of this clause shall confer no rights on the purported assignee.

b.Subject to Clause 29.3 and 29.4, Autolus shall be entitled to assign its rights together with its obligations under this Agreement to any Affiliate of Autolus or to any acquirer of all or substantially all of Autolus’s business provided that such assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all of the terms and conditions of this Agreement and provided also that the provisions of Clause 3.1 and 3.2 shall apply with respect to any proposed assignment as if it were a sub-licence. No assignment shall be valid or effective unless or until the assignee shall agree, in writing, to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement.

c.Without prejudice to UCLB’s right to terminate the Agreement pursuant to Clause 24.4.2 (where Autolus suffers an Insolvency Event), Autolus may grant security over or assign by way of security any of its rights and obligations under this Agreement provided that any such assignment shall comply with the provisions of Clause 29.2.

d.Autolus shall not be entitled to assign the Agreement during the grace periods (20 or 30 days) referred to in the definition of Insolvency Event and any assignment of the Agreement during this period shall not be valid or effective.

e.UCLB shall not assign any of the Technology to any Third Party nor grant any mortgage, charge or other encumbrance over the Technology.

f.In the event of termination of the agreement pursuant to which UCLB is granted (i) a sub-licensable licence with respect to the [***] in relation to the TRBC1/2 Product and the CRUK Study Results; (ii) a right to grant an option to a licence for certain TRBC1/2 improvements made by a student funded by CRUK; and (iii) a right to grant an option to a licence to a [***] project funded by [***], provided that Autolus is not in breach of its obligations under this Agreement and provided Autolus agrees to pay CRUK the sums equivalent to those sums otherwise payable by UCLB to CRUK for the aforementioned licences and rights, Autolus shall receive a direct licence from CRUK with respect to the [***] and the CRUK Study Results and the options or licences with respect to the TRBC1/2 improvements and the [***] project (“Direct Licence”). The scope of such Direct Licence shall be the same as the scope of the corresponding licences and rights under this Agreement and shall not impose more onerous obligations on Autolus. On receipt of the Direct Licence from CRUK, Autolus shall be entitled to deduct an amount equivalent to any sums Autolus pays CRUK under the Direct Licence from any amount Autolus is due to pay UCLB with respect to the GD2 Product, the TRBC1/2 Product (including the [***]) and the BCMA Product. Nothing in this Clause shall limit or exclude or operate to waive any liability of UCLB should UCLB's licences from CRUK terminate or expire.

30.NOTICES

All notices required to be served by the Parties to this Agreement under the terms hereof shall be sufficiently served if dispatched by first class post or commercial courier to the addresses of each of the Parties set out below. All such notices shall be deemed received within five (5) days after such dispatch.


If to:
Autolus			Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, London, W12 7RZ Attn. General Counsel
UCLB			The Network Building, 97 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 4TP

and any modification or amendment to such address must itself be notified in writing to the other Parties in accordance with the terms of this Clause.

31.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

a.Entire Agreement

i..This Agreement and any variations, amendments or other modifications in relation to this Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties relating to its subject matter and save for the CDA supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, both written and oral, between the Parties with respect to the Programs, the Program IP, the Manufacturing Know-How and the UCL Background IP.

ii..Each Party acknowledges that in entering into this Agreement it does not do so on the basis of and does not rely on any representation, warranty, or other provision except as expressly provided in this Agreement and all conditions, warranties and other terms implied by statute or common law are hereby excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law provided that nothing in this Clause should be construed as limiting or excluding liability for fraud.

iii..Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, the only remedy available to a Party for breach of this Agreement shall be for breach of contract under the terms of this Agreement and no Party shall be liable in tort or otherwise arising from such breach. The rights and remedies provided by this Agreement are cumulative and (except as otherwise provided in this Agreement) are not exclusive of any rights or remedies provided by law.

iv..Nothing in this Clause 31 shall limit or exclude any liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation.

b.Amendment and Waiver

i..Any agreement to amend, vary or modify the terms of this Agreement in any manner shall be valid only if the amendment, variation or modification is effected in writing and signed by duly authorised representatives of each of the Parties hereto.

ii..No delay by any Party in enforcing any of the provisions of this Agreement shall be deemed a waiver of that Party’s right subsequently to enforce such provision.

c.Severability

If any term or provision of any part thereof contained herein shall be declared or become unenforceable invalid or illegal in any respect under the law of any relevant jurisdiction:

i..such term or provision or part thereof shall be deemed to have been severed from the remaining terms of this Agreement and the terms and conditions hereof shall remain in full force and effect as if this Agreement had been executed without the offending provision appearing herein; and

ii..the Parties shall endeavour to agree an amendment which to the fullest extent possible will give lawful effect to their intentions as expressed in any term or provision severed under Clause 31.3.1;

iii..If any restriction in this Agreement is held by any court or other competent authority to be invalid or unenforceable, then the Party against whom such restriction was intended to apply agrees to be bound by a restriction the same as the terms of the most onerous restriction which the court or other competent authority would have allowed in place of the affected restriction.

d.Status of the Parties

i..Except as otherwise provided, each Party shall bear its own costs and expenses in connection with the preparation, negotiation, execution and performance of this Agreement and the documents referred to in it.

ii..No Party is authorised to act as the agent of the other for any purpose whatsoever and no Party shall on behalf of the other(s) enter into, or make, or purport to enter into or make or represent that it has any authority to enter into or make any representation or warranty.

iii..Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to constitute a partnership or joint venture company between any or all of the Parties and none of the Parties shall do or suffer to be done anything whereby it might be represented as a partner of the other Parties.

iv..Each Party shall be directly responsible to the other Parties for all actions or omissions of its respective Affiliates, agents and sub-contractors relating to the subject matter of this Agreement and shall be responsible for and liable for the fulfilment and observance by itself and its Affiliates, agents and sub-contractors of the applicable obligations and restrictions on it and its Affiliates, agents and sub-

contractors hereunder (or to be imposed on them pursuant to the terms hereunder).

v..A person who is not a Party to this Agreement has no right under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 to enforce any term of this Agreement but this does not affect any right or remedy of a Third Party which exists or is available apart from that Act. Notwithstanding the above, (i) an Indemnified Party which is not a Party to this Agreement may enforce the provisions of Clause 23.1 where it has the benefit of the indemnity provided in Clause 23.1; and (ii) the Wellcome Trust, the Chairman of the Wellcome Trust and the Appointed Expert may enforce the provisions of Clause 3.2.3. The rights of the Parties to terminate, rescind or agree any variation, waiver or settlement under this Agreement are not subject to the consent of any person that is not a Party to this Agreement, including any Indemnified Party or the Wellcome Trust, the Chairman of the Wellcome Trust or the Appointed Expert, provided that the Parties may not vary or waive the rights of the Wellcome Trust, the Chairman of the Wellcome Trust or the Appointed Expert under Clause 3.2.3 without their prior written consent.

32.COUNTERPARTS

This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and by the Parties to it on separate counterparts, each of which shall be an original but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument, and shall not be effective until each of the Parties has executed at least one counterpart.

33.DISPUTE RESOLUTION, GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION

a.All controversies or claims of whatever nature arising out of or relating in any manner whatsoever to this Agreement or any of the documents referred to in this Agreement, including but not limited to a controversy or claim involving the validity, enforceability, interpretation or construction of this Agreement or any of the documents referred to in this Agreement, shall be governed by and construed in all respects in accordance with the laws of England.

b.In the event of any dispute, difference or question arising in connection with this Agreement, either Party shall be entitled but not obliged to escalate the matter to the Parties’ Executive Officers by serving a written notice on the other Party’s Executive Officer, in which case the Parties’ Executive Officers shall make themselves available to discuss the dispute, difference or question, as the case may be (the “Unresolved Matter”), and use good faith efforts to resolve such Unresolved Matter within the thirty (30) days following the delivery of such notice.

c.If the Parties agree to submit, they shall submit to non-binding mediation by a neutral mediator (with the understanding that the role of the mediator shall not be to render a decision but to assist the Parties in reaching a mutually acceptable resolution) who shall be accredited by the Centre of Dispute Resolution (“CEDR”) or otherwise appropriately qualified, and the mediation regarding the Unresolved Matter shall take place in London UK (or such other location as may be mutually agreed upon by the Parties). The mediator shall be chosen by agreement of the Parties, or if they are unable to agree on a mediator within fourteen (14) days of a request from one Party to the other or if the agreed mediator is unable or unwilling to act, either Party may apply to CEDR to appoint a mediator.

d.Within fourteen (14) days of the mediator being appointed, the Parties shall seek guidance from the mediator on a programme for the exchange of information and the structure to be adopted for negotiations. Either Party may request a preliminary meeting with the mediator for this purpose which shall be attended by both Parties.

e.Unless otherwise agreed, all negotiations concerning the dispute shall be conducted in confidence and shall be without prejudice to the rights of the parties in any future proceedings. The mediation is non-binding and Parties shall not be obliged to accept or follow any recommendation of the mediator.

f.If the Parties reach agreement on the resolution of the dispute, the agreement shall be reduced to writing and shall be binding on the Parties once it is signed by their duly authorised representatives.

g.If the Unresolved Matter is not resolved by mediation within sixty (60) days of appointment of the mediator, either Party may, subject to Clause 33.9, make any claim or application before the court as it sees fit.

h.Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause 33.2 or of Clause 33.3, subject to Clause 33.9, each Party shall be free to seek temporary injunctive relief in court as the situation may necessitate based upon any irreparable harm which may ensue.

i.Each Party acknowledges and agrees that the courts of England shall have exclusive jurisdiction to resolve any controversy or claim of whatsoever nature arising out of or relating in any manner to this Agreement, any terms of this Agreement, or any breach of this Agreement or any such terms.

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Schedule 1.

The Programs

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Schedule 2.

Program IP

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a.[***]


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[***]

Schedule 3.

Manufacturing Know-How

[***]


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[***]

Disclosure Process[***]

100

Schedule 4.

Part A: Existing Licences[***]


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[***]


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[***][***][***][***][***][***][***]

(L): Commercial Agreements

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permitted Studies[***]


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Schedule 5.

Part A:Net Sales Definition

◦Net Sales shall mean, subject to the remainder of Part A of this Schedule, the gross sum received by Autolus or its Sub-Licensees (excluding Net Receipts) or Assignee Entities from the supply of a Royalty Product by Autolus or its Sub-Licensees or Assignee Entities to a Third Party in a bona fide, arm’s length transaction, less the following:

i.normal and customary trade and quantity discounts actually granted;

ii.amounts repaid or credited by reasons of defects, rejection, recalls, returns, rebates and allowances of goods or because of retroactive price reductions;

iii.chargebacks and other amounts paid on sale of the Royalty Product;

iv.amounts payable resulting from government/regulator-mandated rebate programs including pursuant to indigent patient programs and patient discount programs;

v.tariffs, duties, excise, sales, value-added and other taxes, identified in the relevant invoice;

vi.retroactive price reductions that are actually allowed or granted;

vii.cash discounts or credits for timely payment;

viii.delayed ship order credits; and,

ix.all freight, postage, storage, shipping and insurance, identified in the relevant invoice.

◦Net Sales will not include:

x.any transfers between Autolus, its Affiliates and any Sub-Licensees or Assignee Entities, or for the supply of any Royalty Products for clinical trial activities, research purposes, charitable donations or compassionate use;

xi.for the purposes of calculating sales thresholds or triggering any Milestone, any Complementary Diagnostic Products;

xii.any sums for any products, services or processes that are not Royalty Products.

◦Where Autolus or any Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity sells any Royalty Products other than on normal arms-length commercial terms exclusively for money, the Net Sales of the Royalty Product supplied shall be determined as the fair market value of such Royalty Product.

◦Where Autolus or any Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity sells a product that consists of a Royalty Product in combination with, co-formulated with, or co-packaged with a product that contains one or more non-cellular therapeutically active agents(s) (which are not expressed or produced by the Royalty Product itself) (“Combination Product”), then the Net Sales of the Royalty Product in the country of sale shall be calculated as follows:

xiii.if the Royalty Product(s) (on the one hand) and the non-cellular therapy product(s) (together or separately) each are sold separately in commercially reasonable quantities in such country, Net Sales will be calculated by multiplying the total sales of the Combination Product by the fraction A/(A+B), where A is the average gross selling price in such country of the Royalty Product(s) contained in the Combination Product sold separately during the calendar quarter in the same formulation and dosage, and B is the sum of the gross selling price in such country of the non-cellular therapeutic product(s) contained in the Combination Product sold separately during the calendar quarter in the same formulation and dosage; and

xiv.if the Royalty Product(s) (on the one hand) and/or the non-cellular therapeutic product(s) (together or separately) are not sold separately in commercially relevant quantities in a country during a particular payment period, or if they are sold separately but the average gross selling price of either the Royalty Product(s) (on the one hand) or the non-cellular therapeutic product(s) (together or separately) cannot be determined, in such country, then the Parties will meet and negotiate in good faith an appropriate mechanism for determining the royalty payable on such Combination Product. If the Parties are unable to agree an appropriate mechanism, the Parties shall refer to an expert for determination of the agreed mechanism by following the provisions of Part C of this Schedule.

◦Where Autolus or any Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity sells a Royalty Product as part of a package that includes services that relate to the manipulation of, administration of, or

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delivery of the applicable Royalty Product then the Net Sales of the Royalty Product as part of the package shall be calculated as a proportion of the package price fairly attributed to the Royalty Product alone.

◦Where Autolus or any Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity sells a Royalty Product as a Combination Product, and such Combination Product is sold as part of a package that includes services that relate to the manipulation of, administration of, or delivery of the applicable Combination Product, then the Net Sales of the Royalty Product as part of the Combination Product and as part of the package shall be calculated in the following order (i) firstly the value attributable to the Combination Product shall be calculated as a proportion of the package price fairly attributed to the Combination Product alone; and (ii) secondly the value of the Royalty Product as part of the Combination Product shall be determined in accordance with paragraph 4.

◦Where Autolus or any Sub-Licensee or Assignee Entity sells a product that is not a Combination Product but which consists of a Royalty Product in combination with, co-formulated with, or co-packaged with any other product or components (not covered by paragraphs 4, 5 or 6 above), then no apportionment of the Net Sales between such Royalty Product and the other product or components shall apply save that where a Royalty Product is sold in combination with, co-formulated with, or co-packaged with another cellular therapeutically active agent which does not use the Technology, for the purpose of calculating the Net Sales with respect to the Royalty Product, the Parties shall in good faith discuss and agree the apportionment.

◦Any dispute as to the determination of a fair market value that cannot be resolved through discussion between the Parties shall be referred to an expert for resolution in accordance with the provisions of part C of this Schedule 8.

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Schedule 6.: Net Receipts Definition

◦Net Receipts shall mean, subject to the remainder of Part B of this Schedule, the gross sums received by Autolus pursuant to (i) a Sublicence in so far as they are attributable to the Technology so licensed, or (ii) a Patent Sale in so far as they are attributable to the Assigned Patents so assigned less all tariffs, duties, taxes, excise, sales and value added taxes.

◦The calculation of Net Receipts shall be subject to the following:

i.Net Receipts will include (i) payments for the grant of a sublicence, or in the case of the Assigned Patent, a licence or assignment of such Assigned Patent, including up front signing fees, stage payments and milestone payments (ii) payments for options for a sublicence, or in the case of the Assigned Patent, an option for a licence or an assignment of such Assigned Patent or for the exercise of such options; and (iii) in return for the grant of a sublicence, or in the case of an Assigned Patent, the grant of a licence or an assignment of such Assigned Patent, the cash paid by a sublicensee (or its Affiliate) or Assignee Entity (or its Affiliate) for purchasing shares, options or other securities in Autolus but only to the extent that the price paid for such shares, options or other securities exceeds the fair market value calculated at the time of subscription; If Autolus grants a sub-licence, or in the case of an Assigned Patent, a licence or an assignment of such Assigned Patent in return for non-cash consideration, Autolus shall agree with UCLB what (if any) cash value will be attributed to such non-cash consideration from which cash value the Net Receipts will be calculated and when any such Net Receipts shall be paid, such agreement to be reached within [***] of closing the deal and provided that either party shall be entitled to refer the matter to the Expert for determination in the event that agreement cannot be reached by the parties.

ii.Net receipts will exclude (i) any damages or account of profits due, paid or recoverable; (ii) any settlement fees or costs; (iii) payments under or by virtue of any indemnity; (iii) any royalty payments, profit share or other compensation calculated, directly or indirectly by reference to volume or units of Royalty Products sold, provided UCLB received Royalties in respect of the same; (iv) any sums received by way of transfer pricing; (v) any sums received or bona fide sums paid for Royalty Products supplied by Autolus or its Affiliates or Assignee Entities, provided UCLB received Royalties in respect of the same; (vi) litigation costs and fees, or other payments received in respect of the enforcement or defence of any Intellectual Property rights; (vii) any sums received for any products, services or processes that are not Royalty Products; and (viii) any service fees, FTE payments or other payments received to cover a contractual expense.

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Schedule 7.: Expert Procedure

◦Any dispute arising out of or in connection with Clauses 15.1.3, 15.2.1, 16.7 of this Agreement and paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 of Part A of Schedule 8 or paragraph 2a of Part B of Schedule 8 to this Agreement and/or its performance shall be referred to an expert by either Party serving on the other Party notice (“Referral Notice”) that it wishes to refer the dispute to an expert. For the avoidance of doubt, no reference shall be made to the expert as to what product or therapy constitutes a Royalty Product and any dispute in that regard shall be determined in accordance with Clause 33.3 and/or Clause 33.9 of the Agreement. If either Party challenges whether a product or therapy constitutes a Combination Product that dispute shall be determined in accordance with Clause 33.3 and/or Clause 33.9 of the Agreement.

◦The dispute shall be determined by a single independent impartial expert who shall be agreed between the Parties or, in the absence of agreement between the parties within [***] of the service of a Referral Notice, be appointed by the then President of the Institute of Chartered Accountants or any successor organisatcion thereto.

◦The seat of the dispute resolution shall be the normal place of residence of the expert.

◦The language of the dispute resolution shall be English.

◦The expert shall not have power to alter, amend or add to the provisions of this Agreement, except that the expert shall have the power to decide all procedural matters relating to the dispute, and may call for a one day hearing if desirable and appropriate.

◦The expert shall have the power to request copies of any documents in the possession and/or control of the parties which may be relevant to the dispute. The parties shall forthwith provide to the expert and the other party copies of any documents so requested by the expert.

◦The expert shall decide the dispute as an expert and not as an arbitrator.

◦The decision of the expert shall be final and binding upon both parties except in the case of manifest error. The parties hereby exclude any rights of application or appeal to any court, to the extent that they may validly so agree, and in particular in connection with any question of law arising in the course of the reference out of the award.

◦The expert shall determine the proportions in which the parties shall pay the costs of the expert's procedure. The expert shall have the authority to order that all or a part of the legal or other costs of a party shall be paid by the other party. UCLB’s liability in this regard shall not be subject to the cap on liability under Clause 22.

◦All documents and information disclosed in the course of the expert proceedings and the decision and award of the expert shall be kept strictly confidential by the recipient and shall not be used by the recipient for any purpose except for the purposes of the proceedings and/or the enforcement of the expert’s decision and award.

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Schedule 8.

Warranties and Covenants

Part A.: Mutual Warranties & Representations

i.In respect of each Party making the warranty and representation:

a.it is a company duly organised, validly existing, and in good standing under the laws of England;

b.it has full corporate power and authority to execute, deliver, and perform this Agreement and has taken all corporate action required by law and its organisational documents to authorise the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;

c.this Agreement constitutes a valid and binding agreement enforceable against it in accordance with its terms (except as the enforceability thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and laws restricting the availability of equitable remedies and may be subject to general principles of equity whether or not such enforceability is considered in a proceeding at law or in equity);

d.the execution and delivery of this Agreement and all other instruments and documents required to be executed pursuant to this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby do not and shall not (i) conflict with or result in a breach of any provision of its organisational documents, (ii) result in a breach of any agreement to which it is a party; or (iii) violate any law.

Part B.: UCLB Warranties & Covenants at the Effective Date

i.UCLB warrants and represents to Autolus that as at the Effective Date:

Material Information

e.the information set out in the Schedules at the Effective Date is accurate and so far as UCLB is aware is materially complete;

f.all the information which is contained in the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Effective Date and the documents (if any) annexed to it is complete and accurate and not misleading;

g.each statement of opinion or belief which is attributed in the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Effective Date is honestly held by the members of the UCLB senior management team;

h.each document if annexed to the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Effective Date is a complete and accurate copy of the original, and no such document has been amended (orally or in writing) or superseded;

Intellectual Property

i.it is the sole and exclusive owner, free of all encumbrances, of all right, title and interest in and to the Original Licensed Patents;

j.in respect of the Original Program IP, Manufacturing Know-How and UCL Background IP it is either:

i.the sole and exclusive owner, free of all encumbrances, of all right, title and interest in and to such Intellectual Property; or

ii.a licensee with the right to grant the licences granted herein on the terms granted herein in respect of such Intellectual Property;

k.it has not granted, or agreed to grant, any licences or entered into any agreements which may adversely affect or conflict with this Agreement and/or with any of the Licences granted hereunder and/or options to licences granted hereunder as at the Effective Date;

l.it has not granted, or agreed to grant, any assurance or waiver not to enforce in respect of any of the Intellectual Property licensed hereunder as at the Effective Date in so far as such consents, assurances or waivers would enable the Third Party to develop, free of infringement, any product or therapy that is Covered by or has been developed using or uses any of the Intellectual Property licensed hereunder as at the Effective Date;

m.there is no other Patent Right (beyond the Original Licensed Patents) owned by UCLB as at the Effective Date that is required for the use and practise of any of the Original

107

Program IP, UCL Background IP, having regard to UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

n.as at the Effective Date no invention disclosure forms have been logged in UCLB’s database and categorised as “Biopharm” and with the status “being assessed”, disclosing patentable inventions in respect of which (if patent applications were filed for such inventions within [***] of the Effective Date) to the best of UCLB’s knowledge and belief a licence would be required for the use and practise of any of the Original Program IP, UCL Background IP, having regard to UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

o.it has provided Autolus with details of Third Party Patent Rights of which it is aware, and which to the best of its knowledge and belief not having (i) conducted any professional freedom to operate searches or (ii) sought advice from a qualified patent attorney or solicitor, may be relevant to the development of any Original Royalty Product on the basis of UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

p.it is not aware that the disclosure to Autolus of Know-How forming part of the Original Program IP, Manufacturing Know-How or UCL Background IP will amount to a breach of any obligation of confidentiality owed by UCL, MP or UCLB to any Third Party;

q.it is not aware of any material breach by UCLB, UCL or MP of any Third Party contracts set out in Schedule 6;

r.it has not received any negative opinion from any patent office as to the validity of the Original Licensed Patents;

s.there is no on-going litigation to which UCL or UCLB is a party concerning any of the Original Program IP, Manufacturing Know-How or UCL Background IP;

Clinical Studies

t.there has been no clinical use of any of the Materials.

Part C.: UCLB Warranties & Covenants at the Amendment Date

i.UCLB warrants and represents to Autolus that as at the Amendment Date:

Material Information

1.the information included as at the Amendment Date to the Schedules is accurate and so far as UCLB is aware is materially complete;

2.all the information which is contained in the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Amendment Date and the documents (if any) annexed to it is complete and accurate and not misleading;

3.each statement of opinion or belief which is attributed in the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Amendment Date is honestly held by the members of the UCLB senior management team;

4.each document if annexed to the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Amendment Date is a complete and accurate copy of the original, and no such document has been amended (orally or in writing) or superseded;

Intellectual Property

5.it is the sole and exclusive owner, free of all encumbrances, of all right, title and interest in and to the Additional Licensed Patents;

6.it has not granted, or agreed to grant, any licences or entered into any agreements in respect of the Additional Licensed Patents which may adversely affect or conflict with this Agreement and/or with any of the Licences granted hereunder;

7.it has not granted, or agreed to grant, any assurance or waiver not to enforce in respect of any of the Additional Licensed Patents in so far as such consents, assurances or waivers would enable the Third Party to develop, free of infringement, any product or therapy that is Covered by any of the Additional Licensed Patents licensed hereunder;

8.there is no other Patent Right (beyond the Licensed Patents) owned by UCLB as at the Effective Date that is required for the use and practise of any of the Additional Licensed Patents having regard to UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

108

inventions within [***] of the Effective Date) to the best of UCLB’s knowledge and belief a licence would be required for the use and practise of any of the Additional Licensed Patents, having regard to UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

10.it has provided Autolus with details of Third Party Patent Rights of which it is aware, and which to the best of its knowledge and belief not having (i) conducted any professional freedom to operate searches or (ii) sought advice from a qualified patent attorney or solicitor, may be relevant to the development of any Additional Royalty Product (except for a TRBC2 Dx Product) on the basis of UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

11.it has not received any negative opinion from any patent office as to the validity of the Additional Licensed Patents;

12.there is no on-going litigation to which UCL or UCLB is a party concerning any of the Additional Licensed Patents.

Part D.UCLB Warranties & Covenants at the Second Amendment Date

ii.UCLB warrants and represents to Autolus that as at the Second Amendment Date:

Material Information

1.except as disclosed in a Disclosure Letter dated as of the Second Amendment Date, the information included as at the Second Amendment Date to the Schedules is accurate and so far as UCLB is aware is materially complete;

2.all the information which is contained in the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Second Amendment Date and the documents (if any) annexed to it is complete and accurate and not misleading;

3.each statement of opinion or belief which is attributed in the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Second Amendment Date is honestly held by the members of the UCLB senior management team;

4.each document if annexed to the Disclosure Letter dated as of the Second Amendment Date is a complete and accurate copy of the original, and no such document has been amended (orally or in writing) or superseded;

Intellectual Property

5.it is the sole and exclusive owner, free of all encumbrances, of all right, title and interest in and to the CAT19 Program IP;

6.it has not granted, or agreed to grant, any licences or entered into any agreements in respect of the CAT19 Program IP which may adversely affect or conflict with this Agreement and/or with any of the Licences granted hereunder;

7.it has not granted, or agreed to grant, any assurance or waiver not to enforce in respect of any of the CAT19 Program IP in so far as such consents, assurances or waivers would enable the Third Party to develop, free of infringement, any product or therapy that is Covered by any of the CAT19 Program IP licensed hereunder;

8.there is no other Patent Right (beyond the Licensed Patents) owned by UCLB as at the Effective Date that is required for the use and practise of any of the CAT19 Program IP having regard to UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

9.as at the Effective Date no invention disclosure forms have been logged in UCLB’s database and categorised as “Biopharm” and with the status “being assessed”, disclosing patentable inventions in respect of which (if patent applications were filed for such inventions within [***] of the Effective Date) to the best of UCLB’s knowledge and belief a licence would be required for the use and practise of any of the CAT19 Program IP, having regard to UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

10.it has provided Autolus with details of Third Party Patent Rights of which it is aware, and which to the best of its knowledge and belief not having (i) conducted any professional freedom to operate searches or (ii) sought advice from a qualified patent attorney or solicitor, may be relevant to the development of any CAT19 Product on the basis of UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

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11.it has not received any negative opinion from any patent office as to the validity of the CAT19 Patent Rights;

12.there is no on-going litigation to which UCL or UCLB is a party concerning any of the CAT19 Program IP.

Part E.UCLB Warranties & Covenants at the Third Amendment Date

iii.UCLB warrants and represents to Autolus that as at the Third Amendment Date:

Material Information

1.the information included as at the Third Amendment Date to Schedule 1 and Schedule 2 under the titles TRBC2 Dx Program and CAROUSEL Study is accurate and so far as UCLB is aware is materially complete;

Intellectual Property

2.Immediately prior to the assignment of the Assigned Patents pursuant to the Patent Assignment, with the exception of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights which are jointly owned by UCLB and Autolus, it is the sole and exclusive owner, free of all encumbrances, of all right, title and interest in and to the Assigned Patents;

3.it has not granted, or agreed to grant, any licences or entered into any agreements in respect of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights which may adversely affect or conflict with this Agreement and/or with any of the Licences granted hereunder;

4.it has not granted, or agreed to grant, any assurance or waiver not to enforce in respect of any of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights in so far as such consents, assurances or waivers would enable the Third Party to develop, free of infringement, any product or therapy that is Covered by any of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights;

5.there is no other Patent Right (beyond the Retained Patents) owned by UCLB as at the Third Amendment Date that is required for the use and practise of the TRBC2 Dx Program IP or the CAROUSEL Program IP, having regard to UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

6.as at the Third Amendment Date no invention disclosure forms have been logged in UCLB’s database and categorised as “Biopharm” and with the status “being assessed”, disclosing patentable inventions in respect of which (if patent applications were filed for such inventions within [***] of the Third Amendment Date) to the best of UCLB’s knowledge and belief a licence would be required for the use and practise of the TRBC2 Dx Program IP or the CAROUSEL Program IP, having regard to UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

7.it has provided Autolus with details of Third Party Patent Rights of which it is aware, and which to the best of its knowledge and belief not having (i) conducted any professional freedom to operate searches or (ii) sought advice from a qualified patent attorney or solicitor, may be relevant to the development of the TRBC2 Dx Product or the CAT19 CNS Product on the basis of UCLB’s understanding of Autolus’s development plan for the period of [***] after the Effective Date;

8.there is no on-going litigation to which UCL or UCLB is a party concerning any of the TRBC2 Dx Patent Rights.

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Royalty and Net Receipts Statements

1.In respect of each country where Royalty Products were supplied during that Quarter:

a.the Net Sales of each type of Royalty Product supplied expressed both in local currency and in British pounds sterling together with conversion rates used;

b.the royalty rate applicable to each type of Royalty Product supplied in that country;

c.the calculation of the royalties payable in respect of each type of Royalty Product; and

d.the total amount of royalties payable in respect of that country;

2.For the world as a whole:

a.the total amount of royalties payable under Clause 14.1;

b.the amount of any reduction or deduction made pursuant to Clauses 14.4 to 14.10, inclusive; and

c.the amount of any withholding tax deducted pursuant to Clause 16.5.

3.In respect of any Royalty Products supplied to which the provisions of paragraph 3 of Part A of Schedule 8 are applicable:

a.the amount of each type of Royalty Product supplied; and

b.the actual price at which the Royalty Products were supplied and the nature and value of any other consideration provided for the Royalty Products.

4.In respect of any Royalty Products supplied to which the provisions of paragraphs 4, 5, 6 or 7 of Part A of Schedule 8 are applicable:

a.the amount and description of any Combination Product or any packages of products or services supplied; and

b.the actual price at which the package of any Combination Product or any products or services were supplied and the proportion of the sales price attributed to the Royalty Product in the relevant supply contract.

5.In respect of any Net Receipts, the calculation of sums payable in accordance with Clause 15 and Part B of Schedule 8.

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Release of Patient Clinical Data

CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data generated before the Second Amendment Date:

1.CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data shall be released by sponsor once the sponsor has received confirmation from the trials sites that [***].

CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data generated after the Second Amendment Date:

2.Trial management reports produced for the benefit of the trial management groups for the CARPALL Study and the ALLCAR19 Study shall be released by the sponsor to Autolus at the same time as their formal release to relevant trial management group. For information only, at the Second Amendment Date such reports are produced at a frequency of approximately [***]. These trial management reports shall include a final report at the end of [***] of each study accompanied by release of all supporting clinical data. The next trial management group data releases are scheduled for the CARPALL Study on [***], and for the ALLCAR19 Study [***]. UCLB accepts no liability if the frequency of such reporting shall change for any reason and shall not be obliged to make available such reports before they are received by the relevant trial management group.

3.Raw data comprising the CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data shall be released by the sponsor to Autolus (i) following the treatment of [***] in the relevant study, or (ii) [***], whichever is the shorter period of time. As a minimum requirement, the raw data comprising [***] will be verified by the sponsor prior to such release Autolus acknowledges the data is subject to change until database lock at the end of the respective study.

4.During the long term follow up phase of the study the CARPALL and ALLCAR19 Patient Clinical Data shall be released by the sponsor to Autolus [***], or at the same time as their formal release to the trial management group provided that occurs [***].

5.Autolus shall promptly reimburse UCL for any sums (including internal costs) that UCL incurs in order to comply with UCL’s obligations to Autolus as set out in Paragraphs 1.2 to 1.4 above (inclusive) and which would not have otherwise been incurred by UCL in the absence of these obligations. Such reimbursement shall be subject to further terms agreed in any collaboration agreement entered into in accordance with Clause 4.12.

CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data

6.Trial management reports produced for the benefit of the trial management groups for the CAROUSEL Study shall be released by the sponsor to Autolus at the same time as their formal release to relevant trial management group. These trial management reports shall include a final report at the end of [***] of each study accompanied by release of all supporting clinical data. UCLB accepts no liability if the frequency of such reporting shall change for any reason and shall not be obliged to make available such reports before they are received by the relevant trial management group.

7.Raw data comprising the CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data shall be released by the sponsor to Autolus (i) following the treatment of [***] in the relevant study, or (ii) [***], whichever is the shorter period of time. As a minimum requirement, the raw data comprising the [***] will be verified by the sponsor prior to such release Autolus acknowledges the data is subject to change until database lock at the end of the respective study.

8.During the long term follow up phase of the study the CAROUSEL Patient Clinical Data shall be released by the sponsor to Autolus [***], or at the same time as their formal release to the trial management group provided that occurs [***].

9.Autolus shall promptly reimburse UCL for any sums (including internal costs) that UCL incurs in order to comply with UCL’s obligations to Autolus as set out in Paragraphs 1.6 and 1.7 above and which would not have otherwise been incurred by UCL in the absence of these obligations.

112

113

CD19 SEQUENCE[***]

114

(i)[***]

115

ASSIGNED PATENTS[***]

[***]

116

[***]

117

[***]

118

[***]

119

[***]

120

[***]

121

[***]

122

[***]

123

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused their duly authorised officers to execute and acknowledge this Agreement as of the date first written above.


SIGNED by a director on behalf of AUTOLUS LIMITED			) ) )			Signature…………………………………………….. Print Name…………………………………………...


SIGNED by a director on behalf of UCL BUSINESS LTD			) ) )			Signature…………………………………………….. Print Name…………………………………………...

I, Martin Pule, of [***], have read, understand and accept the provisions of this Agreement and how it relates to my research and the MP Laboratory.

Signed ___________________________________ Date : _____________________

124

Document

Certification by the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to

Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a)

as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Christian Itin, certify that:



1.			I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Autolus Therapeutics plc (the “Company”);



2.			Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;



3.			Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;



4.			The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:



(a)			Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)			Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)			Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)			Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and



5.			The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):



(a)			All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)			Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 4, 2021

/s/ Christian Itin, Ph.D.

Name: Christian Itin, Ph.D.

Title: Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors

(Principal Executive Officer)

Document

Certification by the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to

Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a)

as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Andrew J. Oakley, certify that:



1.			I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Autolus Therapeutics plc (the “Company”);



2.			Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;



3.			Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;



4.			The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:



(a)			Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)			Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)			Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)			Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and



5.			The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):



(a)			All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)			Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 4, 2021

/s/ Andrew J. Oakley

Name: Andrew J. Oakley

Title: Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

Document

Certification by the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Christian Itin, Chief Executive Officer of Autolus Therapeutics plc (the “Company”), and Andrew J. Oakley, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:



(1)			The Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2020, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 13.1 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and



(2)			The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: March 4, 2021

/s/ Christian Itin, Ph.D.

Name: Christian Itin, Ph.D.

Title: Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors

(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Andrew J. Oakley

Name: Andrew J. Oakley

Title: Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

Document

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

(1)Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-226457) pertaining to the Autolus Limited 2017 Share Option Plan and Autolus Therapeutics plc 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, and

(2)Registration Statement (Form F-3 No. 333-232690) of Autolus Therapeutics plc and in the related Prospectus

of our report dated March 4, 2021, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Autolus Therapeutics plc included in this Annual Report (Form 20-F) of Autolus Therapeutics plc for the year ended December 31, 2020.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Reading, United Kingdom

March 4, 2021